Scan 24-Apr-2021 C10

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V4-SoM.

M&-C-l0 RING THEORY

TROpUC TYON: Among cerfain a g e r e c e


lechs skruetwes Contrrns
Merdln algeb r , Rezs
hndy Rn e Kau
drpsS. otsot
pen8, pmutahm
P set
a oto t g . c n t a , renzs B/e
r n aothe aarek nne
d e tegersA Tg
r tat
Her eerash Calle a hontt)

Lail ot f r onnps e Mal


a o roprriae a-alass koo e rptAn herni l

C-1o lowss:
VNIT-I
Deftien a s paupes g 8 Iroparh raz8,
t t g r a l lonais
hardiLaish ,Jdaals, JLeal 2enerted
Reals a riags raAas
vNITI
a leals Rins emoerpaish
o n o hneronstis
Prp es
t e

UNTUL
ComantakR

leal lonnaths
lgordkm
trot zahon
Cong
peynomials
eh ces, Prna pa
feluLeh, kes, r u t h Lhfess,
Ersensleia
ZT
UNtT-V}:
tegraR dnaaSred le
rres Ugpafaton zaton onais £neaLean
onnans
2.
RING (ASso taie Rig ):
RR ZozeKe mlh
tw banarg-
A A m e p set
dpsaNns , aliy- Callo aDBLAian C+) l
ultpiatiom) Leas R,t,(R.t,) a laa
naKKOAaAe ms) ahelengcomddra

: f all a,L ER , atL ER


R-2 fo all a,b ER Ath bta
g b,eeR(at b)te at (Lte)
R Aan exmh lemaut 0 ER
a tR
R- er
ae
R
t(-a)-Ca)fa- em a ER
R- l l a, L
ER, ER
R-7: 5 a , , c eR »fe)-la1).c
R-8_A a, b, cER, 4-(+) ata.c a
(bte).a ba+ca
Notr ) R as&odeAue

nm atsoaiofie'g, R-7 l s Lest ).


ExAMPLES of RINGZ () e t R Z il mmal a rhen a s
altipeLanev Len R
Lewmiatati r i n unit elessnt. Bue R R= eaé
enen n d e r s under Ue n a l erarons
mlhpécatiem, Ue, R aCmm utaL
tennd elemaitE.
(2 ( t , , ) a (R,t:) e alo n ' z s

(3) z[V] latL|a,Lez3 o arig


ut e Cahon reak nunss
S- L a, S,c , e f Ez t
R ( b V) t (¢ tAVi) = (ate) +CL+A) V E2[MJ
c4d E~MJ.
R-2(a+Li)-+Cctli)e Ca+e) t CLt¬)
Ccta)+ CA +) V
t l ) t (at)
R-3 b )+ Cet Lh) {t (etfh) -a+<)4 (1 4 d)V3+etAA)
(atte)+ (L4d+Af)% :atlete) + L +(df£)V
th+?C4 dS)4 Ce t £)}
( a + L ) + (o40) (ats ) + (b+)U 4 4Lh
=
=

=)
R-S (4L) t (-a) t-L)i) = laH-A) ) + ( + ) ) V

(-a)t C-L -
(atL )
atb
R-6 atL ) . ((ctA/i) aac t adA+ b e +24 l
(ac+bA)+CaltLe)V Ez
att, t d 2 J .
). ((rdr). Ce-F£R)) = (atLA)- C4AA) (e-tA)
A ( A ) . (¢esa) +(tPU)),
(at La). ((ct) + (d44) A
( a Ccte)t24 (d-tA)) + (a (é4e)+blc+e)JL
((aat 2)+ (ae4244)) t{(altle)+ (a4 + Le)y
(Caut4d)t+ladtbe))t ((ae t 244 )+ atLa)i)
t b ) . (cHÅUA) t (atLA): (et fM
Stlel, c4dr )+ (tffVi)). (atbv)
( t d ) . aft) +( +AR). (ath).
Hemte, z J a

Let M,C2) le se all 2x2 t n o


etnes n M2 Z) A

Z [ : Le ha a l l poly
p o ynmtals
ontals
n esR oefbt'iea

unde a iAn
CengruOnue cleKey mokolo
L 2, Le Lw
nle alAhon a d
akdhon
o,1, 2,- T}
n Ten (Zn, t ' )
har l n.

a na ( f i e ng)
spee triial
e nrlh fiafar R

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