City living

I LANGUAGE I present perfect with yet and already ■ city features

3A Life in the city

1 Discuss the questions in pairs.
1 Do you live in a city, a town, or a village?
2 Do you like where you live7
3 What are the good and bad things about t7

2 A Look at the picture. Which city is it7

B Match the words in the box with the things

in the city.

sidewalk traffic lights bridge

bike lane crosswalk bench

1 bridge 2 bike lane 3 crosswalk 4 sidewalk s traffic lightss bench

Go to Vocabulary practice: city features, page 96

3 A Read the text. Who is more positive about the city: Alex or Megan7 Alex
B Read the text again and match the head ngs in the box with the paragraphs.

Cost of living Job opportunities The weather The people Transportation Entertainment

S ,n,_ Francisco is one of the fastest growin!

, we speak to two pecple who recently
• • • I_. •

Job opportunities {lj]j[fpJiJ,m,u.iI:Jfiiif1!Jgf}

1
(J'j){fJJJiJ{it:1,ofkr,?/Jfllilm
4 Cost of living
There are so many tech companies here; San Francisco is expensive and you
fiIIpliri![wfiirlJm
it's really exciting. I've joined a networking need a good salary to live here. I've
fJJJf1!1JGij)(J'J)(ff]JJ!Jy
group to meet people from the industry, rented a room in a shared house, but
(BJ{f/JilRfl{/,'(j),
and I'vealready been to a couple of events. after I've paid the rent, it doesn't leave
Have I found a job yet? No ... but I'm sure me with much money for other things.
I will soon! At least I have my visa!
5 The weather
2
The people All my friends told me that the
In my apartment building, there are people summers wouldn't be as hot as back
of all nationalities, as well as from other home. It hasn't been too cold yet, but
places in the U.S. I haven't met all my it can get really foggy, especially when
neighbors yet, but I love living in a city you're near the ocean.
where everyone is different.
6 Trans ortation
3 Entertainment The traffic here is terrible, so forget
Whatever you're interested in, there's driving! Cable cars are fun, but public
always something going on. I've already transportation can get really crowded, so
been to the theater twice and I've seen I just bought myself a bike. It's one of the
a baseball game, and I only arrived two best ways to get around the city, and the
weeks ago! bike lanes are great.
 present perfect with yet and already ■ city features LANGUAGE 3A
A Who : Alex or Megan?
1 Have I ? 3 I've been to the theater twice.
2 It has

B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Check your answers in the text.

already yet (x2)

5 Answer the questions about the sentences in exercise 4. Then read the Grammar box.
1 Which tense is used in the sentences? Present perfect
2 Which word do we add in questions and negative sentences to talk about something we expected
to hap re now? yet
3 Which do we add to sentences to talk about something that happened earlier than we
expected? already
present perfect with yet and already

Something that happened earlier than we expected: He's already finished his homework.
Something we expected to happen before now: Have you had lunch yet7 I haven't seen the movie yet.

Go to Grammar practice: present perfect with yet and already page 80

6 A @3.3 Pronunciation: just and yet Listen and repeat the words. Pay attention to the /y/ sound
(yet) and the !JI sound Uust).
1 /y/ yet young you usually 2 !JI just job gym bridge
B @3.4 Howdoyousay the sentences? Listen, check, and repeat.
1 Have you joined a gym yet? 3 I already have a job.
2 She just used a yellow pen. 4 Angela hasn't arrived yet.

Go to Communication practice: Student A, page 107; Student B, page 112

7 @3.5 Complete the phone conversation between Alex and his friend Josh. Use the present perfect form
of the verbs in the box and yet or already. Listen and check.

find make meet not see go

Josh Hi Alex, this is Josh. How's it going in San Francisco?

Alex Great, thanks. I'm really enjoying it.
Josh Have you 1 made any friends 2 yet ?
Alex Yes, I 3already meet quite a few people. As a matter of fact,
I just had lunch with two guys who work for an Internet company.
Josh Great! And 4 have you found a job S yet ?
Alex No, not yet6 7
. But I already gone on three interviews.
I'm waiting to hear back from them.
Josh Well, good luck! Oh, what's Chinatown like?
Alex I 8 have it 9 not seen, I've been too busy, but I might go
this weekend.

8 A Make a list of things you have already done and things you still
have to do this week.

B In pairs, ask and answer the question Have you ... yet?
about your partner's list. Give more information in your answers.
Tl-!ivtgS to Q/O
A Have you been to the supermarket yet?
_goto
....,. superu,,ar/<.et
1rie
B Not yet. I'm going shopping tonight, though.
_ call u,,y parents
A Have you called your parents yet?
B Yes, I've already called them twice this week. - get togetl-!er witl-1 u,,y
frievtolS
Personal Best Write about the town or city you live in.
 istening a al /t/ r tion LISTENING m
SKILLS 3B
li th of the show. How do Mike, Sandra, and Lorena get

6 A Read questions 1-8. What kind of information do you need to answer them?
1 How long does Mike's commute take in total? a period of time
2 What time does he usually leave the house? a specific time
3 What causes him problems on his commute? an adjective
4 Which city is Sandra in7 a noun
5 How often does she usually travel with Bonnie7 ave
6 How far is it to Sandra's work7 an adjective
7 How long does it take Lorena to walk to the university? a period of time
8 How much does she spend on public transportation7 a number
B @3.9 Watch or listen again. Answer the questions.

7 Discuss the questions in pairs.

1 How do you get to work/college/class? 4 Do you ever have any problems?
2 How long does it take you? 5 Who do you travel with?
3 What ti o you start out? 6 How does the trip make you feel?

@3.10 Listen to the sentences from the show. When are the /t/ sounds in bold pronounced?
1 What time do you set off? 3 I'm here in front of our building in New York.
2 My biggest problem is pedestrians. 4 Today, I'm just listening to my car radio.

final /t/ sound

English speakers don't often pronounce the /ti sound at the end of a word when the next
word begins with a consonant. If the next word begins with a vowel sound, they link the
sounds together.
I ge the bus. I ge(t) to talk with my good friend.
There still a lo traffic. She doesn'(t) drive.

9 @3.11 Read the Listening builder. Listen and complete the sentences.
1 The best way to get to work is to drive, but parking is impossible.
2 I started out at 8:00 and it took me over an hour.
3 The traffic stop moving completely, so we got out and walked.
4 It's the worst city in the world for commuting, but they went to buy a car.
5 I don't ike taking the subway. I get stressed just watching people come out of
the station.

10 A In pairs, prepare a talk of 1-2 minutes about the transportation system in your city or country.
Use the ideas in the boxes.

B Work with another pair. Take turns listening, then ask at least one question.

Personal Best Write a paragraph about the advantages and disadvantages of one type of transportation.
[I] LANGUAGE present perfect with for and since

3C A life in three cities

1 A Look at the pictures. Try to answer the questions in pairs.
1 Who is the person? 3 What movies has she been in?
2 What is her job? 4 What nationality is she7
B Read the introduction in the text and check your answers.

ATALE
OFTHREE
CITIES

MEXICO CITY NAIROBI NEW YORK

Lupita was born in 1983 in Mexico Lupita went to school in Nairobi, and Lupita has lived in Brooklyn, New York,
City, where her father was working at a this is where she first started acting. since 2013, and this is now her home.
university. The family returned to Kenya Her first big performance was at the When she's not working, she spends
when she was just a few months old, age of 14 when she played Juliet her time doing yoga and cooking her
but at the age of 16, Lupita went back in Romeo and Juliet. One of her favorite dishes like enchiladas verdes.
to Mexico for a year to learn Spanish. happiest memories is of climbing the She also loves riding the subway into
She's spoken Spanish since 1999, mango trees in her grandmother's Manhattan to go shopping, just like
and has even given TV interviews in village and eating the fruit straight anyone else in New York! The big
Spanish. from the branches! question is: Where next for Lupita?

2 Read the rest of the text. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 Lupita has been very famous since 2013. T
2 She has had an interest in acting for over ten years. T
3 She has spoken Spanish since she was a small child in Mexico. _E_
4 She has lived in New York for most of her life. _E_

3 Look at sentences 1-4 in exercise 2. Choose the correct options to answer

the questions. Then read the Grammar box.
1 Are the situations in the sentences finished? yes I
2 Which are the verbs in? present continuous I
3 When use the word since? I for a period of time
4 When do we use the word for? for a point in time I

present perfect with for and since

For situations that started in the past and continue in the present:
I've worked as an actress for twenty years. She hasn't seen me since 2010.
Look! We use for for a period of time and since for a point in time:
I've had this car for six months. I've had this car since February.

Go to Grammar practice: present perfect with for and since, page 81

 writing an essay ■ giving opinions WRITING SKILLS 3D
Look at the pictures. In pairs, think reasons why we shouldn't ban smartphones in public.

a C

5 A Match the two columns to make sentences. Did you have similar ideas?

1 We can check e-mails, read the way we communicate.

2 I believe this is very importa have made our lives better in three different ways.
3 Personally, I love being able stay in touch with each other.
4 In my opinion, smartphones for our safety.
5 They make our lives safer, us work more efficiently.
6 Second, smartphones make and organize meetings outside the office.
7 In conclusion, I don't think lots of fun and keep us entertained.
8 The first reason is that phon movies or play games when I'm on the subway or a bus.
9 The last reason is that they ban smartphones in public.
10 Modern technology has cha efficient, and even more fun.

B Which sentences can be found iA-:

the introduction? 4 paragraph 3? 6 the conclusion?7
paragraph 2? 8 paragraph 4? 9

6 A In pairs, use the sentences in SA to help you write an essay against banning smartphones
public.
Which ess re convincing: Kai's or the one you wrote in exercise 6A? Do you think we should
shouldn't ban smartphones in public?

ad the essay in exercise 2 again. Underline any phrases Kai uses to give his opinion.

giving opinions

We use a variety of phrases to give our opinions:

I (don't) think/believe (that)... I'm worried/delighted (that)... ... is a good/bad idea.
In my opinion/view,... Personally,... I would(n't) say (that) ...

8 Read the Text builder. In pairs, give your opinions about ideas 1-5. Explain your ideas.
1 / don't think public transportation should be free for everyone because ...
2 Children playing computer games is a good I idea because ...
3 In my opinion, learning English / isn't very difficult because ...
4 Personally / don't watch too much TV because ...
5 I would I ay that we eat less healthily than our parents because ...

9 A Choose an essay title and decide if you agree or disagree with it. Give three reasons with
examples and evidence to support them.
• Should universities be free for everyone? • Should people who live in cities be allowed to have pets?
• Do we need to ban fast-food restaurants? • Do we need stores now that we can buy everything online?
B Write an essay giving your opinion. Use the Skill box and Text builder to help you.

C Exchange essays with another student and correct any mistakes. Is his/her essay
convincing? How could he/she improve it?

Personal Best Write an essay with the opposite point of view from the one in exercise 9.
3A City features
1 @ 3.1 Match the words in the box with the pictures 1-14. Listen and check.

apartment building crosswalk streetlight street sign sidewalk bike lane

fountain tunnel intersection bridge bench trash can statue traffic lights

2 Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. 5 There'sa big fotueI fountain of a horse in the main square.
1 The quickest way downtown is to go through the bridge I tunnel. 6 Follow the treet signs sidewalk to get to the national museum.
2 He stopped because the streetlights I traffic lig_ht was red. 7 I don't like my bike here, there are no apartment buildings I bike lanes
3 Use the crosswalk I trash can-this street is dangerous. 8 Go down this street and turn right at the intersection I trash cans.
4 This area is really dirty. I think it's because there aren't any benches I
trash cans.
◄ Go back to page 22
3B Transportation
1 @ 3.6 Match the words in the box with the definitions. Listen 2 @3.7 Match the sentences. Listen and check.
and check. 1 The trains never arrive a I'm going into town anyway.
on time. e b That's why I always have my
parking lot commuter delayed on time parking space
2 It takes me nearly two breakfast on the way.
passenger platform public transportation rush hour traffic jam b
hours to get to work. c You'll find one outside the
1 The trains, subways, and buses people use to travel. Tunnel transportation 3 Can I give you a ride to station.
2 The area in a station where you get on and off a train. Platform the mall7 a d I usually miss one of themI
4 I work at a local school, e Last week I waited almost
3 A person traveling, but not driving. Passenger
so I usually walk f 50 minutes on the platform.
4 Someone who travels to work each day. Commuter
5 An area or building where people leave their cars. Parking lot 5 I prefer to ride my bike f I always talk to people on
6 The time of day when most people are driving. R11sh Hour into town. h the way.
7 A place where you can leave a single car. Parking space 6 You need to start out g You're always late for workl

a Slow or late. Delayed earlier. _g_ h It's faster than walking and
9 A long line of cars that move very slowly. Traffic Jam 7 It's much quicker to go there are good bike lanes.
by taxi. C
10 Not early or late. On time
8 I have to take a bus and
the subway to work. d

◄ Go back to page 24
 VOCABULARY PRACTICE

4A Foo d dri
1 @ 4.1 Mate the words in the box w the pictures 1-20. Listen and check.

tomato sauce beef shrimp cereal cucumber salmon lettuce peppers fruit juice pineapple
strawberry lamb tuna cabbage coconut turkey flour peach eggplant apple pie

Strawberry 2 Shrimp 3 Lamb 4 Eggpla t

s Cucumber 6 Fruit Juice 7 Lettuce 8 Pepper

9 Apple Pie 1 Pineapple 1 Tomato Sauce 1 Tuna

Cabbage Cereal Coconut

1 1 1 1 Turkey

Flour 1 Beef 1 Peach 2 Salmon

1

2 omplete the sentences with the words in the box.

strawberries tuna cucumber coconut shrimp fruitjuice beef lettuce apple pie tomato sauce flour cereal

1 or breakfast, I usually have a bowl of cereal a d a glass of 6 My grandmother is going to bake an apple pie f r dessert tonight.
Fruit juice 7 I'm going to make sushi tonight, so I need some rice and tuna .
It's easy to bake bread. You just need f OUr , ater, and salt. She always has a salad with tomatoes, lettuce , nd Cucumber
3 I'm allergic to seafood, I can't eat shrimp . f r lunch.
The simplest pizza only has beef a d cheese on top. 9 In the summer, I love eating strawberry ;i d creamI
s It's difficult to open the shell of a coconut, ut the milk inside is 10 I ate some amazing Tomato Sauce s eaks in Argentina.
delicious.

◄ Go back to page 30
 City living
l3AI LANGUAGE

GRAMMAR: Present perfect with yet and VOCABULARY: City features

already
3 Are the following sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 Order the words to make sentences. There may 1 You usually find bridges under the ground. F
be more than one correct answer.
2 You can make statues out of stone. T
the/ for/ already/ I've/ tickets / paid 3 Traffic lights control the movement of cars.
I've already paid for the tickets 4 Fountains send water into the air.
2 you/ have/ finished/ essay/ yet/ your 5 Apartment buildings are always low buildings.
have you finished your essay yet ? 6 At an intersection, one street meets another.
3 it's/ I've/ 7 a.m. and/ the house/ cleaned/
already 4 Complete the words. The first letters are given.
rve cleaned the house already ifs 7 a.m,
4 already/ spoken / the phone/ I've/
to Carolina on
I've spoken on the phone already to Carolina
5 dinner/ you / had / have / your / yet
you have your dinner yet ?
6 gotten / home /she/ from work / hasn't / yet
she hasn't gotten home from work yet
7 already/ done it / have to/ you don't/ In towns and cities, it's safer to walk on the
go shopping/ because I've s
I've don't go shopping because have to done it already you 2 You can cross the street at the
er osswal k_
8 you / Pedro's girlfriend / yet / met / have
you have met Pedro's girlfriend yet 3 Is there a t_r c I can put this empty
?
bottle in?
2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. 4 The street was very dark because there were no
Use the present perfect or simple past and the s _t r_ _t I i_ b_ _t_ 2.....
words in parentheses. 5 We drove through a long t.J!.. ..!:!. ..!l.._ g_ _I_ under the
river.
eat not open spend not make 6 Let's sit on this b to eat our sandwiches.
not take (x2)

The bread's not ready. I have opened it out

PRONUNCIATION: just and yet
of the oven. (yet) 5 (E)a.1 Listen to the sentences. Which sound do the
2 I was going to have some chocolate, but you've underlined words start with? Write numbers 1-7 in the
already eat it. (already) correct columns. Listen again and repeat.
3 Camila has not made any friends at her new
school yet . (yet) /JI !yl
4 This morning I gave both children $20 and they
already sport it. (already) _2_ ---1.. _§_ _1_ .1. _6_ _7_

5 I'm hot and sweaty because I 've not taken

Is Alfonso here yet?
a shower yet . (yet)
Have you already been to the gym7
6 They built the new sports stadium, but they 2
have not make it yet . (yet) Just leave it therel
3
Vini usually has dinner with us on Fridays.
4
He applied for a new job.
5
Hi! How are you?
6
They look so young!
7
 SKILLS 38
LISTENING: st f an u

1 Read the sentences from the audio about bike riding. 3 @3.3 Look at the example. Listen to these
What type of information is missing? Match the
sentences. Mark where the /ti sound links with the
blanks with a-f.
next word and where it is not pronounced.
1 It's cheap, it's funny and,
1 Matt and I have already walk(ed) ten miles!
more than anything, it's fast. d
2 Bret went to Bermuda on vacation.
2 Of course, I love to walk, too, but if I go 3 She missed the bus so she went on the train instead.
anywhere on foot, it takes
b 4 I don't eat meatl
too long.
5 He picked up his bag and crossed the street.
3 There are only about 100
people living here. f
4 Order the letters to make words to complete the
4 I can ride my bike from one end of town to sentences.
the other in five minutes
He drove around the parking lot twice, trying to find a
5 If I drive to work at eight o clock KRAGNIP CASPE
in the morning, it takes me half an hour. e
2 We stood on the FLAMTROP
6 If I ride my bike, I can get to the office at , waiting for the train to arrive.
8:15 C
3 If we RTAST TOU at nine
7 When I arrive somewhere, I don't have to o'clock, we should arrive at noon.
look for a parking space C
4 I'm driving to Maria's house, so I could give you a Fl LT
8 All in all, I probably ride my bike for about
three hours a week. a
5 I usually ride my bike there. It takes too long to go
a time NO TOFO
b verb 6 We were stuck in a RAC FFIT MAJ
c noun for almost an hour.
d adjective
7 My favorite form of BUPCLI PARTNORTSANOT
e duration of time is the bus.
f number 8 HURS HURO starts just
before seven every morning.
2 @3,2 Listen and fill in the blanks in exercise 1.
9 The train was full of MOCMETURS
on their way to work.
10 If we leave now, we should get there
NO MEIT
 LANGUAGE

GRAMMAR: for and

since
1 Complete the sentences with for or since.
We've known Maria for over ten years.
2 I've been a member of this gym since 2014.
3 My parents haven't heard from Ben since
March.
4 Have you seen Jack since you arrived?
5 I've been waiting here for ages!
6 Aline has been sick for over three weeks
now.
7 I haven't driven since I passed my test.
8 They've lived in the same apartment for
years.
9 Pablo hasn't eaten meat since he was a child.
10 Have you two known each other for a
long time7
3 Use the prompts to write questions and answers.
Use the present perfect form of the verbs with for or
2 Complete the questions and answers.
since.
1 A how long /you/ live/ in Madrid
How long have you live Madrid ?
B I / be / here/ three years
I have been her three years
2 A how long / she / be / asleep
How long has she been asleep ?
B she/ be/ asleep/ 5:30
she has been asleep 5:30
3 A how long / Luis/ have / a cough
how long Luis had a cough 7

B he / have / it / the weekend

he has had it the a weekend
A How many years was she a teacher7
4 A how long / your cousins/ work/ in France
B She a teacher three
how long l1as your cousins working in France7
years.
2 A How long were you in the hospital? B they/ work there / over ten months
they have work there over then months
Bl there two months.
3 A How long Gabriela a
vegetarian7 PRONUNCIATION: for and since
B For ten years.
4 A How many years you and Peter
4 @3.4 Practice saying the sentences. Are for and
since stressed (S) or unstressed (U)? Listen, check,
married7
and repeat.
B For nearly five.
1 I've been here for three hours. s u
5 A How long your father in the army?
2 She's been sick since Wednesday. s u
B From 1990 to 2005.
3 We've known about it since noon. s u
6 A How long _____________you study medicine7
4 Livia has lived in Paris for six months. s u
B I studied eight years, until 2014.
5 They haven't heard from her since April. s u
6 I haven't eaten since breakfast. s u
7 We haven't seen Maria for years. s u
8 She's been away since 2014. s u
HOME BLOG PODCASTS ABOUT CONTACT

the number one thing you hate about cities? It's probably the traffic. Who wants to breathe
dirty air all day, or spend hours stuck in a traffic jam on their daily commute? On the other hand,
we've had cars for over 100 years now and we rely on them, especially with our busy lives-rushing to
drop the kids off at school before we go to work, or going to the supermarket on the way home. So how
can town planners persuade us to leave our cars at home? Here are some different ideas from around
the world.

Since 2014, Milan has had a really interesting system: for every day that residents leave their car
at home, they get a voucher for the value of a ticket on the train or bus! And in Copenhagen,
around half of all workers commute by bike on a huge, safe network of bike lanes. Perhaps
London should try to do the same. Traffic there moves more slowly than the average bike rider,
but the streets are far more dangerous on two wheels!

B In some countries, town planners working on new towns and cities are trying to reduce the use
of cars to a bare minimum before they've even been built. For example, one new town in China,
with a planned population of 80,000, is being designed so that all its stores, entertainment
venues, work places, etc. are within a fifteen-minute walk from where residents live. And there'll
be fast public transportation connections to the nearest big city of Chengdu.

In Helsinki, local authorities are using phone apps to reduce car numbers. The city has several
C schemes for people to share the use of bikes and cars. The app allows anyone to quickly
find the nearest shared bike, car, or taxi, or tells them the best and fastest bus or train route.
Planners there hope that within ten years no one will need to drive in the city at all.

Sadly, not all cities are encouraging car-free trips. It's true that 60% of people living in Paris don't
D own a car, but many U.S. towns and cities are designed specifically for the use of cars. And
there aren't any alternatives yet. And in car-loving Sydney, things seem to be going backward.
There are plans to get rid of pedestrian space to make room for even more cars!
VOCABULARY PRACTICE

4C Adjectives to describe food

1 @ 4.8 Complete the descriptions 1-8 with the words in the box. Listen and check.
spicy unhealthy tasty raw fresh crunchy salty delicious sour
disgusting healthy vegetarian bitter burned creamy sweet

1 You can't eat that burned 2 Sashimi is made with 3 I don't eat meat, so I ordered 4 I know French fries are
toast. It will taste disgusti!ng raw fish. There's not a ta ty curry, but it was UlnhealthYbutmmm1 They're
much fat or salt, so it's very so spicy I had to drink very deliciows
healthy_ a lot of water!

5 I don't like black coffee-it's 6 In Morocco, they make tea 7 You can't eat these snacks 8 Oh no! I can't use this milk, It's
toobitter . I prefer a with fresh mint and quietly; they're too a little sour . My cake has
sweet hot chocolate. lots of sugar, so it's very salty . They're tasty to be creamytowin the
vegetarian too, but perfect with a cold drink. competition.

2 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1 A Do you remember those tacos we ate in Mexico that were full 4 A What's /asst?
of chilli peppers? B Oh, you'll love itl It's a disgusting I bitter I drink from
B I'll never forget that. They were so burned I I crunchy that India made with yogurt.
I started crying! 5 A I have some lettuce, cucumbers, and red peppers in the
2 A How often do you go to the supermarket? refrigerator.
B Hardly ever. I think the market is the best place to buy B Great! Then we can make a nic / creamy I salty salad
raw I spicy ingredients. for lunch.
3 A Is something wrong with your cake? 6 A Do you like lemon juice?
B Yes, I used too much sugar and now it's too salty I tasty I B No, I don't. It's too spicy I I raw for me.

◄ Go back to page 34
 Food for thought
LANGUAGE too, too many, too much, and (not) enough ■ food and drink

4A Sweet, but dangerous

1 Put the words in the box in the correct columns. Can you add two more words to each column?

beef cabbage peach salmon strawberry shrimp lamb eggplant

I I beef a b nmp salmon

Go to Vocabulary practice:rood and drink, page 97

2 Ask and answer the questions in pairs.

1 What did you have for breakfast? 4 What would you cook for a romantic dinner7
2 What did you have for dinner last night? 5 Are you allergic to any food?
3 What food do you eat if you want a snack? 6 Do you think you have a healthy diet? Why/Why not?

3 Look at the picture of the breakfast. Do you think it's healthy? How much added sugar do you think
it contains? Read the text and check.

f us know that too much

sugar isn't good for us. We know Damon says that food
that we shouldn't eat a lot of companies are not honest
chocolate or drink too many enough about the amount of
soft drinks. But how much do sugar they add to their products.
we really know about the other Their marketing makes us believe
kinds of food we eat? we're eating and drinking
well, when we really aren't.
The World Health Organization
recommends a daily limit of 25 g.
(about six teaspoons) of sugar.
That means there's enough
Australian moviemaker, Damon sugar in three quarters of a can
Garneau, decided to investigate the "hidden" sugar in of cola for one day.
food. He spent 60 days eating only products advertised After Damon's experiment finished, he returned to
as "healthy," such as low-fat yogurt, cereal bars, fruit his usual diet of fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, and
juices, and sports drinks. But instead of feeling healthier, fish. His weight came down and his health problems
Damon gained 8 kg. and started to have health disappeared. He still enjoys a little chocolate once in a
problems. The reason? The high levels of sugar that while, but he finds that most processed food now tastes
manufacturers add to many food products to make too sweet.
them taste better. The breakfast pictured here looks So next time you're in the supermarket, remember
good, but the juice, cereal, and yogurt actually contain to check how much sugar is in that "healthy" cereal
a total of fourteen teaspoons of extra sugarl before you buy it!

4 Check ( ) the best title for the article. Explain your answer.
1 Is sugar good or bad for you? 3 The truth about sugar and processed food D
D
2 How to lose weight in 60 days 4 Five unhealthy foods to avoid D
B cause he mad an i vest ation about the "h den" ga in food.
5 Discuss the questions in pairs.
1 Did the text surprise you? Why/Why not?
2 Do you think people in your country eat too much sugar?
3 How often do you check how much sugar is in the products you buy?
4 Should the government do anything about sugar in food? If so, what7
 too, too many, too much, and (not) enough ■ food and drink LANGUAGE 1A
6 A Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Check your answers in the text.

too too much too many not enough

1 We shouldn't drink too many soft drinks. 4 There's enough sugar in three quarters of a can of
2 too much sugar isn't good for us. cola for one day.
3 Food companies are not honest enough. 5 Most processed food tastes too sweet.
B Match the words from sentences 1-5 with the definitions. Then read the Grammar box.
too I too I too many a less than necessary
enough b more than necessary
not enough c the right amount

too, too many, too much, and (not) enough

More than necessary: The right amount: Less than necessary:
It's too noisy. I can't concentrate. We have enough eggs to bake a cake. I don't have enough time.
You put too much milk in my coffee' Is the room warm enough for you? The car isn't fast enough.
There are too many people on the bus. OR The car's not fast enough.

Go to Grammar practice: too, too many, too much, and (not) enough, page 82

7 A (E)4.3Pronunciation: too much sugar Listen and repeat the sentence from the text. Pay
attention to the sounds in bold: /u/, fa/, and /o/.
Too much sugar isn't good for us.
B (E)4.4 How do you say the words? Listen, check, and repeat.
cook soup cup food enough put blood should use

8 (E)4.5 How do you say the questions7 Listen, check, and repeat. Ask and answer the questions in pairs.
1 Do you have enough time to cook dinner every night? 4 Do you think you have too many clothes?
2 Do you think good food is too expensive? 5 Is your Internet connection fast enough for you?
3 Do you spend too much time using social media sites7 6 Do you know anyone who drinks too much coffee?

9 (E)4.6 Listen to a conversation. Check ( ) thefood that the restaurant needs to buy.

wieeft: I(.tWI b □ chic/<.eVI □ beef □ turke□

y

fishfseafooof: sa/wio11 □ shriwip □ tu11o a

eaches□ pears coco111,tt.□

? s
strawberries □ p111eapp/es □
P
fruit:
lettuces□ cucuwibers □
vegetables: peppers 0
towiatoes □ eggp/a11ts □

Go to Communication practice: Student A, page 107; Student B, page 112

10 A Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Compare them in pairs.
1 I don't spend enough time on Facebook 4 Sometimes, I'm too bored .
2 I spend too much money on C othes. 5 I have too many app es.
3 I worry about The world too much. 6 I don't think I'm well enough.
B Tell the rest of the class about your partner.
He doesn't spend enough time on his homework.

Personal Best Write a list of ingredients for three of your favorite dishes.
 LANGUAGE have to, not have to, and can't ■ adjectives to describe food

4C You have to eat your vegetables!

1 A @4.7 Look at the pictures of school lunches. Which countries do you think they are from?
Listen and check. Peru Japan In Home
a b C

Spicy

Healthy, Salty sweet, crunchy

Match the adjectives in the box with the pictures. Listen again and check.

healthy crunchy sweet spicy salty tasty

Go to Vocabulary practice: adjectives to describe food, page 98

2 Discuss the questions in pairs.

1 Did you ever have school lunches? If so, what were they like?
2 Which dishes from your childhood did you love/hate7 Why7

3 Look at the pictures. Do you recognize the man? In pairs, answer the questions. Read the text and check.
1 What is the man's job? 3 Why was he in this country?
2 Which country was he in7 4 Why does he look disappointed?

THE FOOD REVOLUTION THAT FAILED

British celebrity chef, Jamie Oliver, tasted failure for the first time with his American
TV show, Jamie's Food Revolution. One of the biggest health problems in the U.S.
is obesity, and Jamie thought he could help by changing what children ate ... but
he found that it wasn't so easy.
In the U.S., more than 32 million children eat in school cafeterias every day.
Unfortunately, the meals aren't always very healthy, and some children don't have
to eat fruit or vegetables. Instead, they can choose hamburgers and pizzas with
sweet drinks, like chocolate milk.
In 2010 and 2011, Jamie conducted an experiment. He tried changing the menu
at a school in Los Angeles. The cooks made different meals, including vegetarian
curry, fresh salads, and spicy chicken noodles. However, Jamie's experiment
failed, and most children threw his new recipes away. With hungry children and
angry parents, hamburgers and pizzas were soon back on the menu.
However, it's not all bad news. Although Jamie's idea didn't work, things are
changing. New laws say that all schools have to serve
can't contain too much salt, and cafeterias have to
offer two vegetables a day ... but these things take tim
According to some previous rules, tomato sauce on p
counted as "one vegetable"!

4 Discuss the questions in pairs.

1 What do you think about Jamie's experiment?
2 Why do you think it failed?
3 What would you think if he tried to change school meals in your country?
 have to, not have to, and can't ■ adjectives to describe food LANGUAGE 4C
5 A Match the two parts to make sentences. Check your answers in the text.
1 Children don't have to a serve healthier food.
2 All schools have to b eat fruit or vegetables.
3 School meals can't c contain too much salt.
B Answer the questions about the words in bold in sentences 1-4. Then read the Grammar box.
Which w ean "there is a rule to do this"7 2
Which w ean "this is not necessary"7 1
Which word means "this is not allowed"7 3

have to, not have to, and can't

Obligation: Not necessary: Prohibition:

You have to start school at 9:00 a.m. You don't have to take the course, Students can't use a calculator
Do they have to wear a uniform7 but you can if you want. during the exam.

to Grammar practice: have to, not have to, and can't, page 83

6 Choose the correct options to complete the hotel rules. Would you like to stay at this hotel?
Why/Why not?

HOTEL RULES
1 Guests have to I an extra $8 if they want breakfast.
2 Guests I can't sit at the same table every day. The room
numbers are on the tables.
3 Guests don't have to I choose the cooked breakfast. Cereal and
toast are also available.
4 Guests don't have to I arrive for breakfast before 9:00 a.m.
when the kitchen closes.
5 Guests don't have to take any food to their rooms. This is not
allowed.
6 Guests can't check out before 10:00 a.m. or we will charge
them for an extra day.

7 A @4.10 Pronunciation: sentence stress Listen to the sentences. Underline the stressed words.
1 People have to carry an identity card at all 4 Children have to stay in school until the age
times. of 18.
2 You don't have to buy a ticket when you get on 5 Parents don't have to send their children to
the bus. school. They can educate them at home.
3 People can't use their cell phones on public 6 Everyone has to vote in the national elections.
transportation.
B @4.10 Say the sentences, paying attention to the stress in each one. Listen again, check, and repeat.

8 In pairs, decide if the sentences in exercise 7A are true in your country.

Go to Communication practice: Student A, page 108; Student B, page 113

9 A In pairs, imagine you are the managing director of a new company. Write a list of rules that will keep
your employees happy and productive and make your company successful. Think about these factors:

B Tell the rest of the class your rules.

Personal Best Write a list of rules in your place of work or college. How could you change them to make them better?
 mSKILLS SPEAKING making and responding to invitations ■ sounding polite

4D First dates
Curve 1 In pairs, look at the pictures of restaurants. Decide which are the best places for the situations in the box.

a business meeting a first date getting together with friends

a birthday celebration lunch by yourself a family meal

2 Discuss the questions in pairs.

1 How would you feel if you had a first date?
2 Where would you go on a first date?
3 Who would you ask for advice about a first date?

3 (E)4.11 Watch or listen to the first part of Leaming Curve. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 Jack feels shy about asking Eleanor out on a date.
2 Jack met Eleanor while he was studying at the university.
3 He invites Simon to try his new dish and he wants his advice. T
4 Simon thinks Jack should take Eleanor to a fish-and-chips restaurant.
5 Jack rings Eleanor to ask her out on a date.

4 (E)4.11 Use the words in the box

to complete what Jack and Simon
said. Watch or listen again and check.

dish great be in sounds

new Would that interested
you tryi Thanks out

Wou d you be interested Thanks, that sounds

in trying out a new dish? great

making and responding to invitations

Inviting: Accepting: Refusing:

I'd love to. Thank you. That's really nice of you, but I'm sorry, I can't.
Would you like to ... 7
Thanks, that sounds great! I'm afraid I already have plans.
Would you be interested in ... 7
That's very nice/kind of you. I really appreciate the invitation, but ...
Do you want to ...?
That would be wonderful. Sorry, I think I'm busy that evening.
Do you feel like ...?
Fantastic.

5 Read the Conversation builder. In pairs, take turns inviting your partner for coffee one day this week.
Refuse the first time, but when he/she invites you for coffee on a different day, accept.
 making and responding to invitations ■ sounding polite SPEAKING m
SKILLS 4D
6 A @4.12 Watch or listen to the second part of the show. Where do Jack and Eleanor decide to go
for their date?

B @4.12 Complete the conversation with the words in the box. Watch or listen again and check.

appreciate like fancy sorry want kind

Jack I was wondering if you'd 1 fancy having dinner with me at my restaur

Eleanor Oh, that's right, you're a chef. Thanks, that's very 2 nd of you.
Jack Great. I know it's short notice, but would you 3 Ii e to come tonight
I have a new, special dish.
Eleanor Did you say tonight? That's really nice of you, but I'm 4 SOrry , I can't.
I already have plans.
Jack ell, do you 5 want to go out on the weekend?
Perhaps tomorrow?
Eleanor Er, I would. I really 6appreciatethe invite, but, I'm going to go visit my
granddad.

@4.13 Listen and repeat the phrases when you hear the beeps. Do Eleanor and Jack sound polite?

sounding polite

It's important to sound polite in English, especially when you say something negative.
• Use intonation to express yourself. Flat intonation can sound rude.
• Apologize before you say something negative.
• Use longer phrases and give explanations.

8 A @4.14 Read the Skill box. Listen to six conversations and check the response that
sounds more polite: a or b.
aD b
□
1 Tom, could you help me with this box? It's really heavy.
2 Do you feel like going to the movies tonight7 a b
3 So what did your boss think of the designs? a b □
4 Would you like to go for coffee after class? aD b
5 Wow! That new jacket looks great on you. aD b
6 Would you be interested in seeing my band play tomorrow evening? aD b
B @4.15 Listen and repeat the polite responses. Explain why they are more polite.

Go to Communication practice: Student A, page 108; Student B, page 113

9 A In pairs, look at the diagram and discuss what you could say at each stage. You can make notes.

B Repeat your conversation until you can say it without looking at the diagram or your notes.

C Work with another pair. Listen to their conversation. Did they use the same language
as you? Was their conversation polite? In what way?

Personal Best Write another dialogue using the diagram in exercise 9A, but use different phrases.
 3 and 4

Grammar 3 Choose the correct options to complete the text.

1 Put a (X) by the sentence that is NOT correct.

•••• •
I
1 a I haven't called Claude yet.
b I've called Claude 10 minutes ago. D
c I called Claude 10 minutes ago. D Don't look
2

3
a I have to wear a suit to work.
b I can wear a suit to work.
c I haven't to wear jeans to work.
a I've worked here since January.
D
[XI
D
D
down. •
b I've worked here for five months. D The city of Dubai 1built I
over 200 skyscrapers
c I've worked here since five months ago.
for I 2000, and the Burj
4 a This restaurant is too crowded. D Khalifa is the tallest of these.
b This restaurant isn't quiet enough. D It's 830 m. high, with 163
c This restaurant is too much crowded. floors and has an incredible
5 a I've seen the movie yet. 24,000 windows ... all of
b I saw the movie last week. D which 3have I be cleaned! The tallest part of the
building is 4 / too much difficult for people to clean, and
c I've already seen the movie. D machines are used. However, a team of 36 men clean the
6 a You have too many clothes in your closet. D rest of the building. Let's talk to Bibek Thapa from Nepal,
b You can't have space enough for your clothes. who has 5already I yet finished cleaning for the clay.
c You don't have enough space in your closet. D What's the hardest part about the job?
7 a I haven't seen my parents for a month. I've climbed 6 / mountains enough in
b I didn't see my parents since last month. D Nepal not to be afraid of heights. The worst thing for me
c I haven't seen my parents since last month. D is the sun. Sometimes it's 7 / too much hot, and we
8 I can't wear protective clothing.
8 a You can't walk on the grass. D
b You have to walk on the path. D What's it like in bad weather?
c You allowed to walk on the path. We don't work when there's 9too many I wind or
dust because it's very dangerous.
2 Use the words in parentheses to write sentences that
mean the same as the first sentence. Do you need any special equipment?
We use lots of safety equipment, obviously, but we
1 It's not necessary for Sofia to take the train. 10 haveto I to use any special cleaning
Sofia haven't to take the train. (have) chemicals. We just use soap and water, like when ym1
2 I didn't have breakfast this morning. clean windows at home.
Ihaven"! eaten breakfast yet today. (yet)
3 I went to the grocery store this morning.
I already went to the grocery store. (already) Vocabulary
4 We've had the car since March.
We have had the car for six months. (for)
1 Match the words with the definitions.

5 We need more bread.

rush hour fresh start out coconut
We don't have enough bread. (enough)
raw crosswalk turkey
6 She hasn't visited me for years. give someone a ride trash can commuter
She hasn't visited me since 2012. (visited)
7 The coffee has more milk than I wanted. 1 to take someone to a place in your cargive someone a ride
There's too milk in my coffee. (too) 2 a place for garbage when you're on the street trash can
8 You're not allowed to use your phone in here. 3 a person who travels to work commuter
You can't use your phone in here. (use) 4 a large bird we can eat turkey
5 a large fruit from a palm tree coconut
6 to leave your house to go somewhere start out
7 food that is not cooked raw
8 a place where you can cross the street safely crosswalk
9 the busiest time of day on the street rush hour
10 food that was prepared recently fresh
IE]
 3 and 4

2 Circle the word that is different. Explain your answer.

1 passenger platform pedestrian commuter
Personal Best
2 sour sweet bitter crunchy
3 drive ride go by traffic
4 beef lamb shrimp turkey
5 tunnel bridge bike lane trash can
6 delayed street sign statue sidewalk
7 tuna peach pineapple strawberry
8 tasty burned healthy delicious

3 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1 My bus never gets on time.
a arrives b gets c drives
2 Is the fish fresh ? It doesn't smell very good.
a fresh b tasty C healthy C
We started o yo
3 rly on our hike at 9:00.
0
a arrive b started out C drive
4 We're having apple pie for dessert.
a flour b lettuce C apple pie

5 My car is at the garage, so I can't drive to work. \-ess

a ride b drive C arrive

6 A: What's on the pizza?

B There's tomato sauce, peppers, and cheese
a flour b cheese c cereal
7 There are eetlightson this street; it's very dark!
a traffic lights b streetlights c street signs
8 The doctor said I shouldn't eat salty food.
a fresh b salty c disgusting

4 Complete the conversations with the words in the boxes.

q
parking space benches parking lot
h
apartment building public transportation ar

1apartment buildi g . .
Jo Is your new ar the city bndge?
Lee No, it's next to the square with the fountain and all
the 2 benches to sit on.
Jo That's a great area! Do you get a 3'Parking spa e or
your car?
Lee Yes, but I use P blic rra p□a 10 get to work because
my office doesn't have a 5 parking o

fresh delicious seafood spicy vegetarian

\
Kim Don't forget you have to cook 6vegetarian food for
my parents, They don't eat meat,
Jon I know, I'm going to cook curry,
Kim Don't cook curry! It will be too picy for
them! Why don't you cook the paella you made last
week? It was 8 delicious ! I loved it.
Jon But that had 9 seafood in it!
Kim Oh, yeah, Can't you make it without it? Just add
lots of 10 fresh vegetables,