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    CIVE 202 Tutorial 3 Fatigue & Aggregates

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    msaedovic
    This document discusses fatigue, creep, and aggregate properties relevant to construction materials. It describes how fatigue occurs due to microscopic defects experiencing increased localized stresses from repeated cyclic loading. Creep is defined as long-term plastic deformation under sustained loads below the yield point. Various properties of aggregates that impact concrete are covered, including shape, texture, density, size, grading, and moisture content.

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    CIVE 202 Tutorial 3 Fatigue & Aggregates

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    msaedovic
    25 views29 pages
    This document discusses fatigue, creep, and aggregate properties relevant to construction materials. It describes how fatigue occurs due to microscopic defects experiencing increased localized stresses from repeated cyclic loading. Creep is defined as long-term plastic deformation under sustained loads below the yield point. Various properties of aggregates that impact concrete are covered, including shape, texture, density, size, grading, and moisture content.

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    This document discusses fatigue, creep, and aggregate properties relevant to construction materials. It describes how fatigue occurs due to microscopic defects experiencing increased localized stresses from repeated cyclic loading. Creep is defined as long-term plastic deformation under sustained loads below the yield point. Various properties of aggregates that impact concrete are covered, including shape, texture, density, size, grading, and moisture content.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views29 pages

    CIVE 202 Tutorial 3 Fatigue & Aggregates

    Uploaded by

    msaedovic
    This document discusses fatigue, creep, and aggregate properties relevant to construction materials. It describes how fatigue occurs due to microscopic defects experiencing increased localized stresses from repeated cyclic loading. Creep is defined as long-term plastic deformation under sustained loads below the yield point. Various properties of aggregates that impact concrete are covered, including shape, texture, density, size, grading, and moisture content.

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    CIVE 202

    CONSTRUCTION
    MATERIALS
    TUTORIAL 3- FATIGUE &
    AGGREGATES
    OUTLINE
    1. Fatigue
    2. Creep
    3. Aggregates and Concrete
    4. Quiz #3
    5. Correcting Quiz #3
    FATIGUE
    • Materials contain
    microscopic defects
    • Microscopic defects may
    experience increased
    localized stresses
    • If local stresses too high,
    cracks can form
    • Repeated application (cyclic
    loading) at stress levels will
    progressively open
    • When crack propagates
    beyond member capacity
    resistance- sudden failure
    FATIGUE
    1. Crack initiation- When localized material resistance isn’t
    sufficient to withstand localized load
    • Around flaws, discontinuities, corners
    2. Crack Propagation- Repeated cyclic loading will ‘work’
    the crack open
    • Each cycle will gradually widen crack, creating ‘beach’
    patterns
    • Deformations permanent- energy lost in propagating
    crack
    • Resisting area reduced until brittle failure
    http://materials.open.ac.uk/mem/images/images_fat/01.jpg
    http://materials.open.ac.uk/mem/mem_mf7.htm
    FATIGUE
    • Fatigue Limit – For ferrous alloys and low
    stresses, cycles may be infinite without
    fatigue failure
    • Other materials will exhibit fatigue
    depending on stress and cycles
    • Fatigue behavior can be represented in
    stress-cycle diagrams
    http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/fatigue/fatigue_highcycle.cfm
    CREEP
    • Long-term plastic deformation under sustained loads below
    yield point
    • Caused by constant loads for long periods of time
    • More creep at higher temperatures (more energy for
    plastic deformation)
    • More creep at higher loads- more energy for deformation
    • Creep failure is a deformation one- Time dependant process
    • Long term strain may warp structure beyond design
    restraints
    • May eventually deform beyond material resistance
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3StageCreep.svg
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • Cheapest Ingredient in Concrete and Asphalt
    • Incredible diversity of aggregate sources
    • Wide variation in material properties based on specific
    aggregate
    • Natural sources
    • Naturally occurring (mined in situ like gravel or sand)
    • Artificially made- Crushed, sorted, washed, etc..
    • Artificial sources
    • Industrial waste
    • Recycled
    • Specially produced
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • Basic aggregate characteristics based
    on rock type
    • Sedimentary
    • Limestone, Sandstone
    http://geo.browardcentralscience.org/rocks/gneiss.jpg

    • Metamorphic
    • Slate, Gneiss, Marble
    • Igneous
    • Basalt, granite
    Things desirable for ENGINEERING
    • Strength, hardness
    • Dimensional and Chemical
    Stability
    • No deleterious effects in use
    http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/011/cache/sandstone-swirls_1180_990x742.jpg
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    THE BASICS
    • Shape
    • Texture
    • Density
    • Size
    • Water Content
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    SHAPE
    • Smooth, rounded shapes
    • Low Surface to Volume ratio
    • Fewer edges, discontinuities, corners
    • EFFECT IN CONCRETE
    • Less inter-aggregate contact in mixing more
    workability in plastic concrete
    • Less surface bonding area in hardened state
    Decreased hardened mechanical properties
    • Less cementitious material required to fully coat
    surface area
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    SHAPE
    Rough, angular, irregular shapes
    • High Surface to Volume Ratio
    • Many edges, discontinuities , faces
    • EFFECT IN CONCRETE
    • More inter-aggregate contact in mixing less
    workability in plastic concrete
    • More surface bonding area in hardened state
    Increased hardened mechanical properties
    • More cementitious material required to fully coat
    surface area
    • Too irregular may induce stress concentrations
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    Texture
    • Smooth surfaces provide more workability (less friction)
    • Less surface-cement interlock with smooth surfaces
    • Rough surfaces are less workable (more friction)
    • More surface-cement interlock with rough surfaces- better
    mechanical properties
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    Density
    • Choice of aggregates will determine if concrete is
    lightweight, regular or heavy
    • In practice, density measurements include nonconnected
    pores
    • Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG)- Density based on solid
    material- no pores
    • Bulk specific gravity (BSG)- Density based on solid+ pore
    phases (including water)
    • All specific gravity values normalized with water at SATP
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • Size
    • Since aggregate come in enormous variety of
    sizes, engineers need a standard method of
    specifying sizes for aggregates
    • Maximum size determined by specific
    application
    • Larger maximum aggregate allowed- smaller
    amount of bulk volume made up of paste
    • Different applications call for different
    combinations of sizes.
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    Grading Curves
    • Aggregate sample is sifted through progressively smaller
    sieves
    • Amount of material retained on individual sized sieve is
    recorded.
    • The total % of material passing through each individual sieve
    can then be calculated
    • Sieve size versus cumulative percent passing gives rise to
    Grading Curves
    • Roughly divided into Coarse ( greater than 5mm) and Fine
    (less than 5 mm)
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • Continuous
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • Uniform
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    Gap Graded
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    Moisture Content
    • Aggregates are not perfectly dense, they are capable of
    absorbing water into tiny pores in the surface.
    • This water will contribute to a concrete mix
    • Affecting W/C ratio!
    • Therefore critical to know exactly how much water is absorbed
    into aggregates before mix!
    • Engineers use specific moisture states to aid in
    calculation
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    WOD , WAD , WSSD , WWET
    AGGREGATE
    PROPERTIES
    • WAD and WWET have moisture contents that are variable
    • WOD and W SSD only exist at one point and are constant!
    • Gives us ability to calculate maximum theoretical absorbsion!
    𝑊𝑆𝑆𝐷 − 𝑊𝑂𝐷
    𝐴=
    𝑊𝑂𝐷
    • This gives us our definition of Absorpsion: Amount of
    moisture an aggregate can absorb expressed as a
    proportion (percentage) of the dry unit weight

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