A Mini Project Report On

IOT BASED MULTIPURPOSE AGRIBOT

USING SENSOR
Submitted In partial fulfillment of the Requirements
for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
K. USHA RANI (17D21A0489)
M. GOURI PRIYA (17D21A0496)
B. MAMATHA (17D21A0464)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. P. SUNEEL KUMAR
Professor

SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
ACCREDITED BY NBA, NAAC
Affiliated to JNTUH-Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE NEW DELHI
V.N. PALLY, HYDERABAD – 500075
2020 – 2021
 SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
ACCREDITED BY NBA, NAAC

Affiliated to JNTUH-Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE NEW DELHI

V.N. PALLY, HYDERABAD, R.R. DIST-500075

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project “IOT BASED MULTIPURPOSE AGRIBOT

USING SENSOR” is a bonafide work of K. USHA RANI (17D21A0489), M.
GOURI PRIYA (17D21A0496), B. MAMATHA (17D21A0464) carried out
the project under our supervision, in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING from SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
to JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
HYDERABAD.

Coordinator Guide name Head Of The Department

Dr. P. Suneel Kumar Dr. A. Narmada Dr. A. Narmada
Professor Professor Professor

INTERNAL EXAMINER: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

DATE:
 DECLARATION

we hereby declare that the work described in this report, entitled “IOT BASED
MULTIPURPOSE AGRIBOT USING SENSOR” which is being submitted by
us in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the Department
of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING to the
SRIDEVI WOMEN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Affiliated to Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally. The work is original and has
not been submitted for any Degree/Diploma of this or any other University.

K. USHA RANI (17D21A0489)

M. GOURI PRIYA (17D21A0496)
B. MAMATHA (17D21A0464)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our gratitude
to all the people who helped in making this project work a grand success.

We grateful to Dr. P. Suneel kumar for his valuable suggestions and

guidance given during the execution of this technical seminar.

we would like to thank Dr. A. NARMADA, Head of the Department,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for being moral
support throughout the period of our study in Sridevi Women‘s Engineering College.

we express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. B. L. MALLESWARI, for her

constant guidance throughout my technical seminar.

we would like to thank the Teaching & Non- Teaching staff of ECE
Department for sharing their knowledge with us.

Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to the Management of
Sridevi Women’s Engineering College for their continuous care towards our
achievements.

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 Abstract:
More than 60 percent of the population in the India do agriculture as the primary
sector occupation. At present, due to increase in shortage of labor interest has raised
for the development of the autonomous vehicles like robots in the agriculture field. A
robot called agribot has been designed to minimize the labor of farmers in addition to
increasing the speed and accuracy of the work. The Proposed system aims at
designing multipurpose autonomous agricultural robotic vehicle which can be
controlled through IOT for seeding and spraying of pesticides. These autonomous
vehicles are implemented to reduce human intervention, ensuring high yield and
efficient utilization of resources.

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 CONTENTS

List of Contents Page. No.

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

List of Figures iv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction Of Embedded System 1

1.2 Definition of an Embedded System 2

1.3 Features of Embedded Systems 2

1.4 Characteristics of Embedded Systems 3

1.5 Applications of Embedded Systems 4

1.6 TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 5

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO AGRIBOT SENSOR 7

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 10

CHAPTER 4 EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM 16

CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION 17

CHAPTER 6 RESULTS 59

CONCLUSION 60

REFERENCES 61

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure. no. Figure Name Page No.

Figure 5.1 Block Diagram 17

Figure 5.2: Structure of Arduino Board 18

Figure 5.3: Arduino Board 19

Figure. 5.4: Circuit diagram of regulated power supply section 23

Figure 5.5: LCD 43

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO DOMAIN
1.1 Introduction Of Embedded System

Each day, our lives become more dependent on 'embedded systems', digital
information technology that is embedded in our environment. More than 98% of
processors applied today are in embedded systems, and are no longer visible to the
customer as 'computers' in the ordinary sense. An Embedded System is a special-
purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to
the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks,
usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific
tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product.
Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. The
increasing use of PC hardware is one of the most important developments in high-end
embedded systems in recent years. Hardware costs of high-end systems have dropped
dramatically as a result of this trend, making feasible some projects which previously
would not have been done because of the high cost of non-PC-based embedded
hardware. But software choices for the embedded PC platform are not nearly as
attractive as the hardware.

Typically, an embedded system is housed on a single microprocessorboard

with the programs stored in ROM. Virtually all appliances that have a digital interface
-- watches, microwaves, VCRs, cars -- utilize embedded systems. Some embedded
systems include an operating system, but many are so specialized that the entire logic
can be implemented as a single program.

Physically, Embedded Systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers,
or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks
mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

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1.2 Definition of an Embedded System

Embedded system is defined as, For a particular/specific application

implementing the software code to interact directly with that particular hardware what
we built. Software is used for providing features and flexibility,Hardware =
{Processors, ASICs, Memory,...} is used for Performance (& sometimes security)

There are many definitions of embedded system but all of these can be
combined into a single concept. An embedded system is a special purpose computer
system that is used for particular task.

1.3Features of Embedded Systems

The versatility of the embedded computer system lends itself to utility in all kinds of
enterprises, from the simplification of deliverable products to a reduction in costs in
their development and manufacture. Complex systems with rich functionality employ
special operating systems that take into account major characteristics of embedded
systems. Embedded operating systems have minimized footprint and may follow real-
time operating system specifics.

The special computers system is usually less powerful than general-purpose systems,
although some expectations do exist where embedded systems are very powerful and
complicated. Usually a low power consumption CPU with a limited amount of
memory is used in embedded systems. Many embedded systems use very small
operating systems; most of these provide very limited operating system capabilities.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.

Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environment conditions such as

very high temperature & humidity.

For high volume systems such as portable music players or mobile phones,
minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration. Engineers typically
select hardware that is just ―good enough‖ to implement the necessary functions.

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For low volume or prototype embedded systems, general purpose computers may be
adapted by limiting the programs or by replacing the operating system with a real-
time operating system.

1.4 Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Embedded computing systems generally exhibit rich functionality—complex

functionality is usually the reason for introducing CPUs into the design. However,
they also exhibit many non-functional requirements that make the task especially
challenging:

• Real-time deadlines that will cause system failure if not met;

• Multi-rate operation;
• In many cases, low power consumption;
• Low manufacturing cost, which often means limited code size.

Workstation programmers often concentrate on functionality. They may consider the

performance characteristics of a few computational kernels of their software, but
rarely analyze the total application. They almost never consider power consumption
and manufacturing cost. The need to juggle all these requirements makes embedded
system programming very challenging and is the reason why embedded system
designers need to understand computer architecture.

Overview of an Embedded System Architecture

Every Embedded system consists of a custom-built hardware built around a central

processing unit. This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded.

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The operating system runs above the hardware and the application software runs
above the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer
including desktop computer. However these are significant differences. It is not
compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small
applications such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc.

1.5 Applications of Embedded Systems

Some of the most common embedded systems used in everyday life are

Small embedded controllers: 8-bit CPUs dominate, simple or no operating

system (e.g., thermostats)

Control systems: Often use DSP chip for control computations

(e.g., automotive engine control)

Distributed embedded control: Mixture of large and small nodes on a real-time

Embedded networks (e.g., cars, elevators,
factory automation)

System on chip: ASIC design tailored to application area (e.g.,

consumer electronics, set-top boxes)

Network equipment: Emphasis on data movement/packet flow (e.g.,

network switches; telephone switches)

Critical systems: Safety and mission critical computing (e.g.,

pacemakers, automatic trains)

Signal processing: Often use DSP chips for vision, audio, or other
signal Processing (e.g., face recognition)

Robotics: Uses various types of embedded computing

(especially Vision and control) (e.g.,
autonomous vehicles)

Computer peripherals: Disk drives, keyboards, laser printers, etc.

Wireless systems: Wireless network-connected ―sensor networks‖

and ―Motes‖ to gather and report information

Embedded PCs: Palmtop and small form factor PCs embedded

into Equipment

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Command and control: Often huge military systems and ―systems of
systems‖ (e.g., a fleet of warships with
interconnected Computers)

Home Appliances, intercom, telephones, security systems,garage door openers,

answering machines, faxmachines, home computers, TVs, cable TV tuner,VCR,
camcorder, remote controls, video games,cellular phones, musical instruments,
sewingmachines, lighting control, paging, camera, pinballmachines, toys, exercise
equipment

Office Telephones, computers, security systems, faxmachines, microwave, copier,

laser printer, colorprinter, paging

Auto Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS,instrumentation, security system,
transmissioncontrol, entertainment, climate control, cellularphone, keyless entry

1.6 TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Based on functionality and performance embedded systems categorized as 4 types

1. Stand alone embedded systems

2. Real time embedded systems
3. Networked information appliances
4. Mobile devices

1.6.1 Stand alone embedded systems:-

As the name implies, stand alone systems work in standalone mode. They take i/p,
process them and produce the desire o/p. The i/p can be an electrical signal from
transducer or temperature signal or commands from human being. The o/p can be
electrical signal to drive another system an led or LCD display

ex digital camera, microwave oven, CD player, Air conditioner etc

1.6.2 Real time embedded systems:-

In this type of an embedded system a specific work has to be complete in a particular

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period of time.

Hard Real time systems: - embedded real time used in missiles

Soft Real time systems: - DVD players

1.6.3 Networked information appliances:-

Embedded systems that are provided with n/w interfaces and accessed by n/w such as
local area n/w or internet are called Network Information Appliances

Ex A web camera is connected to the internet. Camera can send pictures in real time
to any computers connected to the internet

1.6.4 Mobile devices:-

Actually it is a combination of both VLSI and Embedded System

Mobile devices such as Mobile phone, Personal digital assistants, smart phones etc are
special category of embedded systems

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 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION TO AGRIBOT SENSOR

Recent decrease in manpower has greatly affected the agricultural production and
crop field maintenance. The intensity of the problem is high in cases of larger field
areas. The main objective of this project is to identify a particular plant or a particular
portion of the field of its health and perform related actions according to the data
gathered with the help of sensors. Some of the parameters that are measured during
this process are temperature and humidity around that plant along with the soil pH and
moisture content. Analysis of these parameters can effectively give us the overall
cause for the defect of the plant. Necessary actions such as spraying pesticides can be
done by making use of preloaded pesticide tank. All these activities can be controlled
via IOT and an android app such that autonomous activities can be carried out even
without the presence of the field owner.
More and more modern farms in Europe use high tech solutions such as those that
allow digital control or those using remote controlled machines (without a driver).
There are already fully or partially automated equipment that performs much of the
farm work, from grafting to sowing, planting, harvesting, sorting, packing, etc. The
theoretical foundations of agricultural robots and their role in precision farming have
already been investigated in numerous research papers (Blackmore et al. 2005;
Pedersen et al.
2008; Yaghoubi et al. 2013; Kushwaha et al. 2016), but the first real tests have been
conducted recently (Gonzalez-de-Santos et al., 2017). Ruiz-Larrea et al. (2015)
studies variables that influence the climate in greenhouses or plant growth with the
help of a mobile platform vehicle. They implement path planning and tracking
algorithms in the Robot Operating System (ROS) to move the robot into a closed and
obstructed space. Roldán et al. (2018), in their study, used an unmanned aerial mini-
vehicle to measure environmental variables in a greenhouse. Validation of the
quadrotor as a mobile platform for monitoring crop growth and determining the
optimal position of sensors on a quadrotor was achieved through practical
experiments. Tokekar et al. (2013) studied the problem of coordinating an Unmanned
Ground Vehicle (UGV) used for estimating nitrogen (N) levels on-demand across a
farm in the context of a precision agriculture application. They demonstrate the utility
of the system and concluded that applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right

7
time can drastically reduce fertilizer usage. In last years, numerous researches have
focused on the use of image sensors to monitor plant physiology and morphology.
LiDAR scanners mounted aboard ground vehicles and tractors have been used to
extract morphological properties such as canopy volume and leaf area (Das et. al,
2015). Considering the above, it is obvious that the implementation of the concept of
precision agriculture at a broad level implies a more advanced research on products
that allow them to know exactly what is happening on the farm at any time, as well as
investing in innovative technologies. The main objective of this paper is to develop an
agriculture robot system for obtaining local data for production monitoring. The
system can collect and submit data in a cloud database, which enables agronomic
managers to problem detection and local climate control. The basic tasks of the
prototype are: (i) a rigid mechanical structure; ii) the ability to move in well-defined
directions; iii) optimal energy consumption; (iv) the capability to monitor
environmental factors.
Food is Man's most basic need. Throughout the ages men have strived to produce
more and better food for growing populations. More land, Better tools, improved
techniques, and technological advances however, all this progress has had one
common element that has not changed ―Man‖. Man has always been at the center of
food production and has now become the limiting factor [1]. For 10,000 years, the
primary focus of technological advancement has always been increasing the
productivity and safety of the operator. But these incremental improvements will soon
be outpaced by the exponential population increase that we are experiencing.
Sometime in the near future, the population will exceed our ability to provide food for
all of earth's inhabitants. Automation Technology has proliferated in virtually every
domain of human activity such as construction, manufacturing, communication,
offices, households, transportation, warfare, exploration, and space travel. The
investment in Automation Technology in agriculture is driven by various forces: The
main motive for developing Agricultural Automation Technology is the decreasing
labor force, a phenomenon common in the developed world. Other reasons are the
need for improved food quality and security such as automated inspection of
agricultural products for contaminants. Automation can also help solve problems with
high volume seasonal labor such as harvesting of citrus fruits, grapes, and raisins. An
important part of Automation is the use of robots [2]. Robotics in agriculture is not a
new concept; in controlled environments (green houses), it has a history of over 20
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years. Research has been performed to develop harvesters for cherry tomatoes,
cucumbers, mushrooms, and other fruits. In horticulture, robots have been introduced
to harvest citrus and apples. In dairy farming, milking robots are currently
commonplace in the Netherlands. The pinnacle of highly automated crop production
is without a doubt the Japanese ‗‗plant factory,‘‘ where vegetables are grown
hydroponically under artificial lighting. Computers and robots control the process
from out planting seedlings, to root cutting, packaging, and weighing, and the produce
is free of any blemish, disease, or insect damage [3]. The automation level in plant
factories is so high that over time they may become completely autonomous
production facilities. The most important current abilities of automatic agricultural
vehicles can be grouped into four categories: Guidance (i.e., the way the vehicle
navigates within the agricultural environment) Detection (the extraction of biological
features from the environment) Action (the execution of the task for which the vehicle
was designed, e.g., radicchio harvesting [4]. Mapping (the construction of a map of
the agricultural field with its most relevant features) [5]. However, those four cores
are not independent. For safe and successful navigation, the vehicle has to know its
position within the field and the elements from the surrounding environment
(mapping); bad detection could lead to an incomplete or unreliable map. Furthermore,
if the elements from the environment are not properly located within the map, an
agricultural vehicle may not be able to execute its tasks successfully. In addition, an
incomplete map should not be used for navigation purposes because of the risk of
collision. As can be seen, the knowledge regarding the location of a vehicle within the
environment and the location of the elements in an environment plays a crucial role in
an automatic agricultural vehicle design. Slaughter et al. [6] propose the main abilities
for designing robotic vehicles for weed control only, without addressing the
localization issues associated with such a design. Growth in the world population has
led to the need for an increasing level of sophistication in precision agriculture for
both environment preservation and production optimization [7]. This need, in turn,
has created a requirement for new methods, tools, and strategies for agricultural
processes. Robotics and artificial intelligence achievements offer new solutions in
precision agriculture to processes related to seeding, harvesting, weed control, grove
supervision, chemical applications, etc. [8], to improve productivity and efficiency
[9]. A service unit is an automatic vehicle for main or secondary tasks in the
agricultural environment [10].
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 CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE SURVEY
In the current scenario most of us have come across the atomization in various fields
as the advancement of technology has to a lead tremendous development in the
industrial products that have made our lives a lot easier and helpful than what our
ancestors faced. The advancements especially in the field of agriculture have helped
evolve a new era of development and growth of different developing countries. The
atomization in this field has been a trademark for the people who are completely
dependent on agriculture for their survival and other needs. Accordingly a report
made says that most of the agriculture equipments that are been projected in various
fields, that is either by researchers or by the engineers are practically very difficult to
implement. These equipments made are mostly very complex in terms of field
operation or are either less efficient as they are implemented based upon on the basic
concept from the design point of view. Many of the other devices developed based
upon the concept of seed sowing and fertilizing are either a single application devices
or they are very less efficient. As these devices are developed taking in point the
present scenario in the field of agriculture

“Agricultural Robot for Automatic Ploughing and Seeding” 2015 IEEE

International Conference on Technological Innovations in ICT (TIAR 2015)
(Amrita Sneha.A, Abirami.E, Ankita.A, Mrs. R. Praveen, Mrs. R. Srimeena ).

This paper strives to develop a robot capable of performing operations like automatic
ploughing, seed dispensing. It also provides manual control when required and keeps
tabs on the humidity with the help of humidity sensors .The main component here is
the AVR At mega microcontroller that supervises the entire process. Initially the
robot tills the entire field and proceeds to ploughing, simultaneously dispensing seeds
side by side. On the field the robot operates on automated mode, but outside the field
is strictly operated in manual mode.

“Design and Implementation of Seeding Agricultural Robot” (JIRAS) (P.Usha,

V. Maheswari, Dr. V. Nandagopal)”

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In this paper, the robot system is used to developthe process of cultivating agricultural
land without the use of man power. The aim of the paper is to reduce the man power,
time and increase the productivity rate.

2.3. “Automated Farming Using Microcontroller and Sensors” (IJSRMS) ISSN:

23493371 (Abdullah Tanveer, Abhishek Choudhary, Divya Pal, Rajani Gupta,
Farooq Husain)

Farming can be done using new technologies to yield higher growth of the crops. In
this project we are going to check temperature, light, humidity and soil moisture. The
paper here is all about automatic control features with latest electronics technology
using microcontroller and GSM phone line. The project works automatically and
hence reduces the manpower.

2.4. “IOT Based Smart Agriculture” IJARCCE June 2016 (Nikesh

Gondchawar1, Prof. Dr. R. S. Kawitkar2)

In this paper a project model for agriculture robot is describe the newer scenario of
decreasing water tables, drying up of rivers and tanks, unpredictable environment
present an urgent need of proper utilization of water. To cope up with this use of
temperature and moisture sensor at suitable locations for monitoring of crops is
implemented in an algorithm developed with threshold values of temperature and soil
moisture can be programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water
quantity. The system can be powered by photovoltaic panels and can have a duplex
communication link based on a cellular internet interface that allows data inspection
and irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The technological
development in wireless sensor networks made it possible to use in monitoring and
control of greenhouse parameter in precision agriculture. After the research in the
agricultural field, researchers found that the yield of agriculture is decreasing day by
day. However, use of technology in the field of agriculture plays important role in
increasing the production as well as in reducing the extra man power efforts. Some of
the research attempts are done for betterment of farmers which provides the systems
that use technologies helpful for increasing the agricultural yield.

Agriculture is the art of growing crops and cultivating the soil. It includes several
activities, specified planting crops, growing fruit trees and harvest of such kind
merchandise. It‘s one reasonably courageous of our Indian economy. Within the past

11
days, agricultural activities area unitis done by the persons UN agency area unit
concerned in farming. However in trendy days, the young generation‘s area unit busy
with their works. So we tend to area unit want automation in agriculture.

Atthe beginning of their research, they investigated different plant stem emerging
point search algorithms to successfully remove the weed. They presented the first
research results oftwo RGB vegetation index determination methods. These two
methods don‘t need expensive and sensitive bi-spectral cameras. Here, a new and
improved algorithm for segmentation of the vegetation from the background was
mathematically derived and verified by the Dice-Score. The segmentation algorithm
requires only one RGB camera and achieves accuracies of over 96%. B) In this paper
[2] a sensible irrigation system has been accustomed to give irrigation supported soil
wetness. Soil wetness testing aims to understandwhether or notthe soil is in dry
condition or it's in wet condition. For this purpose,the ATMega328 microcontroller is
used. It deals with an associate automatic plant irrigation system that mechanically
senses the moisture content of the soil and judges whether or not irrigation is needed
or not and the way a lot of water required {is required} for soil. This method uses the
AtMega328 microcontroller. It's programmed to sense the moisture contentifthe soil
over an amount of your time. When the moisture contentis a smaller amount than the
limit that is predefined, it will start to supply the required quantity of water until it
reaches the limit. Thus once the soil is dry the pump can mechanically water the fields
and once the soil is wet the pump can mechanically switch off, thereby eradicate the
requirement of the workforce and conserve the time

Only within the dry condition, the pump can be operating, since the necessity of water
is added for that soil for the proper growth of the crops and in wet soil, the pump
won‘t work since the soil doesn‘t want any water thanks to the presence of water in it.
Hence this project can conserve water throughout irrigation. C) In this paper,
Autonomous Ploughing and Seeding [3] strives to develop automation capable of
performing arts operations like automatic tilling, seed dispensing, fruit choosing and
chemical spraying. It also offers manual handling when necessary and controls the
moisture tabs with the aid of moisture sensors. The main part here is that the AVR At
mega microcontroller that supervises the whole method. at first, the automation tills
the whole field and takings to tilling, atthe same timedispensing seeds aspect by
aspect. The device used for navigation is an unhearable device that unendingly sends

12
the knowledge to the microcontroller. On the sector the automatic operates on
machine-controlled mode, however outside the sector is strictly operated in manual
mode. For manual management, the mechanism uses the Bluetooth pairing app as a
management device and helps within the navigation of the automation outside the
sector. So we tend to use a robotic transportable to overcome those limitations.

D) Smart farming is a rising concept because IoT sensor's successful in providing

statistical about their agriculture fields. Paper [4] Variations in weather conditions
will affect the crop's great yield. For optimal growth and health, plants need to correct
specific conditions. Watching the crop field condition is bad, so the sensor area device
used. The infrasound temperature thermometer detector is used; it is optical control
and side engine combined. In conjunction with the cameras, the humidity sensor-
HDC1010 controls the relative humidity of the air between the farmland. The camera
is attached to the CC3200 camera booster box via the MT9D111 camera detector, a
PCB victimization tool.

Farmers play a significant role in food production and can therefore be confidently
identified as the backbone of food production. In India, about 56 per cent of people
rely on farming to earn a living. But in agriculture, technical advancement is less
compared with other fields. Agriculture robot is one of those machines with the ability
to perform efficient work that is possible with the help of various computational
algorithms. The improved specification allows design, intelligent control and render
agriculture safe and suitable for all. Nidhi Agarwal1, Ritula Thakur2 et al[1]
developed a new advance in robotics agriculture to improve the farming method, and
also complained about the system's difficulty. Charansingh A. Patil1, Sunil U.
Nyati2[2] proposed a multifunctional mechanical vehicle for application in agriculture
and on past technology. L.Manivannan1, M.S.Priyadharshini2 [3] designed the
integration of all functions such as planting, irrigation, fertilization, monitoring and
harvesting with the aid of a single robot, namely Fire bird v robot, and automatically
performs the above functions in the case of an onion field. M. Mathankumar, P.
Thirumoorthi [4], proposed paper has two main sections such as monitoring section
and control (robotic) section. The communication between them is done through
wireless technologies. The control section is constructed by using temperature sensor,
humidity sensor, seed dispenser, seed storage, sprayer construction, robotic system
with motors, wireless camera network, microcontroller, Zigbee transceiver and power

13
supply. The entire system is controlled by microcontroller, which dictates the
operating sequence to all networks. Here sensor outputs are processed by their
corresponding embedded programs, robot driven by their internal motors in desired
directions. Based on the wireless camera footages monitoring section transmits the
commands for ploughing, seed sowing and spraying using LABVIEW software
through Zigbee. C. Jeeva, Saher Mairaj, Archit keshav Gangal and Farheen [5],
designed Agrobot is a multifunctional robot that performs three noteworthy capacities
typically required in Agriculture field i.e. Ploughing, Seed dispensing or spreading the
fertilizer and harvester. Agrobot comprises of a control unit which chooses field
estimation in length and breadth in the feat. After size determination of the field, a set
capacity enters in the board permits choosing modes like Plowing, Seed circulation
and Harvester. This is a working undertaking that has been totally amassed properly
tried and employments Mechanical/ Electrical/Electronic segments according to the
necessity of the model of AgribotSridevi Rao, Sushma Nayak R, Sushmitha N G,
Sowmya Poojary, Nagaraja Rao [6], designed to automate work of a farmer so that he
can tirelessly perform his farming tasks. The aim is to automate the most common and
frequent tasks of the farmer. This paper focuses on remote controlling and slightly
automating the tasks in agriculture so as to get daily farming tasks done with ease.
The qualitative approach of this paper is to develop a system which minimizes the
working cost and also reduces the time for ploughing, cutting, digging, seed sowing
operation, spraying, and weed control by utilizing solar energy and power supply to
run the robot. Mutharasu, Divya.V, Dhivya Bharathi.k, Elakkiya.M.V, Janani.E [7],
proposed project is developed for automatically cultivating the land. This project
consists of two mechanisms. The first mechanism contains working principle to
navigate the assembly of the robot vehicle, whereas the second mechanism is
prepared to plough the land, seeding and watering it. Sweety Dutta, Udit Shanker,
Sulekha Katiyar, Venktesh Singh, Mohd. Nayab Zafar , J. C. Mohanta [8], designed a
robot that divides the field into a grid with intersection points as places where the
seeds are sown. The depth of the hole, the distance between points where the seeds
are sown is calculated according to government data and is fed to the logic board of
the robot. The robot goes to the starting point and makes a hole using a toothed wheel
with teeth of increasing height. The delivery system makes sure that only one seed is
dispensed per hole and the back plate mechanism fills the hole after sowing is done.
Sensors are used for obstacle detection and robot changes its path accordingly. Most
14
of the literature in the above review showed us the use of various robots used
worldwide for performing specific functions. However considering the Indian
economy and the agricultural scenario in India, it is highly infeasible to use multiple
robots in the field as it would be expensive as well tough to manage. The literature
also failed to throw light on the integrated functions performed on a single robot, thus
avoiding the use of multiple robots in the same field.

15
 CHAPTER 4

EXISTING AND PROPOSED SYSTEM

Existing system:

This concept attempts to develop the farmer could be separated while the computer
operating in the field of agricultural processes, where initially only minor progress
was made in the semi-automation of agri-robots or even an automotive industry. This
system will be taken after gradual development in the agricultural sector, using
improvement. But this method requires huge manpower nowadays, and spends more
on seeding and plugging method investment. The biggest downside is manpower
shortage and higher power usage.

Proposed system:

The automation robot is invented in the agricultural process to improve production,

profitability, effective usage of resources and materials and the labor cost. An
autonomous seed-sowing robot is modeled in this paper which is integrated with self-
path sensor. Once the robot will place at the starting point, initially using the drive's
teeth to cut mechanism to create a hole. One seed per hole is sprayed via the seeding
system. After delivery of seeds the closing mechanism is used to close the mud and
the water is sprinkled above the mud. In this robot the ultrasonic sensor is used to
detect the obstacle.

16
 CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

Power supply

Temperature sensor LCD

LM 35

Humidity sensor Buzzer

MQ135

Arduino
Led
Ldr
UNO

Fan
Gas sensor

Submerge
motor

Figure 5.1 Block Diagram

Hardware requirements:

 Arduino
 Power supply
 Tempareture sensor
 Humidity sensor
 LDR
 Gas sensor
 LCD
 Buzzer
 Led
 Fan
 Submerge motor

17
Arduino:

Introduction to the Arduino Board

The Arduino is a family of microcontroller boards to simplify electronic

design, prototyping and experimenting for artists, hackers, hobbyists, but also many
professionals. People use it as brains for their robots, to build new digital music
instruments, or to build a system that lets your house plants tweet you when they‘re
dry. Arduinos (we use the standard Arduino Uno) are built around an ATmega
microcontroller essentially a complete computer with CPU, RAM, Flash memory, and
input/output pins, all on a single chip. Unlike, say, a Raspberry Pi, it‘s designed to
attach all kinds of sensors, LEDs, small motors and speakers, servos, etc. directly to
these pins, which can read in or output digital or analog voltages between 0 and 5
volts. The Arduino connects to your computer via USB, where you program it in a
simple language (C/C++, similar to Java) from inside the free Arduino IDE by
uploading your compiled code to the board. Once programmed, the Arduino can run
with the USB link back to your computer, or stand-alone without it no keyboard or
screen needed, just power.

Figure 5.2: Structure of Arduino Board

18
 Figure 5.3: Arduino Board

Looking at the board from the top down, this is an outline of what you will see
(parts of the board you might interact with in the course of normal use are
highlighted).

Starting clockwise from the top center:

 Analog Reference pin (orange)

 Digital Ground (light green)

 Digital Pins 2-13 (green)

 Digital Pins 0-1/Serial In/Out - TX/RX (dark green) - These pins cannot be
used for digital i/o (DigitalRead and DigitalWrite) if you are also using serial
communication (e.g. Serial.begin).

19
  Reset Button - S1 (dark blue)

 In-circuit Serial Programmer (blue-green)

 Analog In Pins 0-5 (light blue)

 Power and Ground Pins (power: orange, grounds: light orange)

 External Power Supply In (9-12VDC) - X1 (pink)

 Toggles External Power and USB Power (place jumper on two pins closest to
desired supply) - SV1 (purple)

 USB (used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication
between the board and the computer; can be used to power the board) (yellow)

Digital Pins

In addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an Arduino board
can be used for general purpose input and output via the pin Mode(),Digital
Read(),and DigitalWrite()commands. Each pinhas an internal pull-up resistor which
can be turned on and off using digitalWrite() (w/ a value of HIGH or LOW,
respectively) when the pin is configured as an input. The maximum current per pin is
40mA.

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
On the ArduinoDiecimila, these pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip. On the Arduino BT, they are connected to the
corresponding pins of the WT11Bluetooth module. On the Arduino Mini and LilyPad
Arduino, they are intended for use with an external TTL serial module (e.g. the Mini-
USB Adapter).

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on

a low value, arising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt()
function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Provide 8-bit PWM output with theanalog

Write()function.On boardswith an ATmega8, PWM output is available only on pins
9, 10, and 11.

BT Reset: 7.(Arduino BT-only) Connected to the reset line of the bluetooth module.

20
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which,although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently
included in the Arduino language.

LED: 13. On the Diecimila and LilyPad, there is a built-in LED connected to digital
pin 13. Whenthe pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

Analog Pins

In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins support 10-bit
analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) using the analog Read()function. Most of the
analog inputs can also be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through
analog input 5 as digital pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the Mini and BT)
cannot be used as digital pins.

Power Pins:

VIN (sometimes labeled "9V"): The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's
using an externalpowersource (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. Also note that the
Lily Pad has no VIN pin and accepts only a regulated input.5V: The regulated power
supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on theboard. This can
come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another
regulated 5V supply.

3V3 (Diecimila-only) :A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip.

GND:Ground pins.

Other Pins

AREF:Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog reference().

Reset: (Diecimila-only) Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically
used to add areset button to shields which block the one on the board.

21
Power supply:

Regulated power supply section

In mains-supplied electronic systems the AC input voltage must be converted into a

DC voltage with the right value and degree of stabilization. In these basic
configurations the peak voltage across the load is equal to the peak value of the AC
voltage supplied by the transformer‘s secondary winding. For most applications the
output ripple produced by these circuits is too high. However, for some applications -
driving small motors or lamps, for example - they are satisfactory. If a filter capacitor
is added after the rectifier diodes the output voltage waveform is improved
considerably. The section b-c is a straight line. During this time it is the filter
capacitor that supplies the load current.

The slope of this line increases as the current increases, bringing point c lower.
Consequently the diode conduction time (c-d) increases, increasing ripple. With zero
load current the DC output voltage is equal to the peak value of the rectified AC
voltage. Figure shows how to obtain positive and negative outputs referred to a
common ground. In particular they are helpful in determining the voltage ripple for a
given load current and filter capacitor value. The value of the voltage ripple obtained
is directly proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the filter
capacitor value. The performance of a supply commonly used in consumer
applications – in audio amplifiers.

Often the degree of stability provided by the circuits described above is insufficient
and a stabilizer circuit is needed. This circuit is often used as a reference voltage to
apply to the base of a transistor of to the input of an op amp to obtain higher output
current. The simplest example of a series regulator is shown in Figure. In this circuit
the transistor is connected as a voltage follower and the output voltage is about 600 -
700mV lower than the zener voltage.

The resistor R must be dimensioned so that the zener is correctly biased and that
sufficient base current is supplied to the base of Q1. For high load currents the base
current of Q1 is no longer negligible. To avoid that the current in the zener drops to
the point where effective regulation is not possible a Darlington may be used in place
of the transistor. When better performance is required the op amp circuit shown in
Figure is recommended. In this circuit the output voltage is equal to the reference

22
voltage applied to the input of the op amp. With a suitable output buffer higher
currents can be obtained. The output voltage of the Figure 14 circuit can be varied by
adding a variable divider in parallel with the zener diode and with its wiper connected
to the op amp‘s input.

The design of stabilized supplies has been simplified dramatically by the introduction
of voltage regulator ICs such as the L78xx and L79xx - three-terminal series
regulators which provide a very stable output and include current limiter and thermal
protection functions. Regulated power supply is mainly used to providing power to
this project because it is providing regulated dc power and it converts 220v ac supply
into regulated dc power of 5v, 9v, 12v, 15v etc. Regulated power supply consists of
step down transformer, bridge rectifier which is combination of 4 diodes connected in
bridge shape. Bridge rectifier has the maximum efficiency and it is best than other
rectifiers that‘s why we prefer it. This rectifier converts ac into pulsating dc. After
rectifier filter circuit is employed, usually capacitor in parallel is used as filter or we
can use number of capacitors in parallel and number of inductors in series. All these
filters are low pass filters as we required dc at the o/p. Then after capacitor voltage
regulator is used for observing the pure dc o/p. We can use various voltage regulators
for obtaining pure dc o/p but we prefer 78xx series voltage regulators as they are
simpler, cheaper and easier than others.

Fig. 5.4: Circuit diagram of regulated power supply section

23
1) AC Input: This is the input supply from the public utility where the device will be
energized. It is also supplied directly to the relay contacts in the device which
connects the load to the supply when the supply is within 200V – 240V range.

(2) Step down transformer: It steps down the AC supply into 5v on the secondary
side. It is therefore a 230/5 v transformer. Any change in the primary reflects in the
secondary of the transformer. So any fluctuations in the input are also reflected as a
fluctuation in the output.

(3) Rectifier: A center tapped transformer, with four diodes for full wave rectification
is used to convert the ac voltage to a pulsating dc voltage followed by a filter,
comprising of a capacitor to filter out (smooth) the pulsation. After the rectification
and smoothening, a sample of the output voltage is fed to the micro controller. This
voltage is unregulated and therefore varies as the input mains voltage varies. Since the
system is to prevent against over voltage, the transformer was designed and the
windings were so selected for the device to be able to sense and withstand input mains
voltage up to 600Vac.

Temperature sensor:

Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. This might be

expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological
systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical reactions, biological processes,
and even electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature ranges.
Temperature is one of the most commonly measured variables and it is therefore not
surprising that there are many ways of sensing it. Temperature sensing can be done
either through direct contact with the heating source, or remotely, without direct
contact with the source using radiated energy instead. There are a wide variety of
temperature sensors on the market today, including Thermocouples, Resistance
Temperature Detectors (RTDs), Thermistors, Infrared, and Semiconductor Sensors.

24
 5 Types of Temperature Sensors

 Thermocouple: It is a type of temperature sensor, which is made by joining two

dissimilar metals at one end. The joined end is referred to as the HOT JUNCTION.
The other end of these dissimilar metals is referred to as the COLD END or COLD
JUNCTION. The cold junction is actually formed at the last point of thermocouple
material. If there is a difference in temperature between the hot junction and cold
junction, a small voltage is created. This voltage is referred to as an EMF (electro-
motive force) and can be measured and in turn used to indicate temperature.

 The RTD is a temperature sensing device whose resistance changes with

temperature. Typically built from platinum, though devices made from nickel or
copper are not uncommon, RTDs can take many different shapes like wire wound,
thin film. To measure the resistance across an RTD, apply a constant current,
measure the resulting voltage, and determine the RTD resistance. RTDs exhibit
fairly linear resistance to temperature curves over their operating regions, and any
nonlinearity are highly predictable and repeatable. The PT100 RTD evaluation
board uses surface mount RTD to measure temperature. An external 2, 3 or 4-wire
PT100 can also be associated with measure temperature in remote areas. The RTDs
are biased using a constant current source. So as to reduce self-heat due to power
dissipation, the current magnitude is moderately low. The circuit shown in figure is
the constant current source uses a reference voltage, one amplifier, and a PNP
transistor.

 Thermistors: Similar to the RTD, the thermistor is a temperature sensing device

whose resistance changes with temperature. Thermistors, however, are made from
semiconductor materials. Resistance is determined in the same manner as the RTD,
but thermistors exhibit a highly nonlinear resistance vs. temperature curve. Thus, in
the thermistors operating range we can see a large resistance change for a very
small temperature change. This makes for a highly sensitive device, ideal for set-
point applications.

 Semiconductor sensors: They are classified into different types like Voltage
output, Current output, Digital output, Resistance output silicon and Diode
temperature sensors. Modern semiconductor temperature sensors offer high
accuracy and high linearity over an operating range of about 55°C to +150°C.

25
 Internal amplifiers can scale the output to convenient values, such as 10mV/°C.
They are also useful in cold-junction compensation circuits for wide temperature
range thermocouples. A brief details about this type of temperature sensor are
given below.

Sensor ICs

There are a wide variety of temperature sensor ICs that are available to simplify the
broadest possible range of temperature monitoring challenges. These silicon
temperature sensors differ significantly from the above mentioned types in a couple of
important ways. The first is operating temperature range. A temperature sensor IC can
operate over the nominal IC temperature range of -55°C to +150°C. The second major
difference is functionality.

A silicon temperature sensor is an integrated circuit, and can therefore include

extensive signal processing circuitry within the same package as the sensor. There is
no need to add compensation circuits for temperature sensor Ics. Some of these are
analogue circuits with either voltage or current output. Others combine analogue-
sensing circuits with voltage comparators to provide alert functions. Some other
sensor ICs combine analogue-sensing circuitry with digital input/output and control
registers, making them an ideal solution for microprocessor-based systems.

Digital output sensor usually contains a temperature sensor, analog-to-digital

converter (ADC), a two-wire digital interface and registers for controlling the IC‘s
operation. Temperature is continuously measured and can be read at any time. If
desired, the host processor can instruct the sensor to monitor temperature and take an
output pin high (or low) if temperature exceeds a programmed limit. Lower threshold
temperature can also be programmed and the host can be notified when temperature
has dropped below this threshold. Thus, digital output sensor can be used for reliable
temperature monitoring in microprocessor-based systems.

Above temperature sensor has three terminals and required Maximum of 5.5 V
supply. This type of sensor consists of a material that performs the operation
according to temperature to vary the resistance. This change of resistance is sensed by
circuit and it calculates temperature. When the voltage increases then the temperature
also rises. We can see this operation by using a diode.

26
Temperature sensors directly connected to microprocessor input and thus capable of
direct and reliable communication with microprocessors. The sensor unit can
communicate effectively with low-cost processors without the need of A/D
converters.

An example for a temperature sensor is LM35. The LM35 series are precision
integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to
the Celsius temperature. The LM35 is operates at -55˚ to +120˚C.

The basic centigrade temperature sensor (+2˚C to +150˚C) is shown in figure below.

Features of LM35 Temperature Sensor:

 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

 Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Low self-heating,
 ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity

Operation of LM35:

The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated circuit
temperature sensors. It can be stuck or established to a surface and its
temperature will be within around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as the surface
temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface
temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate
temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature.

The temperature sensors have well known applications in environmental and process
control and also in test, measurement and communications. A digital temperature is a
sensor, which provides 9-bit temperature readings. Digital temperature sensors offer
excellent precise accuracy, these are designed to read from 0°C to 70°C and it is

27
possible to achieve ±0.5°C accuracy. These sensors completely aligned with digital
temperature readings in degree Celsius.

Digital Temperature Sensors:

Digital temperature sensors eliminate the necessity for extra components, such as an
A/D converter, within the application and there is no need to calibrate components or
the system at specific reference temperatures as needed when utilizing thermostats.
Digital temperature sensors deal with everything, empowering the basic system
temperature monitoring function to be simplified.

The advantages of a digital temperature sensor are principally with its precision
output in degrees Celsius. The sensor output is a balanced digital reading. This
intends no other components, such as an analogue to digital converter and much
simpler to use than, a simple thermistor which provides a non-linear resistance with
temperature variation.

An example for a digital temperature sensor is DS1621, which provides a 9 bit

temperature reading

28
Humidity sensor:

Types and Working Principle

Humidity Sensor is one of the most important devices that has been widely in
consumer, industrial, biomedical, and environmental etc. applications for measuring
and monitoring Humidity.

Humidity is defined as the amount of water present in the surrounding air. This water
content in the air is a key factor in the wellness of mankind. For example, we will feel
comfortable even if the temperature is 00C with less humidity i.e. the air is dry.

But if the temperature is 100C and the humidity is high i.e. the water content of air is
high, then we will feel quite uncomfortable. Humidity is also a major factor for
operating sensitive equipment like electronics, industrial equipment, electrostatic
sensitive devices and high voltage devices etc. Such sensitive equipment must be
operated in a humidity environment that is suitable for the device

Hence, sensing, measuring, monitoring and controlling humidity is a very important

task. Some of the important areas of application for sensing, measuring and
controlling Humidity are mentioned below.

Domestic: Sensing and controlling humidity in our homes and offices is important as
higher humidity conditions will affect the blood flow. Other areas include cooking,
indoor plantation etc.

Industrial: In industries like refineries, chemical, metal, or other industries where

furnaces are used, high humidity will reduce the amount of oxygen in the air and
hence reduces the firing rate. Other industries like food processing, textile, paper etc.
also need control of humidity.

Agriculture: Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation need accurate moisture content
for plants. Also, the moisture in the soil plays an important role in the proper growth
of the plant. Other areas where humidity control is required is indoor vegetation.

Electronics and Semiconductor: Almost all electronic devices are rated with a range
of humidity values in which they work as expected. Generally, this value will be
something like 10% – 50% Humidity. Semiconductor Fabs (Fabrication Plants)
should maintain very precise temperature and humidity values as even minute
difference can show a huge impact in the production.

29
Medical: Medical equipment like ventilators, incubators, sterilizers etc. need
humidity control. It is also used in pharmaceutical plants and biological processes.

All the above mentioned and many other applications need sensing of Humidity and is
done using Humidity Sensors. Before discussing about Humidity Sensors, its types
and working principle, we will first see some important terms and definitions related
to Humidity.

Important Terms Related to Humidity

Moisture: Generally, the term Moisture means water content of any material or
substance. But practically, the term Moisture refers to the water content in solids and
liquids. The term Humidity refers to the water content in gases (air).

Absolute Humidity: Absolute Humidity (AH) is the ratio of mass of the water vapour
to the volume of the air. If m is the mass of the water vapour and V is the total volume
i.e. volume of air and water vapour mixture, then Absolute Humidity AH is given by

AH = m/V

Absolute Humidity doesn‘t take temperature in to account but it changes with

temperature and pressure. Relative Humidity: Whenever we talk about measuring
Humidity, it usually Relative Humidity that we are talking about (unless otherwise
specified).

Relative Humidity or RH is the ratio of the actual water vapour pressure present in the
air at a temperature to the maximum water vapour pressure present in the air at the
same temperature.

In weather reports and forecasts, the probability of precipitation or dew or fog is

indicated using Relative Humidity and hence, it is considered an important metric.

Relative Humidity takes both temperature and pressure in to consideration. Hence, the
Humidity Sensors which measure Relative Humidity, measure both the moisture
content as well as the air temperature.

NOTE: For temperatures above 1000C, measuring Relative Humidity (RH) is of no

use as it would deliver misleading values.

Specific Humidity: Specific Humidity (SH) is the ratio of mass of the water vapor to
the total mass of the air.

30
Mixing Ratio or Humidity Ratio: Mixing Ratio is the ratio of mass of the water vapor
to mass of the dry air.

Dew Point Temperature: Dew Point Temperature is the temperature at with the water
vapor content is saturated in the air. At Dew Point temperature, the Relative Humidity
RH is 100%. In other words, for the air to hold maximum amount of water vapor (or
moisture), it has to reach Dew Point Temperature.

Humidity Sensors – Classification and Working Principles

Humidity Sensors are very important devices that help in measuring the
environmental humidity. Technically, the device used to measure the humidity of the
atmosphere is called Hygrometer. Humidity Sensors or Hygrometers can be classified
based on the type of humidity it is used for measuring i.e.

Absolute Humidity (AH) sensors or Relative Humidity (RH) sensors. Humidity

Sensors can also be classified based on the parameter used for measuring Humidity
i.e. Capacitive Humidity Sensors, Electrical Conductivity (or Resistive) Humidity
Sensors and Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors.

There are other types of Humidity Sensors or Hygrometers like Optical Hygrometer,
Oscillating Hygrometer and Gravimetric Hygrometer.

Let us see about different types of Humidity Sensors or Hygrometers along with their
working principles.

Capacitive Humidity Sensors

Humidity Sensors based on capacitive effect or simply Capacitive Humidity Sensors

are one of the basic types of Humidity Sensors available.

They are often used in applications where factors like cost, rigidity and size are s of
concern. In Capacitive Relative Humidity (RH) Sensors, the electrical permittivity of
the dielectric material changes with change in humidity.

Working of Capacitive RH Sensors

A simple Capacitive RH Sensor can be made from an air filled capacitor as the
moisture in the atmosphere changes its permittivity. But for practical applications, air
as a dielectric is not feasible.

31
Hence, the space between the capacitor plates is usually filled with an appropriate
dielectric material (isolator), whose dielectric constant varies when it is subjected to
change in humidity.

The common method of constructing a capacitive RH sensor is to use a hygroscopic

polymer film as dielectric and depositing two layers of electrodes on the either side.

Another way to use the capacitive RH sensors is to observe the changes in the
frequency of the oscillator constructed using a capacitor with RH sensitive test subject
as dielectric. This setup is often employed in pharmaceutical products.

The test samples like medical tablets are placed between two plates (which form the
capacitor electrodes) to form a capacitor in the LC Oscillator circuit. The frequency of
the oscillator changes with humidity surrounding the test sample.

Let us see the construction of a thin thermostat polymer film based capacitive RH
Sensor. It is fabricated on a silicon substrate. On this substrate, two metal electrodes
made of either aluminium, platinum or chromium are deposited. The shape of these
electrodes is carved out such that, the electrodes form an interdigitized pattern.

On top of this layer, a dielectric layer is deposited. The following image shows a top
and cross section view of the capacitive humidity sensor. Note that two temperature
sensitive resistors are deposited on the same substrate to provide temperature
compensation.

Advantages of Capacitive Humidity Sensors

 The output voltage is near linear.

 They provide stable results over long usage.
 Can detect wide range of RH.

Disadvantages of Capacitive Humidity Sensors

 The distance from the sensor and signalling circuit is very limited.

32
Applications of Capacitive Humidity Sensors

Capacitive Humidity Sensors are used in a wide range of applications including but
not limited to:

 HVAC Systems
 Printers and Fax Machines
 Weather Stations
 Automobiles
 Food Processing
 Refrigerators, Ovens and Dryers

Resistive Humidity Sensors (Electrical Conductivity Sensors)

Resistive Humidity Sensors are another important type of Humidity Sensors that
measure the resistance (impedance) or electrical conductivity. The principle behind
resistive humidity sensors is the fact that the conductivity in non – metallic
conductors is dependent on their water content.

Working of Resistive Humidity Sensors

The Resistive Humidity Sensor is usually made up of materials with relatively low
resistivity and this resistivity changes significantly with changes in humidity. The
relationship between resistance and humidity is inverse exponential. The low
resistivity material is deposited on top of two electrodes.

The electrodes are placed in interdigitized pattern to increase the contact area. The
resistivity between the electrodes changes when the top layer absorbs water and this
change can be measured with the help of a simple electric circuit.

Some of the commonly used materials are salt, specially treated substrates, solid
polyelectrolytes and conductive polymers. Modern Resistive Humidity Sensors are
coated with ceramic substance to provide extra protection. The electrodes in the
sensor are usually made of noble metals like gold, silver or platinum.

33
Advantages of Resistive Humidity Sensors

 Low cost
 Small Size
 The distance between the sensor and signal circuit can be large (suitable for
remote operations).
 Highly interchangeable as there are no calibration standards.

Disadvantages of Resistive Humidity Sensors

 Resistive Humidity Sensors are sensitive to chemical vapors and other

contaminants
 The output readings may shift if used with water soluble products.

Applications of Resistive Humidity Sensors

Resistive or Electrical Conductive Humidity sensors are low cost sensors with
relatively small size. They are often used in several industrial, domestic or residential
and commercial applications.

Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors

Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors are also known as Absolute Humidity (AH)
Sensors as they measure the Absolute Humidity. Thermal Conductivity Humidity
Sensors measure the thermal conductivity of both dry air as well as air with water
vapor. The difference between the individual thermal conductivities can be related to
absolute humidity.

Working of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors

The best component to accomplish thermal conductivity based humidity sensor is

thermistor. Hence, two tiny thermistors with negative temperature coefficient are used
to for a bridge circuit.

In that, one thermistor is hermetically sealed in a chamber filled with dry Nitrogen
while the other is exposed to open environment through small venting holes. When
the circuit is powered on, the resistance of the two thermistors are calculated and the
difference between those two values is directly proportional to Absolute Humidity
(AH).

34
Advantages of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors

 Suitable for high temperature environments and high corrosive situations.

 Very durable
 Higher resolution compared to other types

Disadvantage of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors

 Exposure to any gas with thermal properties different than Nitrogen might
affect reading measurement.

Applications of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors

Some of the common applications of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors are:

 Drying kilns
 Pharmaceutical plants
 Owens
 Clothes dryers and drying machines
 Food dehydration

Important Considerations when Selecting a Humidity Sensor

The following are some of the factor that must be taken into consideration when
selecting a Humidity Sensor.

 Accuracy of the sensor.

 Calibration – requirements and methods

 Size of the sensor

 Cost of the sensor and cost of replacement

 Output repeatability

 Circuit complexity

 Resistance to contamination

 Reliability of the sensor

LDR:

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell, and
photoconductor. It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the

35
amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the
resistance changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required
to sense the presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and
resistance. For instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON
a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A typical light dependent resistor
has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance of a
couple of KOhm

This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when the
light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons
in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band. These photons in
the incident light must have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material. This makes the electrons to jump from the valence band to conduction.

These devices depend on the light, when light falls on the LDR then the resistance
decreases, and increases in the dark. When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its
resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in the light its resistance will decrease.

What is a Light Dependent Resistor and Its Applications

Light Dependent Resistor

The dominant of street lights, outside lights, a number of indoor home appliances, and
so on are typically operated and maintained manually on many occasions. This is not
only risky, however additionally leads to wastage of power with the negligence of
personnel or uncommon circumstances in controlling these electrical appliances ON
and OFF. Hence, we can utilize the light sensor circuit for automatic switch OFF the
loads based on daylight‘s intensity by employing a light sensor. This article discusses

36
in brief about what is a light dependent resistor, how to make a light dependent
resistor circuit and its applications.

Light Dependent Resistor

An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell,

photoconductor. It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the
amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the
resistance changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required
to sense the presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and
resistance. For instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON
a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A typical light dependent resistor
has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance of a
couple of KOhm

Working Principle of LDR

This resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. It is nothing but, when the
light falls on its surface, then the material conductivity reduces and also the electrons
in the valence band of the device are excited to the conduction band. These photons in
the incident light must have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor
material. This makes the electrons to jump from the valence band to conduction.

Working Principle of LDR

These devices depend on the light, when light falls on the LDR then the resistance
decreases, and increases in the dark. When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its
resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in the light its resistance will decrease.

37
Variation of LDR Resistance with Variation in Light Intensity

If a constant ―V‘ is applied to the LDR, the intensity of the light increased and current
increases. The figure below shows the curve between resistance Vs illumination curve
for a particular light dependent resistor.

Light Intensity vs LDR Resistance

Types of light Dependent Resistors

Light dependent resistors are classified based on the materials used.

38
Intrinsic Photo Resistors

These resistors are pure semiconductor devices like silicon or germanium. When the
light falls on the LDR, then the electrons get excited from the valence band to the
conduction band and number of charge carriers increases.

Extrinsic Photo Resistors

These devices are doped with impurities and these impurities creates a new energy
bands above the valence band. These bands are filled with electrons. Hence this
decrease the band gap and small amount of energy is required in moving them. These
resistors are mainly used for long wavelengths.

Circuit Diagram of a Light Dependent Resistor

The circuit diagram of a LDR is shown below. When the light intensity is low, then
the resistance of the LDR is high. This stops the current flow to the base terminal of
the transistor. So, the LED does not light. However, when the light intensity onto the
LDR is high, then the resistance of the LDR is low. So current flows onto the base of
the first transistor and then the second transistor. Consequently the LED lights. Here,
a preset resistor is used to turn up or down to increase or decrease the resistance.

Gas sensor:

The MQ-2 Gas Sensor module detects gas leakage in home and industry. The MQ
series of gas sensors use a small heater inside with an electrochemical sensor. They
are sensitive to a range of gasses and are used indoors at room temperature. The
output is an analog signal and can be read with an analog input of the Arduino.

39
Features

1. Wide detecting scope

2. High sensitivity and fast response

3. Long life and stable

4. Simple drive circuit

Due to its fast response time and high sensitivity, measurements can be taken as soon
as possible. The sensor sensitivity can be adjusted by using the potentiometer.

Application
They are useful in gas leakage detection of LPG, propane, methane, i-butane, alcohol,
Hydrogen, and smoke.

Working Principle

The MQ2 has an electrochemical sensor, which changes its resistance for different
concentrations of varied gasses. The sensor is connected in series with a variable
resistor to form a voltage divider circuit (Fig 1), and the variable resistor is used to
change sensitivity. When one of the above gaseous elements comes in contact with
the sensor after heating, the sensor‘s resistance change. The change in the resistance
changes the voltage across the sensor, and this voltage can be read by a
microcontroller. The voltage value can be used to find the resistance of the sensor by
knowing the reference voltage and the other resistor‘s resistance. The sensor has
different sensitivity for different types of gasses. The sensitivity characteristic curve
(Fig 2) is shown below for the different type of gasses.

40
Procedure to Calculate the Concentration of a Particular Type of Gas

To find the concentration of gas, two values has to be measured using a

microcontroller with ADC such as Arduino,

1. Ro–The resistance of the sensor when measured in clean air,

2. Rs – The resistance of the sensor when it is exposed to any of the mentioned

gasses

To find Ro, connect the sensor to one of the Analog pins of Arduino, note 100 values,
and select the median value. This will reduce if any dynamic errors present in the
values. The sensor is connected in the series with a variable resistor (Potentiometer on
the sensor board). So, to find the resistance of the sensor (Ro or Rs), the resistance of
the variable resistor (R1) is required. In most of the MQ2 sensor modules, any one
end of the potentiometer and the middle pin of potentiometer will be connected
between Sig or Vout Pin and Ground. Find the resistance of R1 using a multimeter
and note it down

The voltage across the sensor Vs (Vs is Vo in Clean Air) is calculated by using the
following formula:

Vs=VRef – ADC_Value * (VRefH-VRefL)/(2R)

Where,
VRefH is the higher Reference voltage of the ADC, in Arduino, it is usually 5V or
3.3V
VRefL is the lower reference voltage of the ADC, in Arduino, it is usually 0V
R is the resolution of the ADC, in most of the Arduino boards, it is 10 Bits

Once the voltage across the sensor and value of R1 is known, the resistance of the
sensor can be calculated by using the formula

Ro=R1 Vo/ (VRef-Vo)

Where Vo is the voltage across the sensor in clean Air

Similarly, the Resistance of the sensor when exposed to gas can be calculated by
repeating the above steps and using the formula

41
Rs=R1 Vs / (VRef-Vs)
Where Vs is the voltage across the sensor in the Air contaminated with LPG
molecules

Note:The value of R1 is only for finding the value of Rs and Ro. For finding the
concentration of gas, R1 is not required as the concentration is dependent on the
Rs/Ro ratio. R1 is not required for finding just the ratio.

Finding the Concentration of a Gas

The concentration of a gas can be calculated by measuring the sensor‘s Ro and Rs
values and using the following formula

Concentration = Xo (Y/ Yo) Φ

Where Φ is the slope, which can be found using the Sensitivity Characteristic curve
and the following formula
Φ = Log (Y2/Y1) / Log(X2/X1)
Where (X2, Y2) and (X1, Y1) are any two points on a section (lines between
indicated points on the curve) of the curve. Since the curve has different slopes at
different concentrations the (X2, Y2) and (X1, Y1) values should be taken from the
corresponding sections

The Xo and Yo values are Initial Concentration and Rs/Ro ratio on a section of the
curve (lines between marked points), these values are the starting points of each
section (each line between marked points has different slopes)

Y is the Rs/Ro Ratio for the current concentration of the gas

Lcd:

This is an example for the Parallel Port. This doesn't use the Bi-directional feature
found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if no all Parallel Ports. It
however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input.. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being:
LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special
& even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,

42
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.

Figure 5.5 LCD

LCD BACKGROUND:

The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the
data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or
an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD
will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).
The three control lines are referred as EN, RW and RS

EN: The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you
are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line
is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus.
When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the
minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to
LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS: The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be
treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor,
etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed
on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS
high.

RW: The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the
information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the
program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get

43
LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost
always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0,
DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

LCD PIN OUT

PIN DESCRIPTION

Pin No: Name Function

1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground

2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC)

3 VEE Contrast adjustment

4 RS Register selection

5 R/W Read or write

6 E Enable

7 DB0 Data

44
 8 DB1 Data

9 DB2 Data

10 DB3 Data

11 DB4 Data

12 DB5 Data

13 DB6 Data

14 DB7 Data

15 LED+ Back light LED+

16 LED- Back light LED

INTERFACING LCD WITH AN ARDUINO

The circuit diagram of interfacing LCD to Arduino for displaying a text message is
shown above. RS pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 12 of the
Arduino. R/W pin of the LCD is grounded. Enable pin of the LCD module is
connected to digital pin 11 of the Arduino. In this project, the LCD module and
45
Arduino are interfaced in the 4-bit mode. That means only four of the digital input
lines (DB4 to DB7 of the LCD are used). This method is very simple, requires less
connections and you can almost utilize the full potential of the LCD module. Digital
lines DB4, DB5, DB6 and DB7 are interfaced to digital pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of the
Arduino. The 10K potentiometer is used for adjusting the contrast of the display. 560
ohm resistor R1 limits the current through the back light LED. The Arduino can be
powered through the external power jack provided on the board. +5V required in
some other parts of the circuit can be tapped from the 5V source on the Arduino
board. The Arduino can be also powered from the PC through the USB port.

Buzzer:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC power supply,

widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive
electronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic products for sound
devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly connected to a continuous
sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module and the board in combination,
can complete a simple circuit design, to "plug and play."

46
Specifications:

• On-board passive buzzer

• On-board 8550 triode drive

• Can control with single-chip microcontroller IO directly

• Working voltage: 5V

• Board size: 22 (mm) x12 (mm)

Pin Configuration:

1. VCC

2. Input

3. Ground

How to test:

1. Connect your Arduino microcontroller to the computer.

2. Connect the VCC pin of your module to the to the 5V pin of your Arduino.

3. Connect the GND pin of your module to the GND pin of your Arduino.

4. Connect the Input pin of your module to the pin 13 of your Arduino.

5. Enter this program to your Arduino Integrated Development Environment

(IDE):

47
int buzzer = 13;

void setup()

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

void loop()

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

delay(1000);

6. Lastly, click the Upload Button.

Schematic Diagram:

Frequency Response

How efficiently a buzzer produces sound at a given frequency.

Sound Pressure Level (Unit: dB Pa)

Sound pressure level, SPL, is the deviation from atmospheric pressure caused by the
soundwave expressed in decibel Pascals. It is generally proportional to input voltage
and decays by 6 dB's when doubling the distance from the buzzer.

48
Resonant Frequency (Unit: F0 Hz)

All things have a specific frequency at which they tend to vibrate. This frequency is
called the resonant frequency. For buzzers, the resonant frequency is the frequency at
which they will be the loudest.

Impedance (Unit: ohm)

Electrical impedance is the ratio of applied voltage to current. The electrical

impedance varies with frequency.

As mentioned earlier in the presentation, piezo and magnetic indicators have the
driving circuitry built into the design, creating a "plug and play" solution. Because of
this, engineers do not need to worry about building a complex circuit to drive the
buzzer. The disadvantage, however, is that indicators operate on a fixed frequency,
reducing the flexibility offered to achieve an alternate frequency as application
requirements change. Transducers, on the other hand, do not have the driving circuit
built-in, so engineers are offered a greater range of flexibility when designing their
circuit. The downside comes in the fact that transducers do require an external driving
signal to operate properly, potentially adding complexity and time to the design cycle.

Buzzers are typically used for identification and alarm purposes across many major
industries. The major application categories that utilize buzzers for indication or alert
purposes include: home appliances, automotive electronics, medical, safety and
security, industrial, and office automation.

Led:

The actual concepts of these scrolling led displays are the presence of the LED in it.
They use the Red led in most of the cases because the Red color will attract the
attention of the visitors a lot. The LED‘s will ‗ON‗at a particular time period and
‗OFF‗ on a specific time.

There is an electronic circuit in the internal part of the device which consists of
the Integrated Circuits(IC’s). The circuit works by power supplied. According to the
program written in the circuit, this will work. It gives supply to specific led‘s present
in the scrolling led display such that, they will ON and OFF for a particular time
intervals.

49
The circuit has the sense to display all types of alphabets on the scrolling led display.
There will be some particular information to display. If this information once displays
on the scrolling led display immediately after a mean time the LED‘s light pattern is
will shift off to the next segment of the led column.

This will occur in a fraction of a second. Our eyes can‘t detect this movement. This
principle is called ―Persistence of vision (P0V)‖. Thus, the information displayed on
the screen will move so we called it as scrolling led display.

On the field of Digital electronics the use of Matrix display is very huge. This unit
consist a Matrix form display of LEDs. LEDs are arranged in matrix form with equal-
spaced. The LEDs are connected with Register output pins (Qa - Qh). The advantage
of Using this display is that Massage Moving speed, direction can be controlled with
sufficient logical operation. This type of display provides very small power
consumption facility.

The massage is displayed on the display by configuring each and every LEDs of the
display. This configuration is done by a logical device e.g. Microcontroller,
Microprocessors etc.

It consists of mainly power supply unit, register unit, control unit (microcontroller &
timer) and display unit.

First power is supplied to all the sections of the circuit from the power supply unit.
230v main ac power is first converted into 15v step down dc supply to operate the

50
digital circuit. Then the microcontroller generates and provides the digital signal. It
performs the logical operations.

The digital information created here is synchronized by some delay program of the
microcontroller. The digital information is created here by running some instructions
in the form of microcontroller program. The execution time of this program is totally
depends on the crystal oscillator frequency of the microcontroller. Microcontroller
resets the whole circuit after switching on the power.

The digital signal provided by the microcontroller is fed to the register unit which
consists of shift registers. Here the information shifts from right to left. This data
moves with certain delay introduced by the microcontroller itself.

The rate of shifting of the signals depends on the timer frequency. Register IC 74164
can be reset by sending a logical high signal at the pin clr (pin no:- 09). Signals are
shifted from Qa to Qh.

The display unit is a matrix display, we used here. It is connected to the register unit.
The pins Qa to Qh of register unit are connected to the display. No of light emitting
diodes (LED) are used here to form the display section.

51
Fan:

Among collectors, are rated according to their condition, size, age, and several blades.
Four-blade designs are the most common. Five-blade or six-blade designs are rare.
The materials from which the components are made, such as brass, are important
factors in fan desirability.

Submersible motor:

Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical

position. Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser
where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main
operational mechanism of radial and mixed flow pumps. In the HSP, the motor is a
hydraulic motor rather than an electrical motor, and may be closed cycle (keeping the
power fluid separate from the produced fluid) or open cycle (mingling the power fluid
with produced fluid downhole, with surface separation).

The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical
coupling at the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen
and are lifted by the pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings)
distributed along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft. An
optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most
of those forces are absorbed by the protector's thrust bearing.

There are also screw-type submersible pumps, there is a steel screw which is used as a
working element in them. The screw allows the pump to work in water with a
high sand content and other mechanical impurities.

52
Software requirements:

Download Arduino Software

You‘ll need to download the Arduino Software package for your operating system
from the Arduino download page.

When you‘ve downloaded and opened the application you should see something like
this:

53
This is where you type the code you want to compile and send to the Arduino board.

The Initial Setup

We need to setup the environment to Tools menu and select Board.

Tools Menu < Board

Then select the type of Arduino you want to program, in our case it‘s the Arduino
Uno.

Arduino Uno

54
The Code
The code you write for your Arduino are known as sketches. They are written
in C++.

Every sketch needs two void type functions, setup() and loop(). A void type function
doesn‘t return any value.

The setup() method is ran once at the just after the Arduino is powered up and
the loop() method is ran continuously afterwards. The setup() is where you want to do
any initialisation steps, and in loop() you want to run the code you want to run over
and over again.

So, your basic sketch or program should look like this:

void setup()

void loop()

If you notice on the top edge of the board there‘s two black rectangles with several
squares in. These are called headers. Headers make it easy to connect components to
the the Arduino. Where they connect to the board is called pins. Knowing what pin
something is connected to is essential for programming an Arduino.

The pin numbers are listed next to the headers on the board in white.

The onboard LED we want to control is on pin 13.

In our code above the setup() method let‘s create a variable called ledPin. In C++ we
need to state why type our variable is before hand, in this case it‘s an integer, so it‘s of
type int.

Int ledpin = 13;

Void setup()

55
}

Void loop()

Each line is ended with a semicolon (;).

In the setup() method we want to set the ledPin to the output mode. We do this
by calling a special function called pinMode() which takes two variables, the first the
pin number, and second, whether it‘s an input or output pin. Since we‘re dealing with
an output we need to set it to a constant called OUTPUT. If you were working with a
sensor or input it would be INPUT.

int ledPin =13;

void setup()

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

Void loop()

Next we want to compile to machine code and deploy or upload it to the Arduino.

Compiling the Code

If this is your first time you‘ve ever compiled code to your Arduino before plugging it
in to the computer go to the Tools menu, then Serial Port and take note of what
appears there.

Here‘s what mine looks like before plugging in the Arduino UNO:

56
Plug your Arduino UNO board in to the USB cable and into your computer. Now go
back to the Tools > Serial Portmenu and you should see at least 1 new option. On my
Mac 2 new serial ports appear.

They tty and cu are two ways that computers can talk over a serial port. Both seem to
work with the Arduino software so I selected the tty.* one. On Windows you should
see COM followed by a number. Select the new one that appears.

Once you have selected your serial or COM port you can then press the button with
the arrow pointing to the right.

57
 Once that happens you should see the TX and RX LEDs below the L LED
flash. This is the communication going on between the computer and the Arduino.
The L may flicker too. Once this dance is complete your program should be running.
And your LED should be off.

Now let‘s try and switch it on using the HIGH constant.

58
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS
Advantages:

 cost effective method

 optimize water use

 sustain high-yielding

 high quality crop production

Disadvantages:

 need for each soil type is calibrated

59
 Conclusion:

Internet of Things (IOT) has been enabled for the agriculture crop monitoring purpose
in easy and efficient manner which is used to enhance the productivity of the crop and
hence profits for the farmer enhanced. The Wireless sensor network and sensors of
various types are used to extract the information of crop conditions and environmental
changes. And thisinformationis transmitted via network to the farmer. This initiates
corrective actions for the enhancement. Farmers are connected to the field where the
awareness of the conditions of the agricultural field at anytime and anywhere in the
world can be observed. Some of the disadvantages inCommunication must be
overcome by advancing theTechnological usage to consume less energy and also by
making user interface ease of use.

60
References:

1. Kochlan, M.; Hodon, M.; Cechovic, L.; Kapitulik, J.; Jurecka, M., ―WSN for
traffic monitoring using Raspberry Pi board,‖ Computer Science and
Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on, vol., no.,
pp.1023,1026, 7-10 Sept. 2014 C. Pfister, Getting Started with the Internet of
Things. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media Inc., 2011.

2. Nikhade, Sudhir G.; Agashe, A.A., ―Wireless sensor network communication

terminal based on embedded Linux and Xbee,‖ Circuit, Power and Computing
Technologies (ICCPCT), 2014 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.1468,
1473, 20- 21 March 2014. Matt Richardson and Shawn Wallace Getting
Started with Raspberry Pi. 2011.

3. Sheikh Ferdoush, Xinrong Li ―Wireless Sensor Network System Design using

Raspberry Pi and Arduino for Environmental Monitoring Applications‖,
Elsevier The 9th International Conference on Future Networks and
Communications, 2014.

4. Jin-Shyan Lee, Yu-Wei Su, and ChungChou Shen ―A Comparative Study of

Wireless Protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi‖ The 33rd Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) Nov. 5-8,
2007, Taipei, Taiwan ZigBee Specification. ZigBee Alliance 2006.

5. S. Vijayakumar, J. Nelson Rosario, ―Preliminary Design for Crop Monitoring

Involving Water and Fertilizer Conservation Using Wireless Sensor
Networks‖, Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), IEEE 3rd
International Conference, 2011.

6. G. Nisha, J.Megala, ―Wireless Sensor Network Based Automated Irrigation

and Crop Field Monitoring System‖, Sixth International Conference on
Advanced Computing (IcoAC), 2014.

61