A Project Report on

WEB DESIGNING USING PYTHON

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By
P.AKHILANDESWARI 21W61A0428

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada)
Accredited by N.A.A.C with ‘B’ grade
Chilakapalem Junction, Srikakulam-532410, Andhra Pradesh.
(2023-2024)

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 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada)
Accredited by N.A.A.C with ‘B’ grade
Chilakapalem Junction, Srikakulam-532410, Andhra Pradesh.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “WEB DESIGNING USING PYTHON”

is submitted by the P.AKHILANDESWARI(21W61A0428) in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor Of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SRI SIVANI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING , Chilakapalem, Srikakulam, affiliated to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Vijayanagarm (JNTUGV), during
the academic year 2023-2024 is a Bonafede work carried out by them under my
guidance and supervision.

Signature of External Head of the Department

Dr. V. SURYANARAYANA, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor (Dept. of ECE)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. V. SURYANARAYANA,

Ph.D., Head of the department (E.C.E). Sri Sivani College of Engineering for his
assistance and constant backup without which we would not have been able to
complete this project work successfully.
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Y. SRINIVASA RAO Ph.D.,
Principal of our college for his valuable advice and supervision without which this
project would not have seen the light of the day.
We sincerely wish to thank all the staff members of the department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering. An endeavor over a long period can
also be successful by constant effort and encouragement. We wish to take the
opportunity to express our deep gratitude to all the people who have extended their
cooperation in various ways during our project work. It is our pleasure to
acknowledge the help of all those respected individuals.
We truthfully acknowledge the help and moral support rendered by our
parents. Finally, we would like to thank one and all who have helped us in all
aspects in making this project a successful one.

P.AKHILANDESWARI 21W61A0428

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1: Introduction on embedded systems
1.1 History of embedded systems
1.2Classification of embedded systems
1.3 Components of embedded systems
1.4 Applications
CHAPTER-2:
2.1 Introduction on Microprocessor and Microcontroller
2.2 History of 8051
2.3 8051 Pin diagram and Architecture
CHAPTER -3
3.1 Description of the project
3.2 project code
3.3 output
4. Conclusion

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 Abstract:
In this paper we have shown the concept of Microcontroller Based
Automatic car parking system. As we see in the modern world
everything is going automatic we have built a system which will
automatically sense the entry and exit of cars with the help of
microcontroller through the gate and then display the number of cars
in the parking lot. We have deployed a microcontroller 89S52 which
is used to sense the movement of cars and depending upon whether
there is a capacity of cars to enter, it either opens the gate or not.
There is also RFID module to provide security as users who have
authority can swap the RFID cards and get entry otherwise not. The
project is designed for car parking. The goal of this paper is to
automatically park the car for allowing the cars into the parking area.
LCD display is provided to display the information about the total
number of cars that can be parked and the place free for parking. Two
IR sensors TX RX pairs are used in this paper to identify the entry or
exit of the cars into/out of park. These two IR sensor TX RX pairs are
arranged either side of the gate. Whenever the mains are switched on,
the LCD panel displays the message parking space for 3 vehicles. The
number indicates the maximum capacity of parking in this paper

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 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION:
An Embedded systems is a computer system—a
combination of a computer processor, computer memory,
and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a
larger mechanical or electronic system. It is embedded as part of a complete
device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts.
Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the
machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use. In 2009, it was
estimated that ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured were
used in embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e.

microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but
ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral
interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In
either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to
those specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed
for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is
the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase its reliability
and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting
from economies of scale.

Embedded systems range from those low in complexity, with a single

microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks,
which may reside in equipment racks or across large geographical areas
connected via long-distance communications lines.

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 1.1 HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Early embedded operating systems:
In the late 1970s, the concept of a real-time multitasking kernel was proposed.
In the 1980s, while the embedded systems applications became more complex,
the embedded operating system with a real-time multitasking kernel could not
meet the requirement of embedded development. It began to develop into a
complete real-time multitasking
Operating System (RTOS) that
included a network, file,
development
and debugging environment.

Nowadays, RTOS has formed an

industry in the world. The world's
first commercial embedded real-
time kernel (VRTX32) was
developed by Ready System in
1981. Then in 1993, Ready System and the famous Silicon Valley embedded
software company Microtec Research Merger developed two new RTOS
kernels VRTX32 and VRTXsa, based on VRTXmc. At the same time, VRTX
integrated development environment (Spectra) appeared.

Microsoft, also released its own embedded 460 operating system in 1996. The
embedded operating system is WinCE, supporting x86, ARM, SH4, MIPS and
other processor architectures. WinCE is now defunct, with mainstream support
discontinued in 2018

Modern embedded systems:

Nowadays, many embedded devices are used in the system of Internet of
Things and hundreds of sensors are used in a car. Compared with the traditional
embedded system, the Internet of Things system requires lower power
consumption, more safety and reliability, and has the ability of ad hoc network.
The communication section needs to meet the conversion between various
communication protocols, and the application layer must have the ability
of cloud computing via the Internet.

1.2 Classification of Embedded systems:

Embedded Systems are classified based on the two factors i.e.
1. Performance and Functional Requirements

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 2. Performance of Micro-controllers
Based on Performance and Functional Requirements it is
divided into 4 types as follows:
1)Real time embedded systems:
A Real-Time Embedded System is strictly time specific which means these
embedded systems provides output in a particular/defined time interval. These
type of embedded systems provide quick response in critical situations which
gives most priority to time based task performance and generation of output.
That’s why real time embedded systems are used in defense sector, medical
and health care sector, and some other industrial applications where output in
the right time is given more importance.
Further this Real-Time Embedded System is divided into two types i.e.
a) Soft Real Time Embedded systems:
In these types of embedded systems time/deadline is not so strictly
followed. If deadline of the task is passed (means the system didn’t give
result in the defined time) still result or output is accepted.
b) Hard Real Time Embedded Systems:
In these types of embedded systems time/deadline of task is strictly
followed. Task must be completed in between time frame (defined time
interval) otherwise result/output may not be accepted.
Examples:
 Traffic control system
 Military usage in defense sector
 Medical usage in health sector
2)Stand Alone embedded systems:
Stand Alone Embedded Systems are independent systems which can work by
themselves they don’t depend on a host system. It takes input in digital or
analog form and provides the output.
Examples:
 MP3 players
 Microwave ovens
 Calculator
3)Networked Embedded systems :
Networked Embedded Systems are connected to a network which may be
wired or wireless to provide output to the attached device. They communicate
with embedded web server through network.
Examples:
 Home security systems
 ATM machine
 Card swipe machine
4)Mobile Embedded systems:

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Mobile embedded systems are small and easy to use and requires less
resources. They are the most preferred embedded systems. In portability point
of view mobile embedded systems are also best.
Examples:
 MP3 player
 Mobile phones
 Digital Camera
Based on Performance and micro-controller it is divided
into 3 types as follows:
1)Small Scale Embedded Systems:
Small Scale Embedded Systems are designed using an 8-bit or 16-bit micro-
controller. They can be powered by a battery. The processor uses very
less/limited resources of memory and processing speed. Mainly these systems
does not act as an independent system they act as any component of computer
system but they did not compute and dedicated for a specific task.
2)Medium Scale Embedded Systems:
Medium Scale Embedded Systems are designed using an 16-bit or 32-bit
micro-controller. These medium Scale Embedded Systems are faster than that
of small Scale Embedded Systems. Integration of hardware and software is
complex in these systems. Java, C, C++ are the programming languages are
used to develop medium scale embedded systems. Different type of software
tools like compiler, debugger, simulator etc are used to develop these type of
systems.
3)Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems:
Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems are designed using multiple 32-
bit or 64-bit micro-controller. These systems are developed to perform large
scale complex functions. These systems have high hardware and software
complexities. We use both hardware and software components to design final
systems or hardware products.

1.3 Components of embedded systems:

This section is dedicated to the hardware components of embedded systems.
In the following section, we’ll cover the software components used for the
embedded systems
1)Power supply:
A power supply is a crucial component of the embedded system design
 It is an electrical device mainly used to power up the electrical load

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Normally, a 5V power supply is required for the system, however, it can also
range 1.8 to 3.3V.
2)Microcontroller:
 An embedded system is either
a microcontroller-based or
microprocessor-based system.
They give a system
computing power and are
called Integrated cicuits
 The embedded hardware
performance is mainly
dependent on the processor
which is normally called the brain of the embedded system.
 Pick from a range of processors including 8-bit,16-bit,32-bit processors.
 They are different in terms of processing speed. For example, a 32-bit
processor comes with more processing speed and can manipulate 32-bits
at a time while an 8-bit processor comes with less processing speed and
can manipulate 8-bits at a time.
3)Memory:
 Memory is essential to store important information in the embedded
computer system.
 Memory is integrated into a microcontroller or microprocessor
4)Timer/counter:
Sometimes you need to create a delay before a specific function. Timers are
used in such cases. While at times you want to count the number of times a
particular event occurs. Counters are used in such cases. If an up counter is used
in the system, it will count up from the initial value to 0xFF and if it is down
counter, it will count down to 0x00. The counters are integrated using register-
type circuits like a flip-flop.
5)Communication port:
Communication ports are used in embedded systems to establish
communication with other embedded systems. There are several communication
ports including USB, UART, USB, I2C, SPI, and RS-485. For simple
applications, communications ports are utilized from the microcontroller, and
for complex and advanced applications these ports are externally installed inside
the embedded systems.
6)Output/Input:
Input is required to interact with the embedded system. A sensor can be used to
provide input to the system. The microcontroller used in the system can be

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configured as an input or output port. In the microcontroller, there are a fixed
number of input and output ports that you can utilize as per your requirement.
1.4 APPLICATIONS:
Embedded systems are crucial in several technologies, including the internet of
things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) devices. Almost every smart
device today uses this versatile technology in some capacity or the other.

A few real-world applications

of embedded systems are:
1. GPS:
The global positioning system
(GPS)uses satellites and
receivers to synchronize
location, velocity, and time data to provide a navigation system the world can
use. GPS systems are commonly used in vehicles and mobile devices. All
‘receivers’ (devices that receive GPS data) are integrated with embedded
systems to enable the use of the global positioning system.
2. Medical devices:
Cutting-edge medical devices with embedded systems are used for patients
requiring constant monitoring. For instance, embedded sensors gather health
data such as readings from implants, pulse rate, and heart rate. This data is then
transmitted to a private cloud, where it can be reviewed automatically by an
alert system or manually by a medical professional.
3. Automotive:
Embedded systems in automotive applications enhance overall safety and user
experience. Key examples of embedded systems in action are adaptive speed
control, pedestrian recognition, car breakdown warning, merging assistance,
airbag deployment, anti-lock braking system, and in-vehicle entertainment
equipment.
4. Automated fare collection:

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Automated fare collection solutions enable public transportation passengers to
pay their fares through automated machines or even online without interacting
with another human being. The automatic transit fare collection ecosystem
consists of ticketing machines, magnetic stripe cards and smart cards for regular
travelers, ticket and card checking machines, and automatic gate machines. All
these components include embedded systems to enable them to communicate
with each other and thus keep the mechanism operational.
5. Fitness trackers:
Fitness trackers have become increasingly popular wearable devices that
monitor health metrics and track activities such as running, walking, and
sleeping. These devices leverage embedded systems for data collection such as
heart rate, body temperature, and steps walked. This data is transmitted to
servers via a wide area network (WAN) such as LTE or GPRS.

CHAPTER-2

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2.1 Introduction on Microprocessor and Microcontroller
MICROPROCESSOR:
A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data
processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a
small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and
control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU). The IC is capable of interpreting and executing program
instructions and performing arithmetic operations. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that
accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results (also in binary form) as output.
Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic,
and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
MICRO CONTROLLER:
A microcontroller (MC, UC, or μC)
or microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along
with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in
the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included
on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal
computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete
chips.

In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated

than, a system on a chip (SoC). An SoC may include a microcontroller as one of
its components, but usually integrates it with advanced peripherals like
a graphics processing unit (GPU), a Wi-Fi module, or one or
more coprocessors.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and
other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design
that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog

13
components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In the context of
the internet of things, microcontrollers are an economical and popular means
of data collection, sensing and actuating the physical world as edge devices.

2.2 History of 8051:

The Micro controller was developed by Intel in 1980. The 8051 is
one of the most popular 8bit microcontrollers and combines an instruction set
that allows tight coding of small particularly I/O application with enough power
and a large enough program space that it can be used with C Language.

The last decade has seen an exciting evolution with capabilities of

microprocessors. The development of16 and 32bit microprocessors contributed
to the growth of powerful personal computers that are used in all walks of life.
Because of their processing power and speed, these 16and 32bit
microprocessors have also found their way into the design of standalone
products such as electronic instruments which require sophisticated control
capability. In the evolution of microprocessor capability, instead of focusing
upon larger word widths and address spaces. the present emphasis 'is upon
exceedingly fast real time control. The development of microcontrollers has
focused upon the integration of the facilities needed to support fast control into
a single chip.

Intel has introduced standard 8-bit microcontroller 8048 in 1976. The same
company has continued to drive the evolution of single chip microcontrollers. In
the year 1980, Intel has introduced the 8051microcontroller, with higher
performance than 8048. With the advantages of 8051, the microcontrollers
applications took a peak level. The 8-bit microcontroller, 8051 family. quickly
gained the position of the generation world standard microcontrollers.

Because of the advanced semiconductor technology, it has become possible to

integrate more than1.00.000 transistors onto a single silicon chip. Intel has made
use of this advanced process technology and developed a new generation of
single chip 16bit microcontrollers called the MCS-96 (8096 family). The8096
family offers the highest level of system integration ever achieved on a single
chip microcontroller with l,20,000 transistors. This8096 microcontroller has
16bit CPU, 8K bytes of program memory. 232 bytes of data memory and both
analog and digital type of 1/ O features.

The Motorola Microcontroller family was first introduced to the market in 1978
and is built in the same pattern of the microprocessor 6800. Even though the
Microcontroller 6801 family was designed similar to the microprocessor 6800,
its design and instruction set have been modified to suit the control applications.
The microcontroller 6801 family includes On chip Input/Output ports, an

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Asynchronous serial communication device and 16 bit timer modules. The
Microcontrollers 6801. 6803, 6805. 6811 are available from Motorola
Company. The 6811microcontroller family have different version with ROM,
RAM, EPROM, and EEPROM. These versions are denoted by suffix characters
and numbers.

2.3 Pin diagram of 8051:

8051microcontroller families (89C51, 8751, DS89C4xO, 89C52) come in
different packages like quad-flat package, leadless chip carrier and dual-in-line
package. These all packages consist of 40 pins which are dedicated to several
functions such as I/O, address, RD, WR, data and interrupts. But, some
companies offer a 20-pin version of the microcontrollers for less demanding
applications by reducing the number of I/O ports. Nevertheless, a vast majority
of developers use the 40-pin chip.

The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller consists of 40 pins as shown below. A

total of 32 pins are set away into four Ports such as P0, P1, P2 and P3. Where,
each port contains 8 pins. Therefore, the microcontroller 8051’s pin diagram
and explanation is given below.

 Port1 (Pin1 to Pin8): Port1 includes pin1.0 to pin1.7 and these pins
can be configured as input or output pins.

 Pin 9 (RST): Reset pin is used to Reset 8051 Microcontroller by

giving a positive pulse to this Pin.

 Port3 (Pin 10 to 17): The Port3 Pins are similar to port1 pins and can
be used as universal Input or output pins. These pins dual-function
Pins and the function of each Pin is given as:

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 Pin 10 (RXD): RXD pin is a Serial Asynchronous Communication
Input or Serial synchronous Communication Output.

 Pin 11 (TXD): Serial Asynchronous Communication Output or Serial

Synchronous Communication clock Output.

 Pin 12 (INT0): Input of Interrupt 0

 Pin 13 (INT1): Input of Interrupt 1

 Pin 14 (T0): Input of Counter 0 clock

 Pin 15 (T1): Input of Counter 1 clock

 Pin 16 (WR): Writing Signal to write content on external RAM.

 Pin 17 (RD): Reading Signal to read contents of external RAM.

 Pin 18 and 19 (XTAL2, XTAL1): X2 and X1 pins are input output

pins for the oscillator. These pins are used to connect an internal
oscillator to the microcontroller.

 Pin 20 (GND): Pin 20 is a ground pin.

 Port2 (Pin 21 to Pin28): Port2 includes pin21 to pin28 which can be

configured as Input Output Pins.But, this is only possible when we
don’t use any external memory. If we use external memory, then these
pins will work as high order address bus (A8 to A15).

 Pin 29 (PSEN): This pin is used to enable external program memory.

If we use an external ROM for storing the program, then logic 0
appears on it, which indicates Micro controller to read data from the
memory.

 Pin 30 (ALE): Address Latch Enable pin is an active high-output

signal. If we use multiple memory chips, then this pin is used to
distinguish between them. This Pin also gives program pulse input
during programming of EPROM.

 Pin 31 (EA): If we have to use multiple memories then the application

of logic 1 to this pin instructs the Microcontroller to read data from
both memories: first internal and then external.

 Port 0 (Pin 32 to 39): Similar to the port 2 and 3 pins, these pins can
be used as input output pins when we don’t use any external memory.
When ALE or Pin 30 is at 1, then this port is used as data bus: when

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 the ALE pin is at 0, then this port is used as a lower order address bus
(A0 to A7)

 Pin40 (VCC): This VCC pin is used for power supply.

CHAPTER -3
3.1 Description of the project:
Nowadays in many multiplex systems, there is a severe problem with car
parking systems. There are many lanes for car parking, so to park a car one has
to look for all the lanes. Moreover, there is a lot of men’s labor involved in this
process for which there is a lot of investment. So the need is to develop a
system which indicates directly which parking slot is vacant in any lane. The
Automatic Car Parking Indicator system project involves a system including an
infrared transmitter and receiver in every lane and an LED & LCD display
outside the car parkinggate.

The person entering the parking area can view the LED display and can decide
which lane to enter so as to park the car. Conventionally, car parking systems do
not have any intelligent monitoring system. Parking lots are monitored by
human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking and waste time searching for a
parking slot. Sometimes it creates a blockage. The condition becomes worse
when there are multiple parking lanes and each lane has multiple parking slots.

The use of automated systems for car parking monitoring will reduce human
efforts. The display unit is installed at the entrance of the parking lot which will
show LEDs for all Parking slots and for all parking lanes. An empty slot is
indicated by the respective glowing LED.

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Block diagram of the automatic car parking indicator
system:

Working principal :
First when a car enters the gate LCD displays empty parking
slot that empty parking slot was sensed by the IR sensor we are using object
sensor to sense the car in the parking slot. The TX and RX-was kept in the
parking slot. If any car parks at one slot the TX-transmits the signal and the RX
can’t receive any signal therefore display, displays “NOT EMPTY”. If the
signal is received by the IR receiver, then display displays “EMPTY”, through
Microcontroller.

3.2 Project code:

#include<reg51.h>
#define Ldata P1
void delay(unsigned int time);
sbit rs=P2^5;
sbit rw=P2^6;
sbit en=P2^7;
sbit slot1=P2^0;
sbit slot2=P2^1;
sbit slot3=P2^2;
sbit s1red=P3^5;
sbit s2red=P3^6;
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sbit s3red=P3^7;
sbit s1green=P3^2;
sbit s2green=P3^3;
sbit s3green=P3^4;
void lcd_cmd(unsigned char ch);
void lcd_data(unsigned char ch);
void lcdprint(unsigned char lcdstring[]);
char text1[42];
void main()
{
//int i;
rw=0;
slot1=slot2=slot3=1;
P0=0x00;
lcd_cmd(0x38);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x06);
lcd_cmd(0x0c);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcdprint(" CAR PARKING SYS ");
while(1)
{
lcd_cmd(0x80);
delay(100);
lcdprint("SLT1 SLT2 SLT3");
if(slot1==0)
{
s1red=0;
s1green=1;
lcd_cmd(0xc0);
lcdprint("FULL");
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}
else
{
s1red=1;
s1green=0;
lcd_cmd(0xc0);
lcdprint("EMP ");
}
if(slot2==0)
{
s2red=0;
s2green=1;
lcd_cmd(0xc6);
lcdprint("FULL");
}
else
{
s2red=1;
s2green=0;
lcd_cmd(0xc6);
lcdprint("EMP ");
}
if(slot3==0)
{
s3red=0;
s3green=1;
lcd_cmd(0xCC);
lcdprint("FULL");
}
else
{
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 s3red=1;
s3green=0;
lcd_cmd(0xCC);
lcdprint("EMP ");
}
}
}
void lcdprint(unsigned char lcdstring[])
{
int i;
for(i=0;lcdstring[i]!= '\0';i++)
{
lcd_data(lcdstring[i]);
}
}

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char ch)

{
Ldata=ch;
rs=0;
en=1;
delay (10);
en=0;
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char ch)
{
Ldata=ch;
rs=1;
en=1;
delay (10);
en=0;
21
 }
void delay (unsigned int time)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<time;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
3.3 OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
Automated multi storied car parking system allows for an error-free, fast read,
non- alternative to the traditional means of site security. With a variety of

22
transponder form factors that can be mounted on or within the vehicle, people
can enter a secured area without opening a door or a window to obtain
authorization. By automated car parking management system, we can
accommodate more cars in less space. This principle can be applied to almost
any city in the world. This is probably the prime reasons why automated car
park systems are a very attractive alternative to conventional car parking
systems by making use of available space in more efficient manner.

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