OCG - Reading Test 7

Official Cambridge Guide To IELTS - Reading Test 7
With Practice Test, Answers And Explanation

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Bài đọc passage 1
The Hidden Histories of Exploration Exhibition
A. We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and
protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens - including
interpreters and traders - who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals
could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where
European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration
exhibition at Britain's Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in
which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many
of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been ‘lone travellers’- say, Mungo Park or David
Livingstone in Africa - were anything but ‘alone’ on their travels. They depended on local support of
various kinds - for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace - as well as on other
resources from elsewhere.
B. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using
its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales
for the foundation of the KGS in 1 830, and the society’s collections now contain more than two million
individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs, art-works, artefacts and film - a rich
storehouse of material rejecting the width geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In
addition to their remarkable scope and range, those collections contain a striking visual record of
exploration the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the
researcher, this archive can yield many surprises materials gathered Tor one purpose - say, maps
relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken an a scientific expedition - may today
be put to quite different uses.
C. In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or

dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival
research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters, soldiers, translators,
cooks, pilots, glides, hunters and collectors they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was
essential in identifying potential dangers -poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories -
which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a
strong bargaining position in the Amazon, for example, access to entire regions would depend on the
willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful
Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America, published in 1 836f William Smyth
thus complained of frequent ‘desertion' by his helpers : ‘without them it was impossible to get on’.
D. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals'. For
example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar
as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across
the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties - the ‘officers’ or
'foremen' - are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers.
E. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical
science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one
framework. Alongside these were more common sense' notions of veracity and reliability, religiousl
y-i
nspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking
empirical observations developed in many professions.
F. Given explorers' need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective
working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with
local inhabitants- Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans
could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers’ river craft, or
undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1 920s and
1 930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was
increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their
expeditions depended.
G. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such
partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly
clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire
back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the
1 936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European
mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance.
Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual
portraits - including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 1 7 years
before his successful 1 953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution
of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely
recognised. These touching portraits encourage us Lo see them as agents rather than simply colonial
subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about
exploration a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.
Câu hỏi passage 1
Question 1 - 7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In following statements below, choose
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition aims to show the wide range of people involved in
expeditions.
2 The common belief about how Park and Livingstone travelled is accurate.
3 The RGS has organised a number of exhibitions since it was founded.
4 Some of the records in the RGS archives are more useful than others.
5 Materials owned by the RGS can be used in ways that were not originally intended.
6 In their publications, European explorers often describe their dependence on their helpers.
7 Local helpers refused to accompany William Smyth during parts of his journey.
Question 8 - 13
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

8 reference to the distances that some non-European helpers travelled
9 description of a wide range of different types of documents
10 belief about the effect of an exhibition on people seeing it
11 examples of risks explorers might have been unaware of without local help
12 reference to various approaches to assessing data from local helpers
13 reference to people whose long-term occupation was to organise local assistance for
European explorers
Đáp án & giải thích 1
1 True https://tuhocielts.dolengli
Xem full giải thích
2 False https://tuhocielts.dolengli
3 Not Given https://tuhocielts.dolengli

4 Not Given https://tuhocielts.dolengli

6 False https://tuhocielts.dolengli
8 D https://tuhocielts.dolengli
9 B https://tuhocielts.dolengli
10 G https://tuhocielts.dolengli
11 C https://tuhocielts.dolengli
12 E https://tuhocielts.dolengli
13 F https://tuhocielts.dolengli
Fatal Attraction
Evolutionist Charles Darwin first marvelled at flesh-eating plants in the mid-1 9th century .Today,
biologists, using 21 st-century tools to study cells and DNA, are beginning to understand how these
plants hunt, eat and digest - and how such bizarre adaptations Arose in the first place.
A. The leaves of the Venus flytrap plant are covered in hairs. When an insect brushes against them, this
triggers a tiny electric charge, which travels down tunnels in the leaf and opens up pores in the leaf's cell
membranes. Water surges from the cells on the Inside of the leaf to those on the outside, causing the leaf
to rapidly flip in shape from convex to concave, like a soft contact lens. As the leaves flip, they snap
together, trapping the insect in their sharp-toothed jaws.
B. The bladderwort has an equally sophisticated way of setting its underwater trap. It pumps water out
of tiny bag-like bladders, making a vacuum inside. When small creatures swim past, they bend the hairs
on the bladder, causing a flap to open. The low pressure sucks water in, carrying the animal along with it.
In one five-hundredth of a second, the door swings shut again. The Drosera sundew, blood, has a thick,
sweet liquid oozing from its leaves, which first attracts insects, then holds them fast before the leaves
snap shut. Pitcher plants use Yet another strategy, growing long tube-shaped leaves to imprison their
prey. Raffles' pitcher plant, from the jungles of Borneo, produces nectar that both lures insects and forms
a slick surface on which they can't get a grip. Insects that land On the rim of the pitcher slide on the liquid
and tumble in.
C. Many carnivorous plants secrete enzymes to penetrate the hard exoskeleton of insects so they can
absorb nutrients from inside their prey. But the purple pitcher plant, which lives in bogs and infertile sandy
soils in North America, enlists other organisms to process its food. Home to an intricate food web of
mosquito larvae, midges and bacteria, many of which can survive only in this unique habitat. These
animals shred the prey that fall into the pitcher, and the smaller organisms feed on the debris. Finally, the
plant absorbs The nutrients released.
D. While such plants clearly thrive on being carnivorous, the benefits of eating flesh are not the ones you
might expect. Carnivorous animals such as themselves use the carbon in protein and the fat in meat to
build muscles and store energy. Carnivorous plants instead draw nitrogen, Phosphorus, and other critical
nutrients from their prey in order to build light-harvesting enzymes. Eating animals, in other words, lets
carnivorous plants do what all plants do: carry out photosynthesis, that is, grow by harnessing energy
directly from the sun.
E. A pitcher or a flytrap cannot carry out much photosynthesis because, unlike plants with ordinary
leaves, they do not have flat solar panels that can grab lots of sunlight. There are, however, some special
conditions in which the benefits of being carnivorous do outweigh the costs. The poor soil of bogs, For
example, offers little nitrogen and phosphorus, so carnivorous plants enjoy an advantage over plants that
obtain these nutrients by more conventional means. Bogs are also flooded with sunshine, so even an
inefficient carnivorous plant can photosynthesise enough light to survive.
F. By comparing the DNA of carnivorous plants with other species, scientists have found that they
evolved independently at at six separate occasions. Some carnivorous plants that look nearly identical
turn out to be only distantly related. Two kinds of pitcher plants - the tropical genus Nepenthes and the
North American Sarracenia - have, surprisingly, evolved from different ancestors, although both grow
deep pitcher-shaped leaves and employ the same strategy for capturing prey.
G. In several cases, scientists can see how complex carnivorous plants evolved from simpler ones. Venus
flytraps, for example, share an ancestor with Portuguese sundews, which only catch prey passively, via
'flypaper' glands on their stems. They share a more recent ancestor With Drosera sundews, which can
also curl their leaves over their prey. Venus flytraps appear to have evolved an even more elaborate
version of this kind of trap, complete with jaw-like leaves.
H. Unfortunately, the adaptations that enable carnivorous plants to thrive in marginal habitats also make
them exquisitely sensitive. Agricultural run-off and pollution from power plants are adding extra nitrogen
to many bogs in North America. Carnivorous plants are so finely tuned to low levels of nitrogen that this
extra fertilizer is overloading their systems, and they eventually burn themselves out and die.
I. Humans also threaten carnivorous plants in other ways. The black market trade in exotic carnivorous
plants is so vigorous now that botanists are keeping the location of some rare species a secret. But even if
the poaching of carnivorous plants can be halted, they will continue to Suscept from other assaults. In the
pine savannah of North Carolina, the increasing suppression of fires is possible other plants to grow too
quickly and outcompete the flytraps in their native environment. Good news, perhaps, for flies. But a loss
for all who, Like Darwin, delight in the sheer inventiveness of evolution.
Question 14 - 18
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
How a Venus flytrap traps an insect
Insect touches 14 on leaf of plant.
Small 15 passes through leaf.
16 in cell membrane open.
Outside cells of leaves fill with 17 .
Leaves change so that they have a 18 shape and snap shut.
Question 19 - 22
Look at the following statements and the list of plants.
Match each statement with the correct plant, A, B, C, D or E.
List of Findings
A Venus flytrap
B bladderwort
C Drosera sundew
D Raffles' pitcher plant
E purple pitcher plant
19 It uses other creatures to help it digest insects.
20 It produces a slippery substance to make insects fall inside it.

21 It creates an empty space into which insects are sucked.
22 It produces a sticky substance which traps insects on its surface.

Question 23 - 26
Reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
23 a mention of a disadvantage of the leaf shape of some carnivorous plants
24 an example of an effort made to protect carnivorous plants
25 unexpected information about the origins of certain carnivorous plants
26 an example of environmental changes that shorten the life cycles of carnivorous plants
14 hairs/the hairs https://tuhocielts.dolengli

15 electric charge/charge https://tuhocielts.dolengli

16 pores https://tuhocielts.dolengli
17 water https://tuhocielts.dolengli
18 concave https://tuhocielts.dolengli
24 I https://tuhocielts.dolengli
26 H https://tuhocielts.dolengli
Want To Be Friends?
Could the benefits of online social networking be too good to miss out on?
A. For many hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, online networking has become enmeshed in
our daily lives. However, it is a decades-old insight from a study of traditional social networks that best
illuminates one of the most important aspects of today’s online networking. In 1 973 sociologist Mark
Granovetter showed how the loose acquaintances, or weak ties5, in our social network exert a
disproportionate influence over our behaviour and choices. Granovetter’s research showed that a
significant percentage of people get their jobs as a result of recommendations or advice provided by a
weak tie. Today our number of weak-tie contacts has exploded via online social networking. 'You couldn’t
maintain all of those weak ties on your own, ' says Jennifer Golbeck of the University of Maryland, 'Online
sites, such as Facebook, give you a way of cataloguing them.' The result? It’s now significantly easier for
the schoolfriend you haven't seen in years to pass you a tip that alters your behaviour, from
recommendation of a low-cholesterol breakfast cereal to a party invite where you meet your future wife or
husband.
B. The explosion of weak ties could have profound consequences for our social structures too, according
to Judith Donath of the Berkman Genter for Internet and Society at Harvard University. 'We’re already
seeing changes, ' she says. For example, many people now turn to their online social networks ahead of
sources such as newspapers and television for trusted and relevant news or information. What they hear
could well be inaccurate, but the change is happening nonetheless. If these huge 'supernets' - some of
them numbering up to 5, 000 people - continue to thrive and grow, they could fundamentally change the
way we share information and transform our notions of relationships.
C. But are these vast networks really that relevant to us on a personal level? Robin Dunbar, an
evolutionary anthropologist at the University of Oxford, believes that our primate brains place a cap on the
number of genuine social relationships we can actually cope with: roughly 1 50. According to Dunbar,
online social networking appears to be very good for 'servicing' relationships, but not for establishing
them. He argues that our evolutionary roots mean we still depend heavily on physical and face-to-face
contact to be able to create ties.
D. Nonetheless, there is evidence that online networking can transform our daily interactions. In an
experiment at Cornell University, psychologist Jeff Hancock asked participants to try to encourage other
participants to like them via instant messaging conversation. Beforehand, some members of the trial were
allowed to view the Facebook profile of the person they were trying to win over. He found that those with
Facebook access asked questions to which they already knew the answers or raised things they had in
common, and as result were much more successful in their social relationships. Hancock concluded that
people who use these sites to keep updated on the activities of their acquaintances are more likely to be
liked in subsequent social interactions.
E. Online social networking may also have tangible effects on our well-being. Nicole Ellison of Michigan
State University found that the frequency of networking site use correlates with greater self- esteem.
Support and affirmation from the weak ties could be the explanation, says Ellison. 'Asking your close
friends for help or advice is nothing new, but we are seeing a lowering of barriers among acquaintances, '
she says. People are readily sharing personal feelings and experiences to a wider circle than they might
once have done. Sandy Pentland at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology agrees. The ability to
broadcast to our social group means we need never feel alone/ he says. The things that befall us are often
due to a lack of social support. There’s more of a safety net now.'
F. Henry Holzman, also at MIT, who studies the interface between online social networking and the real
world, points out that increased visibility also means our various social spheres - family, work, friends -
are merging, and so we will have to prepare for new societal norms. ‘We’ll have to learn how to live a more
transparent life, ’ he says. We may have to give up some ability to show very limited glimpses of ourselves
to others.’
G. Another way that online networking appears to be changing our social structures is through
dominance. In one repeated experiment, Michael Kearns of the University of Pennsylvania asked 30
volunteers to quickly reach consensus in an online game over a choice between two colours. Each person
was offered a cash reward if they succeeded in persuading the group to pick one or other colour. All
participants could see the colour chosen by some of the other people, but certain participants had an
extra advantage: the ability to see more of the participants' chosen colours than others. Every time Kearns
found that those who could see the choices of more participants (in other words, were better connected)
persuaded the group to pick their colour, even when they had to persuade the vast majority to give up
their financial incentive. While Kearns warns that the setting was artificial, he says it’s possible that
greater persuasive power could lie with well-connected individuals in the everyday online world too.
Question 27 - 32
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x
List of Headings
I A shift in our fact-finding habits
II How to be popular
III More personal information being known
IV The origins of online social networks
V The link between knowledge and influence
VI Information that could change how you live
VII The emotional benefits of online networking
VIII A change in how we view our online friendships
IX The future of networking
X Doubts about the value of online socialising
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
Question 33 - 36
Look at the following findings and the list of researchers below.
Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-F.
List of Findings
A Mark Granovetter
B Judith Donath
C Robin Dunbar
D Jeff Hancock
E Nicole Ellison
F Michael Kearns
33 People who network widely may be more able to exert pressure on others.
34 We have become more willing to confide in an extensive number of people.
35 There is a limit to how many meaningful relationships we can maintain.
36 There is a social advantage in knowing about the lives of our online contacts.
Question 37 - 40
Choose TWO answers, A-E.
Which TWO of these advantages of online social networking are mentioned in Reading Passage 3?
A Social networking sites can be accessed on any day and at any time.
B Online socialising is an efficient way of keeping in touch with a lot of people.
C It is very easy to establish new friendships online.
D Online social networking can solve problems in real-world relationships.
E It can be reassuring to be part of an online social network.
Which TWO of these disadvantages of online social networking are mentioned in Reading Passage 3?
A Information from online social contacts may be unreliable.
B We may become jealous of people who seem to have a wide circle of friends.
C We may lose the ability to relate to people face-to-face.
D It is easy to waste a lot of time on social networking sites.
E Using social networking sites may result in a lack of privacy.

27 I https://tuhocielts.dolengli
28 X https://tuhocielts.dolengli
29 II https://tuhocielts.dolengli
30 VII https://tuhocielts.dolengli
31 III https://tuhocielts.dolengli
32 V https://tuhocielts.dolengli
39 A https://tuhocielts.dolengli
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Official Cambridge Guide To IELTS - Reading Test 7

With Practice Test, Answers And Explanation

DOL IELTS Đình Lực 28/02/2022

C. In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or

In following statements below, choose

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

3 The RGS has organised a number of exhibitions since it was founded.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

9 description of a wide range of different types of documents

10 belief about the effect of an exhibition on people seeing it

12 reference to various approaches to assessing data from local helpers

3 Not Given https://tuhocielts.dolengli

4 Not Given https://tuhocielts.dolengli

How a Venus flytrap traps an insect

Insect touches 14 on leaf of plant.

Small 15 passes through leaf.

16 in cell membrane open.

Outside cells of leaves fill with 17 .

Leaves change so that they have a 18 shape and snap shut.

Match each statement with the correct plant, A, B, C, D or E.

D Raffles' pitcher plant

E purple pitcher plant

19 It uses other creatures to help it digest insects.

20 It produces a slippery substance to make insects fall inside it.

22 It produces a sticky substance which traps insects on its surface.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

23 a mention of a disadvantage of the leaf shape of some carnivorous plants

24 an example of an effort made to protect carnivorous plants

25 unexpected information about the origins of certain carnivorous plants

14 hairs/the hairs https://tuhocielts.dolengli

15 electric charge/charge https://tuhocielts.dolengli

Write the correct number, i-x

I A shift in our fact-finding habits

III More personal information being known

IV The origins of online social networks

V The link between knowledge and influence

VI Information that could change how you live

VII The emotional benefits of online networking

VIII A change in how we view our online friendships

IX The future of networking

X Doubts about the value of online socialising

Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-F.

34 We have become more willing to confide in an extensive number of people.

35 There is a limit to how many meaningful relationships we can maintain.

B Online socialising is an efficient way of keeping in touch with a lot of people.

C It is very easy to establish new friendships online.

D Online social networking can solve problems in real-world relationships.

E It can be reassuring to be part of an online social network.

C We may lose the ability to relate to people face-to-face.

D It is easy to waste a lot of time on social networking sites.

E Using social networking sites may result in a lack of privacy.

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