Test Series: March, 2019

MOCK TEST PAPER - 1

INTERMEDIATE (NEW): GROUP – I
PAPER – 2: CORPORATE AND OTHER LAWS
Division A is compulsory.
In Division B, Question No.1 is compulsory
Attempt any Three questions out of the remaining Four questions
Time Allowed – 3 Hours Maximum Marks – 100

DIVISION A
1. Annual general meeting need to be called by giving 21 days’ clear notice. However it can be called on
a shorter notice if members entitled to vote in that meeting give their consent in writing or by elect ronic
mode. In such case, how many members have to give their consents?
(a) 75% of members entitled;
(b) 90% of members entitled;
(c) 91% of members entitled;
(d) 95% of members entitled; (1 Mark)
2. Shruti, a common friend of Suchitra and Sukanya, got incorporated OPC sometime before and during a
chit-chat with her friends informed them that there is some limit on the maximum capital which her OPC
can have and she would have to convert her OPC either into a private or public limited company if such
limit exceeded. Suchitra and Sukanya who are desirous of forming a private limited company for carrying
on textile trading business, are unsure about the maximum capital which a private limited company can
have. Advise.
(a) A private limited company can have maximum of Rs. One crore as share capital.
(b) A private limited company can have maximum of Rs. Two crores as share capital.
(c) A private limited company can have maximum of Rs. Five crores as share capital.
(d) A private limited company can have unlimited share capital. (1 Mark)
3. In Roopali Marketing Company Private Limited (Authorised capital 50,000 shares of Rs. 10 each and
paid-up share capital of Rs. 4,50,000), 1000 shares are jointly held by Abeer and Abheek; another 800
shares are jointly held by Seema and Srividya; and another 1200 are jointly held by Ramesh, Raksha
and Rajneesh. Further, 42,000 shares are held by 193 individual persons in their individual capacity. Is
it possible for the company to induct more persons?
(a) The company is unable to induct more persons since it already has two hundred individual
members.
(b) The company can induct four more persons as members.
(c) The company can induct another 20 persons (i.e. 10% of two hundred individual members) after
seeking permission from the concerned ROC.
(d) If the company does not want to seek permission of the concerned ROC, it can induct only 10 more
persons (i.e. 5% of two hundred individual members). (2 Marks)

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4. Corrupt Limited has received a request from Mr. Suresh for transfer of 100 partly paid equity shares, to
Mr. Ramesh. However, Mr. Ramesh expired in the meantime, but no intimation of the same has been
received by the company. In the given circumstances, advise as per t he provisions of the Companies
Act, 2013:
(a) Corrupt Limited will not register the transfer the shares in the name of Mr. Ramesh, without
verification from Mr. Suresh
(b) Corrupt Limited can register the shares in the name of Mr. Ramesh as it is not aware of the
untoward incident.
(c) Corrupt Limited will not register the transfer the shares in the name of Mr. Ramesh, without
verification from Mr. Ramesh
(d) Corrupt Limited will give the shares back to Mr. Suresh (2 Marks)
5. Vinay and Sanjay made a name reservation application accompanied by requisite fee to the Registrar
for forming a new private company. The Registrar accorded its approval for reservation of most preferred
name Vinanjay Softwares Private Ltd. on 7 th July, 2018. By which date necessary documents for
incorporation of the company must be submitted to the Registrar so that the reserved name does not
get lapsed.
(a) Latest by 20 th July, 2018
(b) Latest by 27 th July, 2018
(c) Latest by 4 th August, 2018
(d) Latest by 4 th September, 2018 (2 Marks)
6. Amex limited is a public company having a net- worth of Rs. 950 crores, turnover of 200 crores (the
company is just 5 years since the date of its incorporation) during the immediately preceding financial
year, has to constitute a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Committee. It has 9 Directors (A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H and I). Further, Mr. F, G, H and I are independent directors. Out of the following statements
which statement is correct:
(a) CSR committee may constitute of A, B and C
(b) CSR committee may constitute of A, B and D
(c) CSR committee may constitute of A, F and G
(d) There is no need to constitute a CSR committee as the turnover is just 200 crores during the
immediately preceding financial year (2 Marks)
7. Excellent Art Private Limited, has a paid up capital of Rs.50 crore, Turnover of Rs.25 crore and borrowing
of Rs.25 crore and outstanding deposits of Rs.30 crore. Decide if the Company needs to comply with
internal audit requirements under the Act?
(a) No. The provisions of Internal audit are not applicable on private companies.
(b) Yes. Company is having Paid up capital of Rs.50 Crore and outstanding deposits more than Rs.25
crore.
(c) No. Because the borrowings are less than Rs.100 crore and Turnover is less than Rs.200 crore
(d) None of the above (2 Marks)
8. Advise whether the auditor appointed by a private limited company with paid up capital of Rs.30.00
Crore, in the following cases are valid for the financial year 2017-18:-
(a) Amanpreet (an Individual auditor) who has been the auditor since the Financial Year 2011-12
(b) Firm MGA & associates, was appointed as auditor in the Financial Year 2011 -12.
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 (c) Firm MGA & associates, who completed 10 years continously as auditor in company. Now company
wants to appoint VGA & associates wherein Mr. V is a partner who is also partner is MGA &
Associates.
(d) The provisions of rotation of auditor are not applicable on private companies (2 Marks)
9. Supertech Computers Pvt. Ltd has 120 members. It sends notice to all of them. 20 members did not
attend the meeting. Out of remaining 100 members, 20 members abstained from voting. Advice the
company, how many members should vote in favour of resolution, if it has to be passed as a Special
Resolution?
(a) 60 Votes
(b) 80 Votes
(c) 41 votes
(d) 20 votes (2 Marks)
10. From the following information in respect of BMR Consultants Pvt. Ltd., compute the amount company
is required to contribute on account of CSR:
Financial Year Net Profit (in Lacs)
2015-16 15
2016-17 50
2017-18 70
(a) Nil. If in any of the three financial years company has incurred losses, then company is not required
to spend amount towards CSR but explain the reason for not spending the amount.
(b) Rs. 2.4 Lacs
(c) Rs. 80,000/-
(d) Rs. 2.1 Lacs (2 Marks)
11. When there is a conflict between two or more statute or two or more parts of a statute and both of them
need to be honoured, then which rule of interpretation is to be applied
(a) Rule of Harmonious construction
(b) Rule of Literal construction
(c) Rule of Beneficial construction
(d) Rule of exceptional construction (1 Mark)
12. While drawing a bill of exchange, a person whose name is given in addition to the drawee who can be
resorted in case of need, is called
(a) Acceptor
(b) Acceptor for honour
(c) Drawee in case of need
(d) Drawer (1 Mark)
13. Days of grace provided to the Instruments at maturity is (as per the provisions of the Negotiable
Instruments Act, 1881)—
(a) 1 day
(b) 2 days
(c) 3 days
(d) 5 days (1 Mark)
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14. Which of the following is not an Immovable Property (as per the provisions of the General Clauses Act,
1897):
(a) Land
(b) Building
(c) Timber
(d) Machinery permanently attached to the land (1 Mark)
15. Aman contracts to indemnify Megha against the consequences of any proceedings which Chandar may
take against Megha in respect of a sum of Rs. 15000/- advanced by Chandar to Megha. Now, Megha
who is called upon to pay the sum of money to Chandar but she fails to do so. Now, as per the provisions
of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, advise the future course of action to be taken by Chandar.
(a) Chandar can recover the amount only from Megha
(b) Chandar can recover the full amount from Aman
(c) Chandar cannot recover the amount from Aman
(d) Chandar can recover at least 10% of the total amount from Megha (2 Marks)
16. L made an offer to MD of a company. MD accepted the offer though he had no authority to do so.
Subsequently L withdrew the offer but the company ratified the MD’s acceptance. State which of the
statement given hereunder is correct:
(a) L was bound with the offer
(b) An offer once accepted cannot be withdrawn
(c) Both option (a) & (b) is correct
(d) L is not bound to an offer. (2 Marks)
17. The date of maturity of a bill payable hundred days after sight and which is prese nted for sight on 4th
May, 2017, is (as per the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881):
(a) 13 August, 2017
(b) 14 August, 2017
(c) 15 August, 2017
(d) 16 August, 2017 (2 Marks)
18. A draws a bill on B. B accepts the bill without any consideration. The bill is transferred to C without
consideration. C transferred it to D for value. Decide as per the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments
Act, 1881-
(a) D can sue only A
(b) D can sue A or B only
(c) D can sue any of the parties A, B or C
(d) D cannot sue any of the parties A, B or C (2 Marks)

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 DIVISION B
1. (a) Data Limited (listed on Stock Exchange) was incorporated on 1 st October, 2018 with a paid- up
share capital of Rs. 200 crores. Within this small time of 4 months it has earned huge profits and
has topped the charts for its high employee friendly environment. The company wants to issue
sweat equity to its employees. A friend of the CEO of the company has told him that they cannot
issue sweat equity shares as 2 years have not elapsed since the time company has commenced
its business. The CEO of the company has approached you to advise them about the essential
conditions to fulfilled before the issue of sweat equity shares especially since their company is just
a few months old.? (6 Marks)
(b) TAT Ltd. incurred loss in business upto current quarter of financial year 2017 -18. The company
has declared dividend at the rate of 12%, 15% and 18% respectively in the immediate preceding
three years. Inspite of the loss, the Board of Directors of the company have decided to declare
interim dividend @ 15% for the current financial year. Examine the decision of TAT Ltd. stating the
provisions of declaration of interim dividend under the Companies Act, 2013. (6 Marks)
(c) Explaining the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, answer the following:
(i) A contracts with B for a fixed price to construct a house for B within a stipulated time. B would
supply the necessary material to be used in the construction. C guarantees A’s performance
of the contract. B does not supply the material as per the agreement. Is C discharged from
his liability?
(ii) C, the holder of an over due bill of exchange drawn by A as surety for B, and a ccepted by B,
contracts with X to give time to B. Is A discharged from his liability? (4 Marks)
(d) Manoj owes money to Umesh. Therefore, he makes a promissory note for the amount in favour of
Umesh, for safety of transmission he cuts the note in half and posts one half to Umesh. He then
changes his mind and calls upon Umesh to return the half of the note which he had sent. Umesh
requires Manoj to send the other half of the promissory note. Decide how rights of the parties are
to be adjusted.
Give your answer in reference to the Provisions of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. (3 Marks)
2. (a) Referring to the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, examine the validity of the following:
ABC Limited having a net worth of 120 crore rupees wants to accept deposit from its members. They
have approached you to advise them regarding that if they fall within the category of eligible company,
what special care has to be taken while accepting such deposit from members. (4 Marks)
(b) Explain how the auditor will be appointed in the following cases :
(i) A Government Company within the meaning of section 394 of the Companies Act,2013.
(ii) A Public Company whose shareholders include XYZ Bank (a nationalized bank) holding 18%
of the subscribed capital of the company. (6 Marks)
(c) A appoints M, a minor, as his agent to sell his watch for cash at a price not less than Rs. 700. M
sells it to D for Rs. 350. Is the sale valid? Explain the legal position of M and D, referring to the
provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. (4 Marks)
(d) Explain the meaning of ‘Negotiation by delivery’ with the help of an example. Give your answer as
per the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. (3 Marks)
3. (a) Alfa school started imparting education on 1.4.2010, with the sole objective of providing
education to children of weaker society either free of cost or at a very nominal fee depending
upon the financial condition of their parents. However, on 30th March 2018, it came to the
knowledge of the Central Government that the said school was operating by violating the objects
of its objective clause due to which it was granted the status of a section 8 company under the

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 Companies Act, 2013. Describe what powers can be exercised by the Central Government
against the Alfa School, in such a case? (5 Marks)
(b) Examine the following situations in the light of the Companies Act, 2013
(i) Mr. Ayush, a Chartered accountant has been appointed as an auditor of X Ltd. in the Annual
General Meeting of the company held in September, 2018, in which he accepted the
assignment. Subsequently, in January, 2019 he joined B, as a partner for the consultancy firm
of Mr. B. Mr. B is working also working as a Finance Executive of X Ltd.
(ii) “Mr. Abhi”, a practicing Chartered Accountant, is holding securities of “Abhiman Ltd.” having
face value of Rs. 1000/-. Whether Mr. Abhi is qualified for appointment as an Auditor of
Abhiman Ltd.”? (5 Marks)
(c) On a Bill of Exchange for Rs. 1 lakh, X’s acceptance to the Bill is forged. ‘A’ takes the Bill from his
customer for value and in good faith before the Bill becomes payable. State with reasons whether
‘A’ can be considered as a ‘Holder in due course’ and whether he (A) can receive the amount of
the Bill from ‘X (4 Marks)
(d) How far is ‘preamble’ in an enactment helpful in interpreting any of the parts of an enactment?
(3 Marks)
4. (a) What is meant by “Abridged Prospectus”? Under what circumstances an abridged prospectus need
not accompany the detailed information regarding prospectus along with the application form?
What are the penalties in case of default in complying with the provisions related to issue of
abridged prospectus? (4 Marks)
(b) Examine the validity of the following with reference to the relevant provisions of the Companies
Act, 2013:
(i) The Board of Directors of Shrey Ltd. called an extraordinary general meeting upon the
requisition of members. However, the meeting was adjourned on the ground that the quorum
was not present at the meeting. Advise the company.
(ii) Mr. Bheem is holding 500 shares (of ZYZ Limited) of total worth Rs. 5000 only. Advise,
whether he has the right to inspect the Register of Members? (6 Marks)
(c) A notice was served on Mr. P for appearing in the court. However, the notice could not be served
on account of the fact that the house of the Mr. P was found locked. Thus, Mr. P. did not appear in
the court at the said date. Examine the situation as per the provisions of the General Clauses Act,
1897 and determine whether Mr. P. will be liable in the given situation. (4 Marks)
(d) Explain the principles of “Grammatical Interpretation” and “Logical Interpretation” of a Statute.
(3 Marks)
5. (a) Mr Nilesh has transferred 1000 shares of Perfect Ltd. to Ms. Mukta. The company has refused to
register transfer of shares and does not even send a notice of refusal to Mr. Nilesh or Ms. Mukta
respectively within the prescribed period. Discuss as per the provisions of the Companies Act,
2013, whether aggrieved party has any right(s) against the company for such refusal? (5 Marks)
(b) What are the powers of Registrar to make entries of satisfaction and release of charges in absence
of intimation from company. Discuss as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. (5 Marks)
(c) What is agent’s authority in case of an emergency. What are the essential conditions to be satisfied
to constitute a valid emergency. Give your answer as per the provisions of the Indian Contract Act,
1872. (4 Marks)
(d) What do you understand by the term ‘Good Faith’. Explain as per the provisions of the General
Clauses Act, 1897. (4 Marks)

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 Test Series: March, 2019
MOCK TEST PAPER - 1
INTERMEDIATE (NEW): GROUP – I
PAPER – 2: CORPORATE AND OTHER LAWS
SUGGESTED ANSWERS/HINTS
DIVISION A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(d) (d) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (b) (a) (c)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(a) (d) (c) (c) (b) (d) (b) (c)

DIVISION B
1. (a) Sweat equity shares of a class of shares already issued.
According to section 54 of the Companies Act, 2013, a company may issue sweat equity shares of
a class of shares already issued, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely—
(i) the issue is authorised by a special resolution passed by the company;
(ii) the resolution specifies the number of shares, the current market price, consideration, if
any, and the class or classes of directors or employees to whom such equity shares are to be
issued;
(iii) where the equity shares of the company are listed on a recognised stock exchange, the
sweat equity shares are issued in accordance with the regulations made by the Securities
and Exchange Board in this behalf and if they are not so listed, the sweat equity shares are
issued in accordance with such rules as prescribed under Rule 8 of the Companies (Share
and Debentures) Rules, 2014,
The rights, limitations, restrictions and provisions as are for the time being applicable to equity
shares shall be applicable to the sweat equity shares issued under this section and the holders
of such shares shall rank pari passu with other equity shareholders.
Data Limited can issue Sweat equity shares by following the conditions as mentioned above. It
does not make a difference that the company is just a few months old.
(b) Interim Dividend: According to section 123(3) of the Companies Act, 2013, the Board of Directors
of a company may declare interim dividend during any financial year or at any time during the
period from closure of financial year till holding of the annual general meeting out of the surplus in
the profit and loss account or out of profits of the financial year for which such interim dividend is
sought to be declared or out of profits generated in the financial year till the quarter preceding the
date of declaration of the interim dividend.
However, in case the company has incurred loss during the current financial year up to the end of
the quarter immediately preceding the date of declaration of interim dividend, such interim dividend
shall not be declared at a rate higher than the average dividends declared by the company during
the immediately preceding three financial years.

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 In the instant case, Interim dividend by TAT Ltd. shall not be declared at a rate higher than the
average dividends declared by the company during the immediately preceding three financial years
[i.e. (12+15+18)/3 = 45/3 =15%]. Therefore, decision of Board of Directors to declare 15% of the
interim dividend for the current financial year is tenable.
(c) (i) According to section 134 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the surety is discharged by any
contract between the creditor and the principal debtor, by which the princ ipal debtor is
released or by any act or omission of the creditor, the legal consequence of which is the
discharge of the principal debtor. In the given case, B does not supply the necessary material
as per the agreement. Hence, C is discharged from his liability.
(ii) According to Section 136 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, where a contract to give time to
the principal debtor is made by the creditor with a third person and not with the principal
debtor, the surety is not discharged. In the given question the contract to give time to the
principal debtor is made by the creditor with X who is a third person. X is not the principal
debtor. Hence, A is not discharged.
(d) The question arising in this problem is whether the making of promissory note is compl ete when
one half of the note was delivered to Umesh. Under Section 46 of the Negotiable Instruments Act,
1881, the making of a promissory note is completed by delivery, actual or constructive. Delivery
refers to the whole of the instrument and not merely a part of it. Delivery of half instrument cannot
be treated as constructive delivery of the whole. So, the claim of Umesh to have the other half of
the promissory note sent to him is not maintainable. Manoj is justified in demanding the return of
the first half sent by him. He can change his mind and refuse to send the other half of the promissory
note.
2. (a) “Eligible company” means a public company as referred to in sub-section (1) of section 76, having
a net worth of not less than one hundred crore rupees or a turnover of not less than five hundred
crore rupees and which has obtained the prior consent of the company in general meeting by
means of a special resolution and also filed the said resolution with the Registrar of Companies
before making any invitation to the Public for acceptance of deposits:
However, an eligible company, which is accepting deposits within the limits specified under clause
(c) of sub-section (1) of section 180, may accept deposits by means of an ordinary resolution.
An eligible company shall accept or renew any deposit from its members, if the amount of such
deposit together with the amount of deposits outstanding as on the date of acceptance or renewal
of such deposits from members exceeds ten per cent. of the aggregate of the Paid-up share capital,
free Reserves and securities premium account of the company.
ABC Limited is having a net worth of 120 crore rupees. Hence, it can fall in the category of eligible
company.
Thus, ABC has to ensure that acceptance deposits from members should not exceed 10% of the
aggregate of the Paid-up share capital, free Reserves and securities premium account of the
company.
(b) (i) The appointment and re-appointment of auditor of a Government Company or a government
controlled company is governed by the provisions of section 139 of the Companies Act, 2013
which are summarized as under:
The first auditor shall be appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India within 60
days from the date of incorporation and in case of failure to do so, the Board shall appoint
auditor within next 30 days and on failure to do so by Board of Directors, it shall inform the
members, who shall appoint the auditor within 60 days at an extraordinary general meeting
(EGM), such auditor shall hold office till conclusion of first Annual General Meeting.

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 In case of subsequent auditor for existing government companies, the Comptroller & Auditor
General of India shall appoint the auditor within a period of 180 days from the commencement
of the financial year and the auditor so appointed shall hold his position till the conclusion of
the Annual General Meeting.
(ii) In the given case as the total shareholding of the XYZ Bank is just 18% of the subscribed
capital of the company it is not a government company. Hence, the provisions applicable to
non-government companies in relation to the appointment of auditors shall apply.
The auditor shall be appointed as follows:
(1) The company shall, at the first annual general meeting, appoint an individual or a firm as
an auditor who shall hold office from the conclusion of that meeting till the conclusion of its
sixth annual general meeting and thereafter till the conclusion of every sixth meeting.
(2) Before such appointment of auditor is made, the written consent of the auditor to such
appointment, and a certificate from him or firm of auditors that the appointment, if made, shall
be obtained from the auditor:
Further, the company shall inform the auditor concerned of his or its appointment, and also file
a notice of such appointment with the Registrar within 15 days of the meeting in which the
auditor is appointed.
(c) According to the provisions of Section 184 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as between the
principal and a third person, any person, even a minor may become an agent. But no person
who is not of the age of majority and of sound mind can become an agent, so as to be
responsible to his principal. Thus, if a person who is not competent to contract is appointed
as an agent, the principal is liable to the third party for the acts of the agent. Thus, in the given
case, D gets a good title to the watch. M is not liable to A for his negligence in the performance
of his duties.
(d) Negotiation by delivery
According to section 47 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, subject to the provisions of section
58, a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable to bearer is negotiable by delivery
thereof.
Exception: A promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque delivered on condition that it is not to
take effect except in a certain event is not negotiable (except in the hands of a holder for value
without notice of the condition) unless such event happens.
Example: A, the holder of a negotiable instrument payable to bearer, delivers it to B’s agent to
keep for B. The instrument has been negotiated.
3. (a) Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013 deals with the formation of companies which are formed to
promote the charitable objects of commerce, art, science, education, sports etc. Such company
intends to apply its profit in promoting its objects. Section 8 companies are registered by the
Registrar only when a license is issued by the Central Government to them. Since, Alfa School
was a Section 8 company and it had started violating the objects of its objective clause, hence in
such a situation the following powers can be exercised by the Central Government:
(i) The Central Government may by order revoke the licence of the company where the company
contravenes any of the requirements or the conditions of this sections subject to which a
licence is issued or where the affairs of the company are conducted fraudulently, or violative
of the objects of the company or prejudicial to public interest, and on revocation the Registrar
shall put ‘Limited’ or ‘Private Limited’ against the company’s name in the register. But before

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 such revocation, the Central Government must give it a written notice of its intention to revoke
the licence and opportunity to be heard in the matter.
(ii) Where a licence is revoked, the Central Government may, by order, if it is satisfied that it is
essential in the public interest, direct that the company be wound up under this Act or
amalgamated with another company registered under this section.
However, no such order shall be made unless the company is given a reasonable opportunity
of being heard.
(iii) Where a licence is revoked and where the Central Government is satisfied that it is essential
in the public interest that the company registered under this section should be amalgamated
with another company registered under this section and having similar objects, then,
notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the Central Government may,
by order, provide for such amalgamation to form a single company with such constitution,
properties, powers, rights, interest, authorities and privileges and with such liabilities, duties
and obligations as may be specified in the order.
(b) (i) Provisions and Explanation: Section 141(3) (c) of the Companies Act, 2013 prescribes that
any person who is a partner or in employment of an officer or employee of the company will
be disqualified to act as an auditor of a company. Sub-section (4) of Section 141 provides
that an auditor who becomes subject, after his appointment, to any of the disqualifications
specified in sub-sections (3) of Section 141, he shall be deemed to have vacated his office
as an auditor.
Conclusion: In the present case, Ayush, an auditor of X Ltd., joined as partner with B, who
is Finance executive of X Ltd., has attracted clause (3) (c) of Section 141 and, therefore, he
shall be deemed to have vacated office of the auditor of X Limited.
(ii) As per section 141 (3)(d) (i) an auditor is disqualified to be appointed as an auditor if he, or
his relative or partner holding any security of or interest in the company or its subsidiary, or
of its holding or associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company:
In the present case, Mr. Abhi. is holding security of ` 1000 in the Abhiman Ltd, therefore he is
not eligible for appointment as an Auditor of “Abhiman Ltd.”
(c) According to section 9 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 ‘holder in due course’ means any
person who for consideration becomes the possessor of a promissory note, bill of exchange or
cheque if payable to bearer or the payee or endorsee thereof, if payable to order, before the amount
in it became payable and without having sufficient cause to believe that any defect existed in the
title of the person from whom he derived his title.
As ‘A’ in this case prima facie became a possessor of the bill for value and in good faith before the
bill became payable, he can be considered as a holder in due course.
But where a signature on the negotiable instrument is forged, it becomes a nullity. The holder of a
forged instrument cannot enforce payment thereon. In the event of the holder being able to obtain
payment in spite of forgery, he cannot retain the money. The true owner may sue on tort the person
who had received. This principle is universal in character, by reason where of even a holder in due
course is not exempt from it. A holder in due course is protected when there is defect in the title.
But he derives no title when there is entire absence of title as in the case of forgery. Hence ‘A’
cannot receive the amount on the bill.
(d) Preamble: It expresses the scope and object of the Act more comprehensively than the long title.
The preamble may recite the ground and the cause for making a statute and or the evil which is
sought to the remedied by it.
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 The preamble like the Long title can legitimately be used for construing it. However, the preamble
cannot over- ride the provisions of the Act. Only if the wording of the Act gives rise to doubts as to
its proper construction (e.g., where the words or a phrase has more than the one meaning and
doubts arise as to which of the two meanings is intended in the Act) the preamble can and ought
to be referred to arrive at the proper construction.
4. (a) (1) Meaning of Abridged Prospectus: - According to Section 2(1) of the Companies Act, 2013,
an abridged prospectus means a memorandum containing such salient features of a
prospectus as may be specified by the Securities and Exchange Board by making regulations
in this behalf.
(2) Circumstances under which the abridged prospectus need not accompany the
application forms: Section 33 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 states that no application form
for the purchase of any of the securities of a company can be issued unless such form is
accompanied by an abridged prospectus. In terms of the Proviso to section 33 (1) an abridged
prospectus need not accompany the application form if it is shown that the form of application
was issued:
(i) In connection with a bona fide invitation to a person to enter into an underwriting
agreement with respect to such securities; or
(ii) Where the securities are not offered to the public.
(3) If a company makes any default in complying with the provisions of this section, it shall be
liable to a penalty of fifty thousand rupees for each default.
(b) (i) According to section 100 (2) of the Companies Act 2013, the Board of directors must convene
a general meeting upon requisition by the stipulated minimum number of members.
As per Section 103 (2) (b) of the Companies Act, 2013, if the quorum is not present within
half an hour from the appointed time for holding a meeting of the company, the meeting, if
called on the requisition of members, shall stand cancelled. Therefore, the meeting stands
cancelled and the stand taken by the Board of Directors to adjourn it, is not proper.
(ii) As per section 94(2) of the Companies Act, the registers and their indices, except when they
are closed under the provisions of this Act, and the copies of all the returns shall be open for
inspection by any member, debenture-holder, other security holder or beneficial owner,
during business hours without payment of any fees and by any other person on payment of
such fees as may be prescribed.
Accordingly, a director Mr. Bheem, who is a shareholder of the company, has a right to inspect
the Register of Members during business hours without payment of any fees, as per the
provisions of this section
(c) According to section 27 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, where any legislation or regulation
requires any document to be served by post, then unless a different intention appears, the service
shall be deemed to be effected by:
(i) properly addressing
(ii) pre-paying, and
(iii) posting by registered post.
A letter containing the document to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be
delivered in the ordinary course of post.

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 Hence, where the where the notice could not be served on account of the fact that the house of Mr
P was found locked, it will be deemed that the notice was properly served as per the provisions of
Section 27 of the General Clauses Act, and it would be for Mr. P to prove that it was not really
served and that he was not responsible for such non- service.
(d) Principles of Grammatical Interpretation and Logical Interpretation: In order to ascertain the
meaning of any law/ statute the principles of Grammatical and Logical Interpretation is applied to
conclude the real meaning of the law and the intention of the legislature behind enacting it.
Grammatical interpretation concerns itself exclusively with the verbal expression of law. It does not
go beyond the letter of the law, whereas Logical interpretation on the other hand, seeks more
satisfactory evidence of the true intention of the legislature.
5. (a) The problem as asked in the question is governed by Section 58 of the Companies Act, 2013
dealing with the refusal to register transfer and appeal against refusal.
In the present case the company has committed the wrongful act of not sending the notice of refusal
of registering the transfer of shares.
Under section 58 (4), if a public company without sufficient cause refuses to register the transfer
of securities within a period of thirty days from the date on which the instrument of transfer is
delivered to the company, the transferee may, within a period of sixty days of such refusal or where
no intimation has been received from the company, within ninety days of the delivery of the
instrument of transfer, appeal to the Tribunal.
Section 58 (5) further provides that the Tribunal, while dealing with an appeal made under sub -
section (4), may, after hearing the parties, either dismiss the appeal, or by order—
(a) direct that the transfer or transmission shall be registered by the company and the company
shall comply with such order within a period of ten days of the receipt of the order; or
(b) direct rectification of the register and also direct the company to pay damages, if any,
sustained by any party aggrieved;
In the present case Ms. Mukta can make an appeal before the tribunal and claim damages.
(b) Section 83 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides powers to the registrar to make entries with
respect to the satisfaction and release of charges where no intimation has been received by him
from the company.
(i) The Registrar may, on evidence being given to his satisfaction with respect to any registered
charge-
(a) that the debt for which the charge was given has been paid or satisfied in whole or in
part; or
(b) that part of the property or undertaking charged has been released from the charge or
has ceased to form part of the company’s property or undertaking,
- enter in the register of charges a memorandum of satisfaction in whole or in part, or of
the fact that part of the property or undertaking has been released from the charge or
has ceased to form part of the company’s property or undertaking, as the case may be,
despite the fact that no intimation has been received by him from the company.
(ii) The Registrar shall inform the affected parties within thirty days of making the entry in the
register of charges kept under section 81(1).
According to the Companies (Registration of Charges) Rules, 2014 with respect to the
satisfaction of charge-
(1) A company shall within a period of thirty days from the date of the payment or satisfaction
6

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 in full of any charge registered, give intimation of the same to the Registrar along with
the fee.
(2) Where the Registrar enters a memorandum of satisfaction of charge in full in pursuance
of section 82 or 83, he shall issue a certificate of registration of satisfaction of charge.
(c) An agent has authority, in an emergency, to do all such acts for the purpose of protecti ng his
principal from loss as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under
similar circumstances.
To constitute a valid agency in an emergency, following conditions must be satisfied.
(i) Agent should not be a in a position or have any opportunity to communicate with his principal
within the time available.
(ii) There should have been actual and definite commercial necessity for the agent to act
promptly.
(iii) The agent should have acted bonafide and for the benefit of the principal.
(iv) The agent should have adopted the most reasonable and practicable course under the
circumstances, and
(v) The agent must have been in possession of the goods belonging to his principal and which
are the subject of contract.
(d) “Good Faith” [Section 3(22) of the General Clauses Act, 1897]: A thing shall be deemed to be
done in “good faith” where it is in fact done honestly, whether it is done negligently or not;
The question of good faith under the General Clauses Act is one of fact. It is to determine with
reference to the circumstances of each case. The term “Good faith” has been defined differently in
different enactments. This definition of the good faith does not apply to that enactment which
contains a special definition of the term “good faith” and there the definition given in that particular
enactment has to be followed. This definition may be applied only if there is nothing repugnant in
subject or context, and if that is so, the definition is not applicable.

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