Bic Safety Manual 022018 Final

Trade
Waste
Safety
Manual
Introduction
To All Trade Waste Companies:
The mission of the City of New York Business Integrity Com-

mission (BIC) has expanded since its creation 22 years ago. While
our primary mission continues to be to remove and keep out any
form of corruption from the industries we regulate, our focus has
expanded to include safety in the trade waste industry.
It is my pleasure to release the “Trade Waste Safety Manual,”

a guide that every private carting company in the city, both large and
small, can use as a starting point to develop its own robust safety
program. To provide you with some context for the creation of the
manual, BIC is an integral member of the City’s Commercial Waste
Zone Advisory Board and the Mayor’s Vision Zero Task Force. In
September 2016, the New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY)
and BIC brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to begin
the conversation about developing a commercial waste zone collec-
tion plan. During that meeting, one thing everyone agreed on was
that making the trade waste industry safer for all New Yorkers was an
effort that could and should begin immediately. To that end, BIC and
DSNY formed the Commercial Waste Zone Collection Safety Working
Group (Working Group), and invited everyone from that initial stake-
holder meeting to participate. In addition to members of City govern-
ment, the group includes members of the trade waste industry, union
leaders, and environmental and traffic safety advocates. I would like
to thank all the members of the Working Group for their assistance
and expertise during the development of the manual.
Safety is everyone’s issue. We appreciate all of your efforts

to make the trade waste industry safer. This manual is only the first
step. With your help, BIC will continue to develop training materials
and increase oversight. Together, we can help the City achieve its
Vision Zero goal of ending traffic-related deaths and injuries in New
York City.
Daniel D. Brownell
Commissioner and Chair
2 INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPING YOUR SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM
Who, What, Where, and How
Welcome to the Trade Waste Safety Manual! Think of this manual as an

outline of important safety topics that you can use as a starting point to
develop your own safety program at your company. It covers important
laws and rules, as well as industry best practices. However, the man-
ual’s purpose is not to provide legal advice or to be a comprehensive
guide to all the laws and rules that are applicable to trade waste com-
panies operating in NYC. You should develop your own safety policies
and programming based on your company's operations.
Q: Who do I provide safety training to?
A: All of your workers – supervisors, drivers, mechanics, and

helpers alike. Drivers and helpers work as a team and, if qualified,
may on occasion need to step into the other's role on short notice.
Prepare your workers to operate safely in both roles.
Q: What topics do I cover in a safety training program?
A: Think about your operations step by step – from the moment

your workers arrive for their shifts until they go home. The Safety
Manual is great place to start. It covers essential safety topics like
personal protective equipment, proper lifting, collision avoidance,
and safe hopper operation.
Q: Where is the best setting to conduct safety trainings?
A: Provide a combination of “classroom” and hands-on training.

For example, you may want to talk through proper lifting proce-
dures with a hand-out, but then ask your workers to demonstrate
what they learned.
TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 3

Introduction
Q: When should my company provide safety training to its workers?
A: Frequently! Create a culture of safety. Make safety part of “how

we do things here.” Have monthly or weekly safety meetings with
your team. Additionally, there are many other times you should
train your staff. For example:
• When your company hires a new worker.

• When a worker takes on a new role or responsibility.
• When a worker returns from a leave of absence.
• When your company buys new equipment, controls,
or other technology.
• After a worker is involved in a “near miss” collision.
• After a worker is involved in a collision or other serious
safety infraction.
Q: How do I create an effective training program?
A: This manual is a great place to start. Here are some things to

consider when building an effective safety training program:
• Commit to Safety
Owners’ and supervisors’ behavior should reflect that
safety is a priority and an integral part of how the company
operates.
• Reward Safe Behavior
Acknowledge your workers knowledge and skill by giving
praise to workers who have a clean safety record.
• Keep Communication Respectful
Supervisors should coach workers how to improve by
providing constructive criticism, not put-downs. Clear
guidance and examples are helpful ways to do this.
• Make training engaging
Use visuals and have hands-on components to the trainings.

Make your training sessions fun – after you go over a section,
take a group quiz or have a discussion where your employees tell
stories of their experiences. If you have cameras on your trucks,
use footage to learn from real-life situations and start discussions.
4 INTRODUCTION
1.
1.
Safe Start to the Day
6 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day

1.
WORKER READINESS
Rest: Because most commercial refuse and recycling collection

happens late at night to early morning, during the body’s natural sleep
period, drivers have an increased risk of being drowsy. Drowsy driving
can slow reaction time and impair judgment not unlike using drugs
or alcohol.
• Help your drivers plan to get seven to eight hours of sleep

before driving their shift.
• Host a free or low-cost sleep apnea screening.
• For more information on drowsy driving visit:
www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep
Important note: If your drivers operate trucks with a gross weight of

10,001 or more pounds, Federal and New York State regulations limit
when and how long your drivers may operate those trucks. Know the
rules. Visit the U.S. Dept. of Transportation’s Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration’s (FMCSA) website, www.fmcsa.dot.gov, and the
New York State Dept. of Transportation’s (NYS DOT) website at www.
dot.ny.gov.
Medication: Drivers taking medication must check with a doctor

to ensure the medication will not impair their ability to operate heavy
machinery.¹ If the medication has side effects, like drowsiness, it is
not safe to operate the truck as either a driver or a helper.
• Both drivers and helpers should report all medications, both

over- the-counter and prescriptions, to their supervisors.
Drugs and Alcohol: Illegal drugs and alcohol should be banned For alcohol and substance abuse prevention,
treatment, and recovery resources visit:
from the workplace. Under no circumstances should drivers operate www.oasas.ny.gov.
trucks while under the influence of drugs or alochol. Most importantly,
FMCSA and NYS DOT regulations prohibit commercial vehicle drivers
from consuming any alcohol within four hours of the beginning of
their shift.²
8 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day
HAZARDS IN THE TRADE WASTE INDUSTRY
Train your staff to know the hazards they may face while working in Do not accessorize
the trade waste industry and how to reduce the risk of injury.
Identify these potential hazards for workers:
• Lifting heavy or sharp objects.

• Exposure to blood borne pathogens, sewage, and hazardous
chemicals.
• Extreme temperatures. Rings, necklaces, headphones, watches,
• Working in low visibility conditions near heavy traffic. bracelets, and even loose clothing can increase
the risk of injury and should not be worn on the
• Working with heavy equipment and hydraulics. collection route.
Discuss ways to prevent workplace accidents and injuries, and stress

the importance of the use of proper equipment.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential safety equipment. Make a good impression
PPE includes apparel such as reflective vests and other gear that is
worn to reduce exposure to workplace hazards, such as low visibility
at night.
PPE for drivers and helpers:
• ANSI Class II reflective outerwear such as a reflective vest, shirt,

or other outerwear. Uniforms and PPE should be clean, shirts should
be tucked in, and boots fully laced and tied. Your
• Pants or shorts secured with a belt. employees will not only look good, but will reduce
• Puncture-liquid-resistant gloves such as nitrile coated cloth or the risk of injury. Consider providing the option
for your employees to participate in a uniform
leather palm gloves. washing service.
• Steel toe or composite boots that cover the ankle rising to at
least 6 inches.
• Clear plastic goggles or a face shield.

1.
Important Note: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) requires employers to assess workplace hazards and to pro-
vide PPE at no cost to employees. Employers are also required to train
employees on the use and care of PPE.³ Drivers and helpers should not
be permitted to begin their collection route unless they are wearing the
appropriate PPE.
DVIR’S AND PRE-TRIP INSPECTIONS
At the beginning of every shift, the vehicle’s driver is required to review What’s a DVIR? Also known as a post-trip inspec-
tion, the DVIR is the record of the inspection of a
the previous day’s Driver Vehicle Inspection Report (DVIR) and then vehicle at the end of a shift. The DVIR identifies any
perform a pre-trip inspection. defects or deficiencies in any of the truck's parts
or accessories. See page 32 for more information
on DVIR.
If the DVIR does not

If DVIR lists defects
list any defects
The driver should make

sure the truck was re-
The driver must sign the paired and that the DVIR
DVIR certifying that he was signed by a me-
has reviewed it. chanic certifying that the
repair was made or was
not necessary.
After signing the previous day's DVIR, the driver can now begin the
pre-trip inspection. This is required before every trip, even if the same
driver completed the DVIR for the same vehicle at the end of the previ-
ous shift.
FMCSA and NYS DOT regulations require that drivers of a commercial

motor vehicle with a gross weight of 10,001 pounds or more conduct a
10 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day
pre-trip inspection to make sure the following parts and accessories Safety Matters
are in good working order before the vehicle is put into service:⁴
• Service brakes, including trailer brake connections.

• Parking/hand brake.
• Steering mechanism.
• Lighting devices and reflectors.
Pre-trip inspections keep your employees and
• Tires. New Yorkers safe. It is designed to reduce
• Horn. crashes, injuries, and fatalities by identifying
problems before the truck gets on the road.
• Windshield wipers.
• Rear vision mirrors.
• Coupling devices.
• Wheels and rims.
• Emergency equipment.
If the driver does not

find any defects If the driver notes defects
A mechanic must inspect

the truck and complete
The truck is the necessary repairs or
ready to be put certify the repairs are not
into service and the necessary. If the vehi-
driver can begin the cle cannot be repaired,
collection route. it must be taken out of
operation until the repair
can be completed.
Some Tips for Truck Inspection:
• A sample DVIR is provided in the back which can also be used as

a template to develop a pre-trip inspection.
• Make a binder for each truck’s pre-trip inspection sheets and
DVIRs and keep it in the truck.
• Help your workers develop a routine.They should conduct the
pre-and post-trip inspections the same way each time.

1.
FAQ
Q: I need to complete a collection route, but the only truck available
has been put out of service. If it is a small matter, can I put a downed
truck back into operation before the repair has been made?
A: No, never put completion of a route above driver and public

safety. After discovering any safety defect that can affect the safe
operation of a truck or result in a breakdown, you must down the
truck and not put it back into operation until the repair is made.
This is true even if the truck is needed to complete a collection
route.
If at all possible, consider having a spare truck that can be put into
operation if you need to down a truck. Also, encourage your drivers to
identify and report any defects immediately. Fixing a problem early on
can save you money, time, and lives.
Q: What are some examples of defects that affect the safe operation of
a vehicle?
A: Anything from a small problem like a broken seat belt to the

truck not starting will constitute the need to down the vehicle.
Encourage vigilant reporting to avoid an unexpected repair.
Q: What should supervisors do while drivers are completing the

pre-trip inspections?
A: Supervisors should make sure drivers properly complete their

pre-trip inspections by monitoring the reports regularly. Supervi-
sors should also perform spot checks before the trucks leave for
the night and after the trucks get on the road. If the supervisor
sees a driver skipping part of the pre-trip inspection, the supervi-
sor should have a one-on-one conversation with the driver about
how important a pre-trip inspection is to everyone’s safety, includ-
ing the driver’s.
12 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day
NOTES:

1.
2.
On the Collection Route
14 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day

2.
NEW YORK STATE TRAFFIC LAWS

All drivers must obey all NYS and NYC traffic laws. Here are some that
should be emphasized in training sessions:
Seat belt use: All drivers and front seat passengers must wear their
seat belts.⁵ There are no exceptions to this law! Please note: each
truck must have a seatbelt for every member of the crew.
Cell phone use: NYS law prohibits using a cell phone while driving.⁶
For supervisors: consider banning cell phones from the route or requir-
ing that they are kept in the glove box during the route. Studies show
that even hands free cell phone use is distracting.⁷
Did You Know? New York City employees are
No rear step riding: Helpers are not allowed to ride on the rear not allowed to use cell phones, even hands free,
when driving.
step of the truck on any public roadways.⁸
BE SMART OUT THERE!

Train your drivers and helpers to prioritize the following tips: Helpers' Role
The helper is the driver’s second set of
eyes. While in the cab, the helper should
• Use the three point system: Use three points of contact - two be scanning the road and alerting the
hands and one foot or one hand and two feet - when entering driver of any obstacles.
and exiting the cab of the truck.
• Rock before you roll: Utilize the mirror’s full range of view by
moving in your seat. Check the mirrors every 3-5 seconds
while driving.
• Don’t get blocked: Maximize your field of vision by keeping the
dash clear. Check that hoodies or hats don’t obstruct your vision.
Do not wear headphones or Bluetooth devices; they can prevent
you from hearing warning signals.
• Public interaction: Limit interactions with the public to respectful
greetings. As you know, drivers stopped behind your collection
truck get frustrated and may make angry or aggressive com-
ments. Your best bet is to de-escalate the situation by not
responding. If you are in danger, call your dispatch and 911.
• See Something – Say Something: As collection workers, you are
in the same neighborhoods every day and know what is nor-
mal and what isn’t. If you see something suspicious or discover
weapons or hazardous materials, call 911 immediately.
16 STEP 2
On the
Collection Route
Large trucks have been exploited by terrorists in ramming-style attacks.

Use these tips to safeguard your equipment:
• Lock all doors when exiting the cab.

• Never leave keys unattended.
• Never leave a truck running when the driver is not
in the driver’s seat.
TOP TIPS TO AVOID COLLISIONS
Provide robust collision avoidance training to your employees that Enroll your employees in a NYS DMV approved
collision prevention course.
emphasizes urban driving. This training should cover defensive driving
techniques and include sharing the road with cyclists and pedestrians.
In addition, include these topics:
• 25 mph: The speed limit on most NYC streets is 25 mph. As a

larger, heavier truck, you must drive slowly to make it easier to
stop and avoid collisions. Find providers at: www.dmv.ny.gov/pirp/classroom
• Use the six-second rule: Keep a distance between you and the
truck in front of you of SIX SECONDS when moving. Remember,
the heavier the truck – the longer it will take to stop.
• Consider the conditions: Leave extra room between yourself and
vehicles in front of you when the truck is full and when the roads
are wet or icy. Be aware of strong winds.
• Look on all sides: Be aware of your surroundings and leave room
for yourself to maneuver on the roadway.
Stopping Distance At 25 mph
Driver Reaction (yards)

9.33 20.67
25 mph yards yards
Braking Distance (yards)

2.
Potential Hazards
• Pedestrians crossing mid-block.

• Cyclists riding parallel to trucks.
• Abrupt stops or turns by other vehicles.
• Sudden lane change by another driver, or drifting into your lane.
• Being tailgated.
• Getting boxed in.
Important Actions
• Continually scan mirrors and surroundings for pedestrians, In Heavy Traffic?

cyclists, and approaching vehicles. The most important space is in front
of your truck. Give yourself at least
• Stay alert and observe other drivers' behavior. 25 feet between you and the vehicle
• Stay in the right-hand lane. in front.
• Stay centered in lane.
• Maintain a safe speed and following distance.
• Slow down to increase distance between you and vehicles in
front or to avoid being boxed in.
INTERSECTIONS AND TURNS
In NYC, a majority of fatal pedestrian crashes involving trade waste Rock Before You Roll
trucks have occurred in intersections. Your training program must
emphasize safety at intersections. Here are some tips to include in
your training:
• If you are stopped: When the signal turns green, pause! Check
your mirrors and scan the intersection for pedestrians, cyclists, Move forward, back, and side to side to utilize
and other trucks. Helpers should do the same. your full range of vision in your mirrors.
• If you are driving through: Cover your brake. Never accelerate

through an intersection. Both the driver and helper should check
corners for pedestrians, cyclist and other trucks.
18 STEP 2
On the
Collection Route
• If you are turning: Prepare for each turn carefully.
1. Use your turn signal to indicate to others your intention.

2. Slow down early.
3. Expect pedestrians in the crosswalk.
4. Check for cyclists as you approach the turn. Remember
that a bicyclist traveling straight has the right-of-way.
5. Turns must be made slowly – 5 mph is the recommended
speed for all turns.
Left-hand turn tips Right-hand turn tips
• Drive to center of • Turn wide as you

intersection before complete the turn,
starting the turn. not as you start
the turn.
• If there are two turn
lanes, use the right-
most turn lane.
• Do not try to beat

oncoming traffic.
BACKING UP
NYS traffic law states that no one should back up unless it is safe to
do so and traffic will not be blocked.⁹ You should train your drivers to
avoid backing up altogether. If they miss a collection stop, they should
go around the block. Pedestrians have been struck and killed by trade
waste trucks backing up.
If your drivers find themselves in a position where they must back up,
train them to do the following:
• Never back up through an intersection for any reason.

• Never back up with someone on the rear step.
• If a helper is present, have the helper assist.

2.
Backing up with a helper
• Review your hand signals.

1. Stop = cross both arms above head.
2. Turn = point one arm to indicate the direction to turn,
bend other arm repeatedly towards head to indicate
continued turning.
3. Backward = raise arms with bent elbow so that fingers
face the sky, bend both arms towards head and chest and
then extend repeatedly.
• The helper should position himself at the rear of the truck and
inspect the intended path.
• Wait until the helper is ready to direct your movement.
• The helper should establish and maintain eye contact with the
driver, remain visible at all times, and immediately signal to the
driver to stop if someone enters the truck’s intended path.
• The driver should frequently check mirrors, and obey the helper’s
directions. Always back up slowly, and be ready to stop.
Backing up without a helper
• Exit your truck and conduct a visual inspection of the intended

path.
• Back up slowly and avoid backing up towards the passenger
side where there is increased obstructed vision.
• As you back up, frequently check all mirrors.
• If in doubt, stop and get out!
20 STEP 2
On the
Collection Route
SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR TRUCKS
Safety equipment technology and truck design can greatly improve

public and worker safety. In addition to what is required by state and
federal law, you may choose to incorporate additional equipment to
improve the safety of your operations.
Industry Best
Aspirational
Standard Practices
Industry standard items Best Practices are items Aspirational items are
are those that are either that industry leaders strong- technologies that are worth
required by law or industry ly recommend you incorpo- exploring to find out how
leaders consider essential rate in your operations. they can improve safety at
to safe operation. your company.
• All safety equipment • Warning decals (e.g. Slow • 360° cameras

required by the FMCSA Down to Get Around) • Collision avoidance
and NYS laws and • Bottom of hopper painted technology
regulations¹⁰, including with reflective paint • Pedestrian alert technology
seat belts, cross-over and • High vision truck cabs
other mirrors, reflectors, • On-board computer and
headlights and other GPS
lamps, service and • Back-up camera
emergency brakes • Automated toters/tippers
• Sideguards¹¹
• Emergency stop button
• Audible back-up alert
• LED hopper lights
• Strobe lights
• Reflective tape and logos
• Hydraulic safety latches

2.
FAQ
Q: Does a helper riding in the cab need to wear a seatbelt between

each stop?
A: Yes. All front seat passengers must wear seat belts.
Q: Can helpers use the rear step if they follow ANSI guidelines?
A: No, NYS traffic law prohibits riding on the rear step under any
conditions on public roadways.
Q: What do I do if my truck does not meet industry standards?
A: Some items listed under Industry Standard are strong recom-

mendations; however, some items are required by federal, state,
or local law. If your vehicle is not equipped with the items required
by law, talk to a mechanic about making the necessary repairs to
bring your vehicle into compliance with these requirements. If you
operate your truck and are not in compliance with safety laws, you
are not only breaking the law, but putting your workers and the
public at risk.
22 STEP 2
On the
Collection Route
NOTES:

1.
3.
Safe Collection Stops
24 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day

3.
Training your operators to think about safety during stops is very im-
portant. Include the following practices in your safe collection stops
training:
SAFE STOPS
When approaching a collection stop:
• As you slow down, indicate you are about to stop by using the
turn signal, strobe lights, or 4-way flashers. Pedestrians, cyclists,
and motorists need to know what to expect.
• Both the driver and helper should scan all mirrors to check for
bicyclists and other vehicles.
• Don’t back up! If you miss a collection stop on your route, go
around the block.
PROPER LIFTING
To reduce the risk of injury from lifting heavy objects, keep the following
in mind:
• Take a moment to examine the load and surrounding area. If

the bag is ripped or the load is too heavy, too large, or too
Do not rest bags on your legs to help you lift
awkward, stop and get help. the load into the hopper. Doing so increases
• Keep a wide base of support. Straddle the load with feet your risk of laceration or puncture wounds
from sharp debris inside the bag.
shoulder-width apart and facing the direction you want to go.
• Bend your knees and hips and keep your back straight by
looking up.
• Lift slowly by straightening hips and knees while maintaining a
firm, balanced grip on the load.
• Position load as close as possible without resting bags or
containers directly on your body.
• Use smooth, controlled movements and avoid twisting.
26 STEP 3
Safe Collection
Stops
CONTAINER MANAGEMENT
Use these tips if the collection route includes servicing locations

with containers.
Emptying a container into a rear-loading waste collection truck:
• Cycle the hopper to make sure it is empty before lifting

the container.
• Inspect the container for damage – make sure the trunnion
Remind employees to report damaged con-
bar or side bar “ears” are not damaged. tainers so they can be repaired or replaced.
• Attach the trunnion bar to the pivot plate. Always use Attempting to tip a damaged container may
result in serious injury.
safety latches.
• Never place hands on the “ears” of the container – doing
so may lead to hand or finger injuries.
Picking up a roll-on/roll-off container: If your company uses front-loading trucks

in the fleet, consider developing a separate
protocol to safely tip these containers in
• Inspect container for damage. order to keep your employees safe.
• Properly align container guide rollers with container.
• Check that the hook or other lifting attachment device is
securely attached prior to lift.
• Attach container hold-down strap and cover container.
HOPPER CYCLING
Tips for safely cycling the hopper:
• Make sure you are distraction free. No headphone or

Bluetooth devices – even if they are off.
• No jewelry or loose clothing – the hopper could catch these
Check surroundings before operating and be
and pull you in. mindful of members of the public in the area.
• Use caution and keep hands clear.
• Always stand to the side of the truck when cycling the hopper.
If you stand directly behind the truck, you can be struck by the
debris that is being crushed.
• Use extreme caution when cycling large or bulky items, as they
may eject from the hopper.

3.
FAQ
Q: How do I know if I’m lifting correctly?
A: When you use proper lifting form, you will feel the lift in your leg
and hip muscles. You should not feel pain when lifting.
Q: When should I ask for help when lifting heavy objects?
A: Ask for help if you are not sure that you can safely lift or move
the object.
Q: If a container gets “stuck” in the hopper, what should I do?
A: Do not attempt to un-jam the container by yourself. Ask a

supervisor for help.
Q: When should I cycle the hopper?
A: In most cases, the best practice is to cycle the hopper before it

is halfway full. This reduces the risk of objects being propelled out
of the hopper.
Q: What should my employees do if a container is unsafe to tip?
A: Do not tip a container unless it can be done safely. If necessary

repair the container before servicing the stop.
Q: In addition to damage to the container “ears,” what type of damage

should I ask my employees to report?
A: Ask your employees to report any damage to the container,

including broken wheels, bent trunnion bars, and rust or rot.
It is important to keep containers well-maintained – doing so
will help avoid injuries. Your employees should never tip a
damaged container.
28 STEP 3
Safe Collection
Stops
NOTES:

1.
4.
End of the Shift
30 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day

4.
Train your employees that a safety routine at the end of a shift and in
the garage or yard is just as important as when they are out in the field.
DRIVER VEHICLE INSPECTION REPORT
At the end of each shift, FMCSA and NYS DOT regulations require
drivers to complete a written Driver Vehicle Inspection Report (DVIR).¹²
This report must identify the truck and list any defects that would affect
the safety of operation or result in a breakdown. At a minimum, the
report must cover the same parts and accessories covered under the
pre-trip inspection. Managers may also want to include a comment
section on this form. It allows the driver to make notes and summarize
items that do not pass the inspection. Flip to the back to see a sample
DVIR.
What happens if the driver finds a defect?

If the driver identifies a defect that is likely to affect the safety of the
truck's operation, it must be repaired before the truck can be put back
on the road. The mechanic who repairs the defect must certify that he
either made the repair or that the repair is not necessary by signing the
inspection report. After any necessary repairs have been made, the
truck can be put back on the road.
Who has to sign the DVIR?

Both the driver at the end of the shift and the driver who will operate
the truck during the next shift must sign the DVIR. Your mechanic is
required to sign the DVIR when a defect is listed to either certify the
necessary repairs have been made or that the defect does not affect
the safe operation of the truck.
End of shift tips for your drivers:
• By the end of a shift, the hopper may have been cycled up to 100
times. Perform a thorough inspection of the hopper and hydrau-
lics as part of your DVIR.
Safety Meetings are Key: Get everyone
• Cleaning out the cab and vacuuming the floor at the end of the together at the start of a shift to go over the
shift keeps the dash clear and prevents debris from building up pre-trip inspection and DVIR. This will remind
everyone why these steps are so important.
under the brake pedal.
32 STEP 4
End of
the Shift
GARAGE AND YARD SAFETY
As you train your staff, don’t forget about the time spent at the garage Garage Safety Equipment
or yard.
Make a Plan:
Develop methods to safely move trucks in and around the garage or
yard. This may include having regular traffic patterns and traffic direc-
tors, developing uniform hand signals to guide trucks through tight
spaces or blind corners, and requiring employees to wear high-visibility
Keep a defibrillator, first aid kit, fire extinguisher,
clothing when in the garage or yard. and safety data sheets accessible and with clear
signs marking their location. It is a good idea to
have an eye wash station.
Hazardous Materials:
Garages or yards can have anti-freeze, diesel or gasoline, grease,
hydraulic fluid, solvents, and other chemicals. Train your employees
on how to safely handle these hazardous materials and make the safety
data sheets (SDS) easily accessible at your garage or yard location.¹³
Safety Training:
Provide basic safety trainings such as fire safety, including how to use
fire extinguishers and emergency exits. Other topics, such as ladder
safety and truck lifts, as they apply, are important. If your garage or
yard is a fueling station, staff should be trained in safe fuel and storage
practices and spill prevention.
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
To keep your trucks running smoothly and safely, develop a preventa- Reminder: Always follow FMCSA regulations on
when to take an unsafe truck out of service.
tive maintenance schedule in addition to your daily pre-and post-trip
inspections. These regular checks should identify any needed main-
tenance. Either follow the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance
schedule or perform a “major” pre-trip inspection every 40 days.¹⁴
Use experienced mechanics who are familiar with the make and model
of your trucks. If you have your own mechanics on staff, provide fre-
quent training on new diagnostic technology and equipment.

4.
FAQ
Q: Where do I get safety data sheets (SDS) for hazardous materials?
A: OSHA rules require that the chemical manufacturer, distributor,

or importer provide an SDS for each hazardous chemical. The SDS
includes information about the hazards, protective measures, and
precautions for each chemical. Under OSHA rules, employers must
make sure SDS for all hazardous chemicals used in the workplace
are easily accessible to all employees. For more information visit
www.osha.gov.
Q: I’m a very small company. Do I still need to complete DVIRs?
A: Depending on the number of trucks your company uses, you

may not be required to complete a DVIR. However, even if you are
not required by law, completing the DVIR will help keep all New
Yorkers safer on the roads. For more information about DOT and
FMCSA regulations, please visit www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operat-
ing/osss/truck and www.fmcsa.dot.gov.
Q: My driver identifies a safety defect on the DVIR. My mechanic says

nothing is wrong. What do I do?
A: If your mechanic inspects the truck and finds that nothing is

wrong or that the defect does not affect the safe operation of the
vehicle, the mechanic must sign the DVIR certifying that no repair
was needed. After your mechanic does this, the truck can be put
back into operation.
34 STEP 4
End of
the Shift
NOTES:

1.
5.
When Things Go Wrong
36 STEP 1
Safe Start
to the Day

5.
The goal of a comprehensive safety training is to prevent collisions

and work-related injuries. However, in the event that there is an incident
that results in dangerous conditions, an injury or a fatality, your staff
should be prepared to respond quickly.
BREAKDOWNS
Train your employees to follow these steps to keep themselves and the
public safe in the event of a truck breakdown:
• Pull over out of the flow of traffic when possible.

• Maximize visibility: turn on your four-way flashers and put
out an emergency triangle.
• Call dispatch for assistance as soon as your vehicle is stopped
and safely secured.
• Turn off hydraulic valves if you are able to do so safely.
However, do not put yourself in danger.
• Keep members of the public away from the vehicle.
COLLISIONS
Collision scene best practices:
Be prepared!
Train drivers and helpers how to respond to collisions. Keep the follow-
ing equipment in the truck:
Emergency Triangle Spill Kit Emergency Kit Fire Extinguisher
Emergency Cell Phone Collision Packet Truck Tools
38 STEP 5
When Things
Go Wrong
PREPARE A COLLISION PACKET
This should include a step-by-step guide for the driver and helper to
follow in the event of a crash, helpful phone numbers like company
supervisors and utility providers, a company contact card to provide
to the other parties involved in the crash, vehicle regristration and
insurance card, and a camera to document the collision.
If you are involved in a serious collision: If there is only property damage:

Exchange information such as driver’s
license, insurance, registration and if
• Stay calm and immediately call 911. damage is over $1,000 file an NYS
Accident Report (Form MV-104) within
• Stay at the scene and set up your emergency triangle. 10 days.
• Position yourself in a safe location.
• Contact dispatch.
• Provide company contact information to other parties.
• Wait for NYPD to arrive.
Important note: Under certain circumstances after a collision,

drivers are required by FMCSA and NYS DOT regulations to undergo
drug and alcohol testing. Here are the circumstances in which you
must test your driver under these rules:¹⁵
Type of Injury Citation Issued Test Must Be

or Damage as to the CMV Performed by
Result of Crash Driver Employer
Human Fatality No Yes
Bodily Injury With

Immediate Medical
Treatment Away From Yes Yes
the Scene
Bodily Injury With

Immediate Medical
Treatment Away From No No
the Scene
Disabling Damage to Any

Motor Vehicle Requiring Yes Yes
Tow Away
Disabling Damage to Any

Motor Vehicle Requiring No No
Tow Away

5.
If the driver tests positive or refuses the test, the driver is subject
to additional drug and alcohol testing. For more information about
FMCSA and NYS DOT required drug and alcohol testing, visit
www.fmcsa.dot.gov and www.dot.ny.gov.
Safety is Number One: Go above and beyond the FMCSA require-

ments. Administer a drug and alcohol test to your drivers following
every collision that results in an injury or if you believe your driver
may have been at fault.
Important Note: No one wants to deal with a collision, but when one
happens, try to learn from it. Create a collision review team to analyze
collisions and how you can improve safety equipment and driver train-
ing to prevent future collisions.
FIRES
Train your staff to take the following measures:
Engine:
If you suspect there is an engine fire, pull over immediately, turn off
the engine, and engage the work brake. Keep the area around the truck
clear and assess the situation. Use a fire extinguisher to smother the
fire if you can do so safely.
If you are not able to smother the fire, move away from the vehicle and
call 911.
Hopper:
A fire in the hopper is a potentially volatile situation. If you suspect
there is a fire, do not cycle the hopper, as it could cause the truck
Not sure what to do? Call 911 and wait
to explode. for instructions from FDNY and NYPD.
It may become necessary to dump the load to control the fire, but
never dump the load if it contains hazardous material.
40 STEP 5
When Things
Go Wrong
ACCOUNTABILITY
Demonstrate to your employees that safety – their's and the commu-

nity’s – is your number one priority by rewarding safe behaviors and
coaching workers to improve unsafe ones.
Reward Safe Practices:

Show your appreciation by recognizing workers for a job well done.
Drivers who have safe driving records (one, five, ten, or fifteen years)
can be recognized or given a token of appreciation. When a worker
makes a suggestion that improves safety at your company, they should
be acknowledged and others should be trained in the practice.
Written Expectations:
It is important to provide clear directives for your workers and to devel-
op company-specific policies, in addition to following all federal, state,
and local laws. You should have a protocol that allows for a graduated
range of responses if your workers do not follow your rules. Here is a
good place to start:
1. Place safety infractions on a scale from preventable

to severe.
• Preventable may include clipping a mirror on a parked

car, but reporting it when returning from the shift.
• Events on the serious end of the scale are those that
include risk of loss of life or serious injury or serious
property damage.
• The most severe safety infractions include failure to
report a collision, a positive drug test, or behavior that
is grossly negligent or results in the loss of the
driver’s CDL.
2. Keep track of all safety infractions for each worker over a

rolling 12-month period, so you can detect patterns.

5.
3. Determine the appropriate response for each safety infraction

and communicate this system in advance. Some examples
of a progressive disciplinary system are:
• First step: Provide a verbal or written warning to

the worker and discuss how the unsafe behavior
can be corrected. You may choose to provide
multiple warnings.
• Second step: If the behavior persists or is serious, then
suspension or other monetary penalties like reduced pay
may be necessary.
• Third step: If behavior continues to persist or is severe,
termination may be necessary.
FAQ
Q: What utility company contact information should I include in my
collision packet?
A: Utility providers that service NYC are:
• Con Edison: 1-800-752-6633 (gas and electric);

1-800-914-9112 (steam)
• National Grid: 1-800-867-5222 (electric);
1-718-643-4050 (gas)
• PSEG Long Island (Rockaways): 1-800-490-0075
(electrical)
Q: What if my driver is involved in a collision with a parked vehicle or

other property is damaged?
A: If they are not able to locate the owner, they must contact
NYPD. Notify dispatch of the collision and leave a company con-
tact card so the owner can get in contact with your company.
42 STEP 5
When Things
Go Wrong
NOTES:

Personal Protective
Equipment
Workers must wear proper PPE to reduce
exposure to workplace hazards such as
low visibility at night.
Recommended:
Reflective Shirt Puncture Resistant

Gloves
Steel Toe Clear Plastic

Boots Goggles
Don't Cut Corners!
Turn With Caution
For safe turns:
1. Use your turn signal.

2. Expect pedestrians in the crosswalk.
3. Don't turn faster than 5 mph.
4. Look for cyclists before you turn.
Backing Up Can Kill!
Go Around the Block
If you are in a position where you absolutely
must back up:
With a Helper:
1. Review hand signals.

2. The helper should be at the
rear of the truck.
3. Check your mirrors and stay
in constant contact with
the helper.
By Yourself:
1. Exit the truck and check

surroundings.
2. Back up slowly and avoid
the passenger side which
has lower visibility.
Driver's Vehicle Inspection Report
Check Any Defective Item and Give Detail Under "Remarks."
Date:
Truck/Tractor No.
Air Compressor Horn Springs

Air Lines Lights Starter
Battery Head - Stop Steering
Brake Accessories Tail - Dash Tachograph
Brakes Turn Indicators Tires
Carburetor Mirrors Transmission
Clutch Muffler Wheels
Defroster Oil Pressure Windows
Drive Line On-Board Recorder Windshield Wipers
Engine Radiator Other
Fifth Wheel Rear End
Front Axle Reflectors
Fuel Tanks Safety Equipment
Heater Fire Extinguisher
Flags-Flares-Fuses
Spare Bulbs & Fuses
Spare Seal Beam
Trailer(s) No.(s)
Brake Connections Hitch Tarpaulin

Brakes Landing Tires
Coupling Chains Lights - All Wheels
Coupling (King) Pin Roof Other
Doors Springs
Remarks:
Condition of the above vehicle is satisfactory

Driver's Signature
Above defects corrected
Above defects need not be corrected for safe operation of vehicle
Mechanic's Signature Date
Driver's Signature Date

ENDNOTES
1. 49 C.F.R. § § 382, 391 and N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 17, § § 820.2, 820.3.
2. 49 C.F.R. § 382.207 and N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 17, § 820.2.
3. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132.
5. N.Y.S. Veh. & Traf. Law § 1229-c.
6. N.Y.S. Veh. & Traf. Law § 1225-c.
7. See National Safety Council, Understanding the Distracted Brain, White Paper (Apr., 2012), http://www.nsc.org/
DistractedDrivingDocuments/Cognitive-Distraction-White-Paper.pdf. See also, Centre for Accident Research & Road
Safety - Queensland, Mobile Phone Use and Distraction, (Sept., 2015), https://research.qut.edu.au/carrsq/wp-content/
uploads/sites/45/2017/12/Mobile-phone-distraction-email.pdf.
8. N.Y.S. Veh. & Traf. Law § 1233 (2).
9. N.Y.S. Veh. & Traf. Law § 1211 (a).
10. 49 C.F.R. § 393 and N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 17, § 820.5.
11. New York City Administrative Code § 16-526.
13. 29 C.F.R. 1910.1200 (g).
15. 49 CFR § 382.303 and N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 17, § 820.2.
www.nyc.gov/bic

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Trade

To All Trade Waste Companies:

The mission of the City of New York Business Integrity Com-

It is my pleasure to release the “Trade Waste Safety Manual,”

Safety is everyone’s issue. We appreciate all of your efforts

Welcome to the Trade Waste Safety Manual! Think of this manual as an

Q: Who do I provide safety training to?

A: All of your workers – supervisors, drivers, mechanics, and

Q: What topics do I cover in a safety training program?

A: Think about your operations step by step – from the moment

Q: Where is the best setting to conduct safety trainings?

A: Provide a combination of “classroom” and hands-on training.

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 3

Q: When should my company provide safety training to its workers?

A: Frequently! Create a culture of safety. Make safety part of “how

• When your company hires a new worker.

Q: How do I create an effective training program?

A: This manual is a great place to start. Here are some things to

Use visuals and have hands-on components to the trainings.

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 7

Rest: Because most commercial refuse and recycling collection

• Help your drivers plan to get seven to eight hours of sleep

Important note: If your drivers operate trucks with a gross weight of

Medication: Drivers taking medication must check with a doctor

• Both drivers and helpers should report all medications, both

HAZARDS IN THE TRADE WASTE INDUSTRY

Identify these potential hazards for workers:

• Lifting heavy or sharp objects.

Discuss ways to prevent workplace accidents and injuries, and stress

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PPE for drivers and helpers:

• ANSI Class II reflective outerwear such as a reflective vest, shirt,

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 9

Important Note: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

DVIR’S AND PRE-TRIP INSPECTIONS

If the DVIR does not

The driver should make

FMCSA and NYS DOT regulations require that drivers of a commercial

• Service brakes, including trailer brake connections.

If the driver does not

A mechanic must inspect

Some Tips for Truck Inspection:

• A sample DVIR is provided in the back which can also be used as

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 11

A: No, never put completion of a route above driver and public

A: Anything from a small problem like a broken seat belt to the

Q: What should supervisors do while drivers are completing the

A: Supervisors should make sure drivers properly complete their

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 13

TRADE WASTE SAFETY MANUAL 15

NEW YORK STATE TRAFFIC LAWS

BE SMART OUT THERE!

Large trucks have been exploited by terrorists in ramming-style attacks.

• Lock all doors when exiting the cab.

TOP TIPS TO AVOID COLLISIONS

• 25 mph: The speed limit on most NYC streets is 25 mph. As a

Stopping Distance At 25 mph

Driver Reaction (yards)