Chem i str y | 19.

29

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards = 400 × 10–12 m

(1 pm = 10–12 m)
Example 1: Both diamond and rhombic (solid) sulphur
= 400 × 10–10 cm
are covalent solids, however, the latter has very low
m.pt. in comparison to diamond. Explain. Volume of unit cell
= (400 × 10–10 cm)3
Sol: Value of Boiling point and melting point depends
on intermolecular force of attraction. By taking into = 64 × 10–24 cm3
consideration the forces that help the two structure
Number of atoms (n) in the fcc unit cell = 4
(diamond and sulphur) to hold together, answer the
question. 4 × 60
∴ Density =
Diamond has three dimensional covalent network and 6.023 × 1023 × 64 × 10−24
strong intermolecular forces whereas rhombic sulphur   = 6.23 g cm–3
has one dimensional covalent network with puckered
eight membered ring held together by weak van der
Waals’ forces. Example 4: The figures given below show the location
of atoms is three crystallographic planes in a fcc lattice.
Draw the unit cell for the corresponding structure and
Example 2: Calculate the number (n) of atoms contained identify these planes in your diagram.
within (a) simple cubic cell (b) a body centred cubic cell
(c) a face centred cubic cell.

Sol: (a) The simple cubic unit cell has 8 atoms at eight
corners. Each atom is shared by 8 unit cells.
1 (i) (ii)
∴ n =8 × =1
8
(b) The body centred cubic cell consists of 8 atoms at
the corners and one atom at centre.
 1 (iii)
∴ n = 8 ×  + 1 = 2
 8
Sol: (i) Face plane,
(c) The face centred cubic unit cell consists of 8 atoms at
(ii) Face diagonal plane and
the eight corners and one atom at each of the six faces.
This atom at the face is shared by two unit cells. (iii) Diagonal plane
1  1
∴ n =8× + 6 ×  = 4
8  2 Example 5: Ferric oxide crystallizes in a hexagonal
closed packed array of oxide ions, with two out of every
Example 3: An element having atomic mass 60 has face three octahedral holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive
centred cubic unit cells. The edge length of the unit cell the formula of the ferric oxide.
is 400 pm. Find out density of the element.
Sol: Hexagonal close packing has an array of oxide ions,
Sol: From the edge length determine the volume of unit where two out of three octahedral holes occupied by Fe3+
cell as, Volume =a3 ions has one octahedral void or holes corresponding to
each atom constituting the close packing. In iron oxide
Density can be determined using the following
only 2/3 of octahedral holes are occupied by Fe3+ ions.
expression that relates density with edge length.
It means corresponding to each oxide ion, there are 2/3
4 × Mw
ρ= Fe3+ ions. Thus, molecular formula of iron oxide is Fe2O3.
NA × a3 × 10−30
Edge length of unit cell = 400 pm
 1 9 . 3 0 | Solid State

Example 6: The structure of CsCl is different from NaCl, Area (of base) of unit cell in hcp
though both have the similar formula. Explain.
= 6 3r 2 (Follow text)
Sol: CsCl has radius ratio ≥ 0.732 and shows cubic Height of unit cell in hcp
arrangement, whereas radius of NaCl is < 0.732 and has 2
octahedral arrangement. = 4r × (follow text)
3
6 × 4 πr 3
Example 7: Calculate the wavelength of X-rays, which ∴ Packing fraction =
2
produces a different angle 2θ equal to 16.80º for a 3 × 6 3r 2 × 4r ×
3
crystal. Assume first order diffraction with inter particle π
distance in crystal of 0.2 nm. = = 0.74 or 74%
3 2
Sol: using Bragg’s equation, =
nλ 2dsin θ Thus, empty space in hcp =
1 − 0.74 =
0.26 or 26%
Calculate the Wavelength.
Given, n = 1, d = 0.2 × 10–9 m,
JEE Advanced/Boards
16.80
=θ = 8.40º
2 Example 1: Metallic gold crystallizes in the face-
2 × 0.2 × 10 −9 sin8.4 centred cubic lattice. The length of the cubic unit cell
Thus, λ= = 5.84 × 10–11 m is a = 4.070 Å.
1
(a) What is the closest distance between gold atoms?
Example 8: Explain, why solids with F-centres are
(b) How many ‘nearest neighbours’ does each gold
paramagnetic?
atom have at the distance calculated in (a)?
Sol: Solids containing F-centres are paramagnetic (c) What is the density of gold?
because the electrons occupying the holes are unpaired.
(d) Prove that the packing factor for gold, the fraction
of the total volume occupied by the atoms themselves,
Example 9: A fcc lattice cube is formed by atoms A and is 0.74.
B. If atom A is present at the corner of the cube and the
atom B at the faces of the cube. Find out the formula of Sol: (a) In fcc, a = 2 2 r
the compound. a
∴ 2r =
Sol: Contribution of atom ‘A’ at eight corners of the 2
cube 2r is closest distance between two atom.
1 4.070
= × 8 = 1 atom ∴ 2r
= = 2.878 Å.
8 1.414
1
Contribution of atom at each face = atom D
2
E
∴
The atom ‘B’ at six faces of the cube a G B
1 F
= × 6 = 3 atom
2 C A
∴ Formula of the compound = AB3
a
a
Example 10: A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice
containing a sequence of layers of ABABAB ............ Any (b) The problem is to find how many face centers are
packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What equidistant from a corner atom. Point A in figure may
percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? be taken as the reference corner atom. In that same
4 3 figure, B is one of the face-center points at the nearest
6× πr distance to A. In plane ABD in the figure, there are
Sol: Packing fraction in hcp = 3
Volume three other points equally close to A: the centers of the
6 × 4 πr 3 squares in the upper right, lower left, and lower right
=
3 × Area × Height quadrants of the plane, measured around A. Plane ACE,
 Chem i str y | 19.31

parallel to the plane of the paper, also has points in the Dividing dFCC and dBCC
centers of each of the squares in the four quadrants
around A. Also, plane ACF, perpendicular to the plane dFCC 4 (3)3
= × = 2 × 0.6297 = 1.259
of the paper, has points in the centers of each of the dBCC 2 (3.5)3
squares in the four quadrants around A. Thus there are
12 nearest neighbors in all, the number expected for a Example 3: You are given some marbles with a diameter
close-packed structure. of 10mm. They are to be placed such that their centres
The same result would have been obtained by counting are lying in a square bond by four lines each of length
the nearest neighbours around B, a face-centered point. 40 mm. What will be the arrangements of marbles in
a plane so that maximum number of marbles can be
(c) In fcc, n = 4, M = 197 g mol-1 placed inside the area? Sketch the diagram and derive
a = 4.070 Å = 4.070 × 10-10 cm expression for the number of molecules per unit area.

n×M 4 × 197 Sol: Area of square having spherical marbles in it

density = =
( )
3 3
NA .a 6.022 × 1023 × 4.07 × 10−10 40mm
A B
= 19.4 g cm-3
(d) Since atoms at closest distance are in contact in a
close-packed structure, the closest distance between
a
centres calculated in (a), , must equal the sum of
2
the radii of the two spherical atoms, 2r. Thus, r = a/23/2. = 40 × 10−1 × 40 × 10−1 cm2
From (c), there are 4 gold atoms per unit cell. D
= 16 cm2 A B
4 

mm
= 4  πr3 

10
Then, Volume of 4 gold atoms

mm
3

10

∴ Volume of unit cell = a3 C

( ) 3
3
= 2 2 r CD 10 sin60º
= = 10 = 5 3
2
= 16 2 r 3 The maximum number of spheres of 10 mm diameter in
volume of 4 gold atoms hcp packing can be seen in figure.
∴ Packing fraction =
volume of unit cell Total length converted by spheres
16 = 5 + 4 × CD = 5 + 4 × 10sin60º
π r3
3 π
= = = 0.74
3
= 5 + 4 × 5 3 = 40mm = 4 cm
16 2 r 3 2
Maximum number of spheres (s)
Example 2: A metal crystalizes into two cubic phases, = 14 + 8

face centred cubic (FCC) and body centred cubic (BCC), (Full) (half)
whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 and 3.0 Å, respectively. = 14 + 4 = 18
Calculate the ratio of densities of FCC and BCC. 18
∴ Number of spheres per cm=
2
= 1.125
16
Sol: We know that
Example 4: Using the given data find out the type of
Z × Formula mass of substance
ρ= cubic lattice to which the crystal belong:
N0 × a3
Since for FCC, Z = 4 and for BCC, Z = 2 Fe V Pd Al
a in pm 286 301 388 405
4 × Formula mass of metal
dFCC = ρ in g cm–3 7.86 5.96 12.16 2.70
N0 × (3.5)3
At. mass in 55.85 50.94 106.4 26.98
4 × Formula mass of metal g mol–1
and dBCC =
N0 × (3)3
1 9 . 3 2 | Solid State

n × At.mass Number of LiF molecules per mole

Sol: We know, ρ = 3
N0 × a (i.e., Avogadro constant)
3
ρ × N0 × a 1.201 × 1024
or n = = = 6.01 × 1023
At.mass 2
For Fe:
7.86 × 6.023 × 1023 × (286 × 10−10 )3 Example 6: Calculate the glancing angle on the
n= =2 cube (100) of a rock salt (a = 2.814 Å) corresponding
55.85
to second order diffraction maximum for X-rays of
(i.e., cubic lattice of Fe is body centred) wavelength 0.710 Å.
For V:
Sol: First determine the distance between lattice plane
5.96 × 6.023 × 1023 × (301 × 10−10 )3 a
n= =2 by using the following expression, dhkl =
50.94
h2 + k 2 + l2
(i.e., cubic lattice of V is body centred)
And then θ angle can be calculated using Bragg’s
For Pd: equation
12.16 × 6.023 × 1023 × (388 × 10−10 )3 2d sin θ = nλ  ...(i)
n= =4
106.4
The distance between consecutive lattice planes is
(i.e., cubic lattice of Pd is face centred) defined by Miller indices (h, k, l) in a cubic lattice by
For Al: the relation
a
2.70 × 6.023 × 1023 × (405 × 10−10 )3 dhkl = = 2.814 Å, h=1, k=0, l=0
n= =4 h + k 2 + l2
2
26.98
2.814 Å
(i.e., cubic lattice of Al is face centred) ∴ d100
= = 2.814 Å = 2.814 × 10–8 cm
12 + 02 + 02
Example 5: The density of a particular crystal of LiF is From equation (i)
2.65 g/cc. X-ray analysis shows that Li+ and F– ions are 2 × 2.814 × 10−8 sin θ = 2 × 0.710 × 10−8
arranged in a cubic array at a spacing of 2.01 Å. From
these data calculate the apparent Avogadro constant. 2 × 0.710 × 10−8
sin θ = = 0.2533
[Li = 6.939, F = 18.998 (1Å = 10–8 cm)] 2 × 2.814 × 10−8
sin θ =0.2533
Sol: In this problem, we have to calculate Avogadro
constant, i.e., the number of LiF molecules percent in 1 ∴ θ =sin−1 (0.2533)
mole of LiF weighs 25.937 g or θ =14º 36' 40"
(LiF = 6.939 + 18.998),
wt. of 1 mole Example 7: The edge length of unit cell of a metal
Volume of 1 mole =
wt. per cc (density) having molecular weight 75 g mol–1 is 5 Å which
25.937 crystallizes in body centred cubic lattice. If density is 2
= = 9.78 cc.
2.65 g cm–3, calculate radius of metal atom.
Since this volume is supposed to be a cube, the length n × Mol.wt.
of each edge of the cube Sol: Density =
V × NA
3
= 9.78 2.138 cm.
= 2 × 75
2=
Number of ions present in one edge a × 6.023 × 1023
3

2.138 (n = 2 for bcc)

= = 1.063 × 108
2.01 × 10−8 ∴ a= 5 × 10−8 cm3
Number of ions (Li + F ) present in cube
+ –
3 3
 r= × a= × 5 × 10 −8
= (1.063 × 108 )3 = 1.201 × 1024 4 4
= 2.16 × 10–8 cm = 216 pm
 Chem i str y | 19.33

Example 8: A solid compound contains X, Y and Z = a 5.64 × 10−8 cm

atoms in a cubic lattice with X atoms occupying the
corners, Y atoms in the body centred position and Z Molar mass 58.8
Molar
= volume =
atom at the centre of the face of the unit cell. What is Density 2.165
the empirical formula of the compound? 1/3
 58.8 
Edge length
= (a) =  3 cm
(A) XY2Z3 (B) XYZ3  2.165 
(C) X2Y2Z3 (D) X8YZ6 (E) XYZ
Example 11: In a solid AB having the NaCl structure, A
1 atoms occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the
Sol: (B) Number of atoms of X in a unit cell = × 8 = 1
8 face centred atoms along one of the axis are removed.
Number of atoms of Y in a unit cell = 1 what would be the resultant stoichiometry of solid?
1 Sol: AB has NaCl structure, i.e., 8 corner and 6 face
Number of atoms of Z in a unit cell = ×6 = 3
2 centred atoms. If we remove face centred atoms of one
Empirical formula of the compound = XYZ3 axis, two face centred atoms are removed. Thus, A is at
8 corners and B is at four faces.
Example 9: When an electron in an excited state of Mo 8
∴ Contribution of A = =1
atom falls from L to K-shell, an X-ray is emitted. These 8
X-rays are diffracted at angle of 7.75º by planes with a 4
separation of 2.64 Å. What is the difference in energy Contribution of B = = 2
2
between K-shell and L-shell in Mo, assuming a first
order diffraction? (sin 7.75º = 0.1349) ∴ Stoichiometry of resultant solid is AB2.

Sol: Using Bragg’s equation first determine the

wavelength and then energy can be calculated as
hc
E=
λ
=nλ 2dsin θ
1 × λ = 2 × 2.64 sin7.75º
=
2 × 2.64 × 0.1349
   λ =0.712 Å
Energy difference between K and L-shell of Mo
hc 6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
= = = 2.791 × 10−15 J
λ −10
0.712 × 10

Example 10: The density of crystalline sodium chloride

is 2.165 g cm–3. What is the edge length of the unit cell?
What would be the dimensions of cube containing one
mole of NaCl?
N M
Sol: We know that, ρ = 3  
a  NA 
Where, ρ = density = 2.165 g cm–3
M = molar mass = 58.5
NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023
N = number of formula unit
per unit cell = 4 (for bcc)
N M 
a3 =   = 4  58.5 
 = 1.794 × 10
–22
ρ  NA  2.165  6.023 × 10 
23
1 9 . 3 4 | Solid State

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.10 An element crystallizes in fcc structure. 200 g of

this element has 4.12 × 1024 atoms. The density of A is
Q.1 Explain each of the following with a suitable 7.2 g cm–3. Calculate the edge length of the unit cell.
example:
Q.11 Lithium metal crystal has body-centred cubic
(i) Paramagnetism. structure. Its density is 0.53 g cm–3 and its molecular
(ii) Frenkel defect in crystals. mass is 6.94 g mol–1. Calculate the volume of a unit cell
of lithium metal.=[NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 ]
Q.2 State the difference between Schottky and Frenkel
defects. Which of the two changes the density of the Q.12 If NaCl crystals are doped with 2 × 10−3 mol per
solid? cent of SrCl2, calculate the cation vacancies per mole.

Q.3 (a) What is meant by anisotropy? Q.13 An element exists in bcc structure with a cell
edge of 288 pm. If the density of the element is 7.2
(b) Give a sketch of arrangement of particles in a solid g cm–3, what is the atomic mass of the element?
which would show anisotropy. [NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 ]
=

Q.4 (a) Explain with the help of figure square close- Q.14 An element A crystallises in fcc structure, 208 g
packing and hexagonal close-packing of particles in a of this element has 4.283 × 1024 atoms. If edge length
solid in two dimensions. of the unit cell of this element is 408 pm, calculate its
(b) What is the coordination number of a particle in the density.
two packings?
Q.15 Copper crystallises in face-centred cubic lattice
Q.5 Some crystal defects are shown in the figures and has a density of 8.930 g cm−3 at 239 K. Calculate
below: the radius of Copper atom. [At. mass of Cu = 63.55 u,
Avogadro’s constant =NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]

Q.16 Metallic gold crystallises in a fcc lattice and has a

density of 19.3 g cm–3. Calculate the radius of gold atom.
Indicate the types of defect shown by (a) and (b). [At. mass of gold = 197 u,= NA 6.023 × 1023 mol–1]

Q.6 A compound is formed by two elements M and Q.17 A substance forms face-centred cubic crystals. If
N. The element N forms ccp and atoms of M occupy the edge length of the unit cell is 630 pm and density of
1/3rd of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the the substance is 1.984 g cm–3, calculate the molar mass
compound? of substance.

Q.7 An element with molar mass 2.7 × 10−2 kg mol–1 Q.18 In a solid AB, having the NaCl structure, B atoms
forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 405 pm. If its occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the face
density is 2.7 × 103 kg m–3, what is the nature of the centred atoms along one of the axes are removed, then
cubic unit cell? what is the resulting stoichiometry of the solid?

Q.8 An element occurs in bcc structure with cell edge Q.19 Lithium boron hydride crystallizes in an
300 pm. The density of the element is 5.2 g cm–3. How orthorhombic system with 4 molecules per unit cell. The
many atoms of the element does 200 g of the element unit cell dimensions are a = 6.8 Å, b = 4.4 Å and c = 7.2
contain? Å. If the molar mass is 21.76, calculate density of crystal.

Q.9 The density of chromium metals is 7.2 g cm–3. If the Q.20 The simple cubic lattice consists of eight identical
unit cell has edge length of 289 pm, determine the type of spheres of radius R in contact, placed at the corners of
unit cell.[Atomic mass of Cr = 52 u; NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1] a cube, what is the volume of the cubical box that will
just enclose these eight spheres and what fraction of
this volume is actually occupied by the spheres?
 Chem i str y | 19.35

Q.21 In an ionic oxide, oxide ions are arranged in hcp Exercise 2

array and positive ion occupy two thirds of octahedral
void. Suggest the simplest formula assuming metal as M. Single Correct Choice Type

Q.22 A compound containing Zn, Al and S crystallises Q.1 A solid has a structure in which W atoms are located
with a closed packed array of sulphide ions. Zinc ions at the corners of a cubic lattice, O atom at the centre
are found in one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes and of the edges and Na atom at centre of the cubic. The
aluminium ions in one half of the octahedral holes. formula for the compound is:
What is the empirical formula of the compound? (A) NaWO2 (B) NaWO3 (C) Na2WO3 (D) NaWO4

Q.23 What is the percent by mass of titanium in rutile, a

Q.2 The coordination number of cation and anion in
mineral that contains Ti and oxygen? If structure can be
Fluorite CaF2 and CsCl are respectively
described as a closest packed array of oxide ions with
titanium ions in a one-half of the octahedral holes? (A) 8: 4 and 6: 3 (B) 6: 3 and 4: 4
What is the oxidation number of titanium? (Ti = 48) (C) 8: 4 and 8: 8 (D) 4: 2 and 2: 4

Q.24 Calculate packing efficiency in ccp structure. How Q.3 The interstitial hole is called tetrahedral because
does it differ from packing efficiency in hcp structure?
(A) It is formed by four spheres.
Q.25 A strong current of trivalent gaseous boron passed (B) Partly same and partly different.
through a germanium crystal decreases the density (C) It is formed by four spheres the centres of which
of the crystal due to part replacement of germanium form a regular tetrahedron.
by boron and due to interstitial vacancies created by (D) None of the above three.
missing Ge atoms. In one such experiment, one gram
of germanium is taken and the boron atoms are found
to be 150 ppm by weight, when the density of the Ge Q.4 The mass of a unit cell of CsCl corresponds to
crystal decreases by 4%. Calculate the percentage of (A) 1 Cs+ and 1 Cl– (B) 1 Cs+ and 6 Cl–
missing vacancies due to germanium, which are filled
(C) 4 Cs+ and 4 Cl– (D) 8 Cs+ and 1 Cl–
up by boron atoms. [Atomic wt. Ge = 72.6, B = 11]

Q.26 What is a semiconductor? Describe two main Q.5 Which one of the following schemes of ordering
types of semiconductors and explain mechanism for closed packed sheets of equal sized spheres do not
their conduction. generates close packed lattice.
(A) ABCABC (B) ABACABAC
Q.27 (a) The electrical conductivity of a metal decreases
with rise in temperature while that of a semiconductor (C) ABBAABBA (D) ABCBCABCBC
increases. Explain.
Q.6 An ionic compound AB has ZnS type structure. If
(b) The ions of NaF and MgO have the same number of
the radius A+ is 22.5 pm, then the ideal radius of B–
electrons and internuclear distances are about the same
would be
[235 pm and 215 pm]. Why are then the melting points
of NaF and MgO so different [992ºC and 2642ºC]? (A) 54.35 pm (B) 100 pm
(c) Why does zinc oxide exhibit enhanced electrical (C) 145.16 pm (D) None of these
conductivity on heating?
Q.7 The tetrahedral voids formed by ccp arrangement
Q.28 Bring out with the help of a sketch the difference of Cl– ions in rock salt structure are
between metals insulators and semiconductors in terms of
energy gap between valence band and conduction band. (A) Occupied by Na+ ions
(B) Occupied by Cl– ions
Q.29 Explain with the help of a figure, how an electron (C) Occupied by either Na+ or Cl– ions
(i) moving in an orbital and (ii) spinning in an atom give
(D) Vacant
magnetic properties.

Q.30 How can you show with the help of a diagram that Q.8 The number of nearest neighbours around each
number of octahedral voids is equal to the number of particle in a face-centred cubic lattice is
atoms in cubic close packed structure? (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
1 9 . 3 6 | Solid State

Q.9 If the anions (A) from hexagonal closest packing Q.5 The packing efficiency of the two-dimensional
and cations (C) occupy only 2/3 octahedral voids in it, square unit cell shown below is (2010)
then the general formula of the compound is
(A) CA (B) CA2 (C) C2A3 (D) C3A2

Q.10 A solid is formed and it has three types of atoms

X, Y, Z. X forms a FCC lattice with Y atoms occupying all l
the tetrahedral voids and Z atoms occupying half the
octahedral voids. The formula of the solid is (A) 39.27% (B) 68.02% (C) 74.05% (D) 78.54%
(A) X2Y4Z (B) XY2Z4 (C) X4Y2Z (D) X4YZ2
Q.6 Statement-I: In any ionic solid (MX) with Schottky
Q.11 The intermetallic compound LiAg crystallizes defects, the number of positive and negative ions are
in cubic lattice in which both lithium and silver have same.
coordination number of eight. The crystal class is Statement-II: Equal number of cation and anion
(A) Simple cubic (B) Body centred cubic vacancies are present. (2001)
(C) Face centred cubic (D) None of these (A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
is the correct explanation of statement-I.
Q.12 NH4Cl cyrstallizes in a body-centred cubic type (B) Statement I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
lattice with a unit cell edge length of 387 pm. The distance is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
between the oppositely charged ions in the lattice is (C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.

(A) 335.1 pm (B) 83.77 pm (D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.

(C) 274.46 pm (D) 137.33 pm
Q.7 Sodium crystallizes in a bcc cubic lattice with the
cell edge, a = 4.29 Å. What is the radius of sodium
Previous Years’ Questions atom? (1994)

Q.1 The coordination number of a metal crystallizing in Q.8 A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing
a hexagonal close-packed structure is (1999) a sequence of layers of ABABAB ......... Any packing of
(A) 12 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 6 layers leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by
volume of this lattice is empty space? (1996)
Q.2 In a solid ‘AB’ having the NaCl structure, ‘A’ atoms
occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the face- Q.9 Chromium metal crystallizes with a body centred
centred atoms along one of the axes are removed, then cubic lattice. The length of the unit edge is found to be
the resultant stoichiometry of the solid is  (2001) 287 pm. Calculate the atomic radius. What would be
(A) AB2 (B) A2B (C) A4B3 (D) A3B4 the density of chromium in g/cm3? (1997)

Q.3 A substance AxBy crystallizes in a face centred Q.10 A metal crystallizes into two cubic phases, face
cubic (fcc) lattice in which atoms ‘A’ occupy each corner centred cubic (fcc) and body centred cubic (bcc),
of the cube and atom ‘B’ occupy the centres of each whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 and 3.0 A⁰, respectively.
face of the cube. Identify the correct composition of the Calculate the ratio of densities of fcc and bcc.  (1999)
substance AxBy. (2002)
(A) AB3 (B) A4B3 Q.11 The figures given below show the location of
atoms in three crystallographic planes in a fcc lattice.
(C) A3B (D) Composition cannot be specified
Draw the unit cell for the corresponding structures and
identify these planes in your diagram. (2000)
Q.4 Which of the following fcc structure contains
cations in alternate tetrahedral voids? (2005)
(A) NaCl (B) ZnS (C) Na2O (D) CaF2
 Chem i str y | 19.37

Q.12 In a compound atoms of element Y from ccp lattice Q.16 In a face centred cubic lattice, atom A occupies the
and those of element X occupy 2/3rd of tetrahedral corner positions and atom B occupies the face centre
voids. The formula of the compound will be  (2008) positions. If one atom of B is missing from one of the face
centred points, the formula of the compound is:  (2011)
(A) X 4 Y3 (B) X 2 Y3 (C) X 2Y (D) X 3 Y4
(A) AB2 (B) A 2B3 (C) A 2B5 (D) A 2B
Q.13 The edge length of a face centered cubic cell of an
ionic substance is 508 pm. If the radius of the cation is Q.17 Lithium forms body centred cubic structure. The
110 pm, the radius of the anion is  (2010) length of the side of its unit cell is 351 pm. Atomic
radius of the lithium will be: (2012)
(A) 288 pm (B) 398 pm (C) 618 pm (D) 144 pm
(A) 75 pm (B) 300 pm (C) 240 pm (D) 152 pm
Q.14 Copper crystallizes in fcc with a unit cell length of
361 pm. What is the radius of copper atom (2009) Q.18 CsCl crystallises in body centred cubic lattice.
If ‘a’ is its edge length then which of the following
(A) 108 pm (B) 127pm (C) 157pm (D) 181pm expressions is correct?  (2014)
3a
(A) rCs+ + rCl− =
3a (B) rCs+ + rCl− =
Q.15 Percentage of free space in cubic close packed 2
structure and in body centred packed structure are 3
respectively  (2010) (C) rCs+ + rCl− = a (D) rCs+ + rCl− =3a
2
(A) 30% and 26% (B) 26% and 32%
(C) 32% and 48% (D) 48% and 26% Q.19 Sodium metal crystallizes in a body centred cubic
lattice with a unit cell edge of 4.29 Å. The radius of
sodium atom is approximately:  (2015)
(A) 1.86 Å (B) 3.22 Å (C) 5.72 Å (D) 0.93 Å

JEE Advanced/Boards

Q.5 Spinel is a important class of oxides consisting of

Exercise 1
two types of metal ions with the oxide ions arranged
Q.1 A cubic solid is made up of two elements A and in ccp pattern. The normal spinel has one-eighth of
B. Atoms B are at the corners of the cube and A at the the tetrahedral holes occupied by one type of metal
body centre. What is the formula of compound? ion and one half of the octahedral hole occupied by
another type of metal ion. Such a spinel is formed by
Q.2 A compound alloy of gold and copper crystallizes Zn2+, Al3+ and O2–, with Zn2+ in the tetrahedral holes.
in a cubic lattice in which gold occupies the lattice Give the formulae of the spinel.
points at the corners of the cube and copper atom
occupies the centres of each of the cube faces. What is 
Q.6 KF crystallizes in the NaCl type structure. If the
the formula of this compound? radius of K+ ions 132 pm and that of F– ion is 135 pm,
what is the shortest K- F distance? What is the edge
Q.3 A cubic solid is made by atoms A forming close pack length of the unit cell? What is the closet K-K distance?
arrangement, B occupying one fourth of tetrahedral
void and C occupying half of the octahedral voids. Q.7 A closed packed structure of uniform spheres has
What is the formula of compound? the edge length of 534 pm. Calculate the radius of
sphere, if it exist in
Q.4 What is the percent by mass of titanium in rutile, a (a) simple cubic lattice
mineral that contain Titanium and oxygen, if structure
can be described as a close packed array of oxide ions, (b) BCC lattice
with titanium in one half of the octahedral holes. What (c) FCC lattice
is the oxidation number of titanium?
1 9 . 3 8 | Solid State

Q.8 Calculate the density of diamond from the fact Q.20 If the length of the body diagonal for CsCl which
that it has face centered cubic structure with two atoms crystallises into a cubic structure with Cl– ions at the
per lattice point and unit cell edge length 3.569 Å. corners and Cs+ ions at the centre of the unit cells is 7 Å
and the radius of the Cs+ ion is 1.69 Å, what is the radii
Q.9 An element crystallizes into a structure which may be of Cl– ion?
described by a cubic type of unit cell having one atom on
each corner of the cube and two atoms on one of its body Q.21 Iron has body centered cubic lattice structure.
diagonals. If the volume of this unit cell is 24 × 10−24 cm3 The edge length of the unit cell is found to be 286 pm.
and density of element is 7.2 g cm–3, calculate the number What is the radius of an iron atom?
of atoms present in 200 g of element.
Q.22 Cesium chloride forms a body centered cubic
Q.10 Silver has an atomic radius of 144 pm and the lattice. Cesium and chloride ions are in contact along
density of silver is 10.6 g cm–3. To which type of cubic the body diagonal of the unit cell. The length of the
crystal, silver belongs? side of the unit cell is 412 pm and Cl– ion has a radius of
181 pm. Calculate the radius of Cs+ ion.
Q.11 AgCl has the same structure as that of NaCl. The
edge length of unit cell of AgCl is found to be 555 Q.23 In a cubic closed packed structure of mixed
pm and the density of AgCl is 5.561 g cm–3. Find the oxides the lattice is made up of oxide ions, one eighth
percentage of sites that are unoccupied. of tetrahedral voids are occupied by divalent ions (A2+)
while one half of the octahedral voids occupied trivalent
Q.12 Xenon crystallises in the face-centred cubic lattice ions (B3+). What is the formula of the oxide?
and the edge of the unit cell is 620 pm. What is the
nearest neighbour distance and what is the radius of Q.24 A solid A+ and B– had NaCl type closed packed
Xenon atom? structure. If the anion has a radius of 250 pm, what
should be the ideal radius of the cation? Can a cation C+
Q.13 The two ions A+ and B– have radii 88 and 200 pm having a radius of 180 pm be slipped into the tetrahedral
respectively. In the closed packed crystal of compound site of the crystal of A+B–? Give reasons for your answer.
AB, predict the co-ordination number of A+.
Q.25 Calculate the value of Avogadro’s number from
Q.14 CsCl has the bcc arrangement and its unit cell edge the following data:
length is 400 pm. Calculate the interionic distance in CsCl. Density of NaCl = 2.165 cm–3
Distance between Na+ and Cl– in
Q.15 Gold crystallizes in a face centered cubic lattice.
If the length of the edge of the unit cell is 407 pm, NaCl = 281 pm.
calculate the density of gold as well as its atomic radius
assuming it to be spherical. Q.26 If the radius of Mg 2+ ion, Cs + ion, O2– ion, S2– ion
and Cl– ion are 0.65 Å, 1.69 Å, 1.40 Å, 1.84 Å, and 1.81
Atomic mass of gold = 197 amu.
Å respectively. Calculate the co-ordination numbers of
the cations in the crystals of MgS, MgO and CsCl.
Q.16 The density of KBr is 2.75 g cm–3. The length of the
edge of the unit cell is 654 pm. Show that KBr has face
Q.27 Iron occurs as bcc as well as fcc unit cell. If the
centered cubic structure.
effective radius of an atom of iron is 124 pm. Compute
(N = 6.023 × 1023 mol–1, At. mass: K = 39, Br= 80) the density of iron in both these structures.

Q.17 An element crystallizes in a structure having FCC Q.28 KCl crystallizes in the same type of lattice as does
unit cell of an edge 200 pm. Calculate the density, if 200 r + r +
g of this element contains 24 × 1023 atoms. NaCl. Given that Na = 0.5 and Na = 0.7 Calculate:
r − r+
Cl K
Q.18 The effective radius of the iron atom is 1.42 Å. It (a) The ratio of the sides of unit cell for KCl to that for
has FCC structure. Calculate its density. (Fe = 56amu) NaCl and
(b) The ratio of densities of NaCl to that for KCl.
Q.19 A crystal of lead(II) sulphide has NaCl structure.
In this crystal the shortest distance between Pb+2 ion Q.29An element A(Atomic weight = 100) having bcc
and S2– ion is 297 pm. What is the length of the edge structure has unit cell edge length 400 pm. Calculate
of the unit cell in lead sulphide? Also calculate the unit the density of A and number of unit cells and number
cell volume. of atoms in 10 gm of A.
 Chem i str y | 19.39

Exercise 2 Q.8 In FCC unit cell, what fraction of edge is not covered
by atoms?
Single Correct Choice Type (A) 0.134 (B) 0.24
Q.1 The density of the CaF2 (fluorite structure) is 3.18 g/ (C) 0.293 (D) None of these
cm3. The length of the side of the unit cell is
(A) 253 pm (B) 344 pm Multiple Correct Choice Type
(C) 546 pm (D) 273 pm Q.9 80.0 gm salt of weak base & strong acid XY is
dissolved in water and formed 2 litre of aqueous
Q.2 Which of the following statements is correct in the solution. The pH of the resultant solution was found to
rock-salt structure of an ionic compounds? be 5 at 298 K. If XY forms CsCl type crystal having
(A) Coordination number of cation is four whereas that r + (radius of X + ) = 1.6 Å
X
of anion is six. and r − (radius of Y − ) = 1.864 Å
Y
(B) Coordination number of cation is six whereas that then select write statement(s).
of anion is four.
(Given: Kb(XOH) = 4 × 10–5; NA = 6 × 1023)
(C) Coordination number of each cation and anion is four.
(A) Molar mass of salt is 100 g/mol.
(D) Coordination number of each cation and anion is six.
(B) % Degree of dissociation of salt is 0.25.
Q.3 A compound XY crystallizes in BCC lattice with (C) Edge length of AB is 4 Å.
unit cell edge length of 480 pm. If the radius of Y– is
(D) Density of solid salt XY is 2 in gm/cc.
225 pm, then the radius of X+ is
(A) 127.5 pm (B) 190.68 pm
Q.10 Select correct statement(s)
(C) 225 pm (D) 255 pm
(A) 8 Cs+ ions occupy the second nearest neighbour
location of a Cs+ ion
Q.4 In the closest packing of atoms A (radius: ra), the
(B) Each sphere is surrounded by six voids in two
radius of atom B that can be fitted into tetrahedral
dimensional hexagonal close packed layer
voids is
(C) If the radius of cations and anions are 0.3 Å and 0.4
(A) 0.155 ra (B) 0.225 ra
Å then coordination number of cation in the crystal is 6.
(C) 0.414 ra (D) 0.732 ra
(D) In AgCl, the silver ion is displaced from its lattice
position to an interstitial position such a defect is called
Q.5 In diamond, carbon atom occupies FCC lattice a frenkel defect.
points as well as alternate tetrahedral voids. If edge
length of the unit cell is 356 pm, then radius of carbon
Q.11 Which of the following statements is/are correct?
atom is
(A) The coordination number of each type of ion in CsCl
(A) 77.07 pm (B) 154.14 pm
is 8.
(C) 251.7 pm (D) 89 pm
(B) A metal that crystallises in BCC structure has a
coordination ion number 12.
Q.6 Which of the following will show schottky defect
(C) A unit cell of an ionic cyrstal shares some of its ions
(A) CaF2 (B) ZnS (C) AgCl (D) CsCl with other unit cells.
(D) The length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552 pm.
Q.7 Copper metal crystallizes in FCC lattice. Edge length
= [r + 95pm;
= r − 181pm]
of unit cell is 362 pm. The radius of largest atom that can Na Cl
fit into the voids of copper lattice without disturbing it.
(A) 53 pm (B) 45 pm (C) 93 pm (D) 60 pm
1 9 . 4 0 | Solid State

Q.12 Which of the following statements is/are correct? Q.16 Statement-I: KCl is more likely to show schottky
defect, while LiI is more likely to show Frenkel defect.
(A) In an anti-fluorite structure anions form FCC lattice
and cations occupy all tetrahedral voids. Statement-II: Schottky defect is more likely in ionic
solids in which cations and anions are of comparable
(B) If the radius of cations and anions are 0.2 Å and 0.95
size while Frenkel defect is more likely is which cations
Å the coordination number of cation in the crystal is 4.
and anions have large differences in their ionic sizes.
(C) An atom/ion is transferred from a lattice site to an
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
interstitial position in Frenkel defect.
is the correct explanation of statement-I.
(D) Density of crystal always increases due to
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
substitutional impurity defect.
is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
Assertion Reasoning Type
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.
Q.13 Statement-I: Distance between nearest lattice
points in BCC is greater than the same in FCC of the Comprehension Type
atoms of comparable size.
Statement-II: FCC has greater packing efficiency than Paragraph 1: Calcium crystallizes in a cubic unit cell
BCC. with density 3.2 g/cc. Edge-length of the unit cell is 437
picometre (pm).
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II
is the correct explanation of statement-I. Q.17 If the metal is melted, density of the molten metal
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, statement-II was found to be 3 g/cc. What will be the percentage of
is not the correct explanation of statement-I. empty space in the melt?

(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false. (A) 31% (B) 36% (C) 28% (D) 49%

(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.

Paragraph 2: Silicon carbide (SiC) and diamond are
covalent solid which crystallize in cubic structures. In
Q.14 Statement-I: Increasing temperature increases
SiC, carbon atoms occupy points of the face centred
the density of point defects.
cubic lattice (FCC positions) and silicon atoms occupy
Statement-II: The process of formation of point defects half of the tetrahedral voids available. In diamonds,
in solids in endothermic and has ∆S > 0. same position of the tetrahedral voids are occupied by
other carbon atoms.
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true,
statement- II is the correct explanation of statement-I. Also the density of SiC and diamond are 3.2 and 3.6
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, g/cc respectively. Answer the following four questions
statement-II is not the correct explanation of based on the above information: (M: Si = 28)
statement-I.
Q.18 The radius of silicon atom is
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(A) 0.76 Å (B) 1.12 Å (C) 3.54 Å (D) 4.75 Å
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.

Q.19 Which of the following will not change the density

Q.15 Statement-I: Increase in dielectric constant is of SiC solid?
observed in Frenkel defect.
(A) Substitution of some Si atoms by some carbon
Statement-II: Anions come in interstitial space in case atoms
of Frenkel defect.
(B) Schottky defects
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and
statement-II is the correct explanation of statement-I. (C) Interchange of some Si atom by some C atom

(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true, and statement- (D) Decreasing the temperature of solid
II is not the correct explanation of statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.
 Chem i str y | 19.41

Paragraph 3: Calcium crystallizes in a cubic unit cell Q.2 The correct statement(s) regarding defects in solids
with density 3.2 g/cc. Edge-length of the unit cell is 437 is(are). (1999)
picometer (pm).
(A) Frenkel defect is usually favoured by a very small
Q.20 The type of unit cell is difference in the sizes of cation and anion.

(A) Simple cubic (B) BCC (B) Frenkel defect is a dislocation defect.

(C) FCC (D) Edge-centred (C) Trapping of an electron in the lattice leads to the
formation of F-centre.
Q.21 The nearest neighbour distance is (D) Schottky defects have no effect on the physical
properties of solids.
(A) 154.5 pm (B) 309 pm (C) 218.5 pm (D) 260 pm
Paragraph 1: In hexagonal systems of crystals, a frequently
Match the Columns encountered arrangement of atoms is described as a
Q.22 hexagonal prism. Here, the top and bottom of the cell
are regular hexagon and three atoms are sandwiched
Column I Column II in between them. A pace-filling model of this structure,
(A) Rock salt structure (p) Co-ordination number of called hexagonal close-packed (hcp), is constituted of a
cation is 4 sphere on a flat surface surrounded in the same plane by
(B) Zinc Blende six identical spheres as closely as possible. Three spheres
3 are then placed over the first layer so that they touch each
(q) d= r+ + r−
4 other and represent the second layer. Each one of these
(C) Fluorite structure (r) Co-ordination number of three spheres touches three spheres of the bottom layer.
cation and anion are same Finally, the second layer is covered with a third layer that is
(s) Distance between two nearest identical to the bottom layer in relative position. Assume
anion is a radius of every sphere to be ‘r’. (2008)
2

Q.3 The number of atoms in one of this hcp unit cell is

Q.23 [Distance in terms of Edge length of cube (a)]
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 17
Column I Column II
(A) 0.866 a (p) Shortest distance between Q.4 The volume of this hcp unit cell is
cation and anion in CsCl structure. 26r3
(B) 0.707 a (q) Shortest distance between two (A) 24 2r 3 (B) 16 2r 3 (C) 12 2r 3 (D)
3 3
cations in CaF2 structure
(C) 0.433 a (r) Shortest distance between
Q.5 The empty space in this hcp unit cell is
carbon atom in diamond
(s) Shortest distance between two (A) 74% (B) 47.6% (C) 32% (D) 26%
cation in rock salt structure
6. Match the crystal system/unit cells mentioned in
column I with their characteristic features mentioned in
Previous Years’ Questions column II. (2007)

Q.1 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? Column I Column II

 (1998) (A) Simple cubic and (p) have these cell parameters
face-centred cubic a = b = c and α = β = γ
(A) The coordination number of each type of ion in CsCl
crystal is 8. (B) Cubic and (q) are two crystal system
(B) A metal that crystallizes in bcc structure has a rhombohedral
coordination number of 12.
(C) Cubic and (r) h
 ave only two crystallographic
(C) A unit cell of an ionic crystal shares some of its ions tetragonal angles of 90º
with other unit cells.
(D) Hexagonal and (s) b
 elongs to same crystal
(D) The length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552 pm.
monoclinic system
=(r + 95
= pm; r − 181 pm)
Na Cl
1 9 . 4 2 | Solid State

Q.7 Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of this structure, called hexagonal close-packed (HCP),
of 10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a surface is constituted of a sphere on a flat surface surrounded
of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation in the same plane by six identical spheres as closely as
as y × 10x. The value of x is. (2010) possible. Three spheres are then placed over the first
layer so that they touch each other and represent the
Q.8 The number of hexagonal faces that are present in second layer. Each one of these three spheres touches
a truncated octahedral is. (2011) three spheres of the bottom layer. Finally, the second
layer is covered with a third layer that is identical to
the bottom layer in relative position. Assumer radius of
Q.9 Marbles of diameter 10 mm are to be put in a square
every sphere to be ‘r’.
area of side 40 mm so that their centers are within this
area. Find the maximum number of marbles per unit
area and deduce an expression for calculating it.(2003) Q.14 The number of atoms on this HCP unit cell is
 (2008)
Q.10 The crystal AB (rock salt structure) has molecular (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 17
weight 6.023y u. where, y is an arbitrary number in u. If
the minimum distance between cation and anion is y1/3 Q.15 The volume of this HCP unit cell is (2008)
nm and the observed density is 20 kg/m3. Find the (a)
density in kg/m3 and (b) type of defect.  (2004) 64r3
(A) 24 2r 3 (B) 16 2r 3 (C) 12 2r 3 (D)
3 3
Q.11 An element crystallizes in fcc lattice having edge
length 400 pm. Calculate the maximum diameter of Q.16 The empty space in this HCP unit cell is  (2008)
atom which can be placed in interstitial site without
(A) 75% (B) 47.6% (C) 32% (D) 26%
distorting the structure.  (2005)

Q.12 The edge length of unit cell of a metal having Q.17 The correct statement (s) regarding defects in
molecular weight 75 g/mol is 5 Å which crystallizes in cubic solids is (are)  (2009)
lattice. If the density is 2 g/cc then find the radius of metal (A) Frenkel defect is usually favoured by a very small
atom. (NA = 6 x 1023). Give the answer in pm.  (2006) difference in the sizes of cation and anion
(B) Frenkel defect is a dislocation defect
Q.13 Match the crystal system/unit cells mentioned in
column I with their characteristic features mentioned (C) Trapping of an electron in the lattice leads to the
in column II. Indicate your answer by darkening the formation of F-center
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the (D) Schottky defects have no effect on the physical
ORS.  (2007) properties of solids

Column I Column II
Q.18 The coordination number of Al in the crystalline
(A) Simple cubic and (p) Have these cell parameters state of AICl3 is  (2009)
face-centred cubic
a = b = c, α = β = γ = 900
(B) Cubic and (q) Are two crystal systems Q.19 The packing efficiency of the two-dimensional
rhombohedra square unit cell shown below is  (2010)

(C) Cubic and tetragonal (r) Have only two

crystallography
(D) Hexagonal and (s) Belong to same crystal
monoclinic system

Paragraph 2: In hexagonal systems of crystals, a

frequently encountered arrangement of atoms is
described as a hexagonal prism. Here, the top and
bottom of the cell are regular hexagons and three atoms (A) 39.27% (B) 68.02%
are sandwiched in between them. A space-filling model
(C) 74.05% (D) 78.54%
 Chem i str y | 19.43

Q.20 A compound MpXq has cubic close packing (ccp) Q.22 If the unit cell of a mineral has cubic close
arrangement of arrangement of X. Its unit cell structure packed (ccp) array of oxygen atoms with m fraction of
is shown below. (2012) octahedral holes occupied by aluminium ions and n
fraction of tetrahedral holes occupied by magnesium
ions, m and n, respectively, are  (2015)

1 1 1 11 11
(A) , (B) 1, (C) (D)
2 8 8 22 48

Q.23 The CORRECT statement(s) for cubic close packed

(ccp) three dimensional structure is(are)  (2016)
(A) MX (B) MX2 (C) M2X (D) M5X14 (A) The number of the nearest neighbours of an atom
present in the topmost layer is 12
Q.21 The arrangement of X” ions around A+ ion in solid (B) The efficiency of atom packing is 74%
AX is given in the figure (not drawn to scale). If the
(C) The number of octahedral and tetrahedral voids per
radius of X − is 250 pm, the radius of A+ is (2013)
atom are 1 and 2, respectively
(D) The unit cell edge length is 2 2 times the radius of
the atom

(A) 104 pm (B) 125 pm (C)183 pm (D) 57 pm

MASTERJEE Essential Questions

JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.18 Q.25 Q.29 Q.5 Q.11 Q.15 Q.24

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.5 Q.10 Q.7 Q.10 Q.11 Q.22

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.5 Q.7 Q.10 Q.7 Q.9 Q.12
1 9 . 4 4 | Solid State

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.6 M2N3 Q.7 face-centred cubic

Q.8 2.85 × 1024 atoms Q.9 2

Q.10 299.8 pm Q.11 4.348 × 10−23 cm3

Q.12 1.2046 × 1019 mol−1 Q.13 52 u

Q.14 2.86 g cm–3 Q.15 127.7 pm

Q.16 144.2 pm Q.17 74.70 g mol–1 or 74.70 u

Q.18 A4B3 Q.19 0.6709 g cm–3

Q.20 0.523 Q.21 M4O6 or M2O3

Q.22 ZnAl2S4 Q.23 60%; 4

Q.24 74% Q.25 4.7 %

Q.30 4

Exercise 2

Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6 B

Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 B Q.12 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 A

Q.7 1.86 Å Q.8 26% Q.9 7.3 g/cc Q.10 432:343 Q.12 A Q.13 D

Q.14 B Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 C Q.19 A

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 A-B Q.2 AuCu3

Q.3 A4B2C2 Q.4 59.95%, +4

Q.5 ZnAl2O4 Q.6 267 pm, 534 pm, 378 pm

Q.7 267 pm, 231.2 pm, 188.8 pm Q.8 3.5 g cm–3

Q.9 3.472 × 1024 atoms Q.10 FCC

 Chem i str y | 19.45

Q.11 0.24% Q.12 438.5 pm, 219.25 pm

Q.13 6 Q.14 346.4 pm

Q.15 19.4 g/cm3, 143.9 pm Q. 16 FCC

Q.17 41.67 cm–3 Q.18 5.74 g cm–3

5.94 × 10−8 cm, V =

Q.19 a = 2.096 × 10−22 cm−3 Q.20 1.81 Å

Q.21 123.84 pm Q.22 175.8 pm

Q.23 AB2O4 Q.24 103.4 pm, No

Q.25 6.01 × 1023 Q.26 4, 6, 8

Q.27 7.887 g/cc, 8.59 gm/cm3 Q.28 (a) 1.143, (b) 1.172

Q.29 5.188 gm/cm3, 6.023 ×1022 atoms of A, 3.0115 × 1022 unit cells

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 D

Q.7 A Q.8 C

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.9 A, C Q.10 B, D Q.11 A, C, D Q.12 A, C

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.13 A Q.14 A Q.15 C Q.16 A

Comprehension Type

Q.17 A Q.18 B Q.19 C Q.20 C Q.21 D

Match the Columns

Q.22 A → r, s; B → p, q, r, s; C → q Q.23 A → p; B → q, s; C → r

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 A, C, D Q.2 B, C Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 D

Q.6 A → p, s; B → p, q; C → q; D → q, r Q.7 7 Q.8 8 Q.9 25

Q.10 (a) 5 kg/m3 (b) Metal excess defect Q.11 117 pm Q.12 217 pm

Q13 A → p, s; B → p, q; C → q; D → q, r Q.14 B Q.15 A Q.16 D

Q.17 B, C Q.18 6 Q.19 D Q.20 B Q.21 A

Q.22 A Q.23 B, C, D
1 9 . 4 6 | Solid State

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards Sol 7: molar mass = 2.7 × 10–2 kg/mol = 27 gm/mol

Let’s say in one cubic unit, there is Z-effective atoms
Exercise 1
(z) x mass of one atom
= density
Sol 1: (i) See theory on page no. 19.20 Volume of cell
(ii) See theory on page no. 19.22 27
(z) × 23
× 10 −3
6 × 10 = 2.7 × 1023
Sol 2: See theory on page no. 19.21 (405 × 10−12 )3

Z=4
Sol 3: (a) When same property is measured in different
direction in solid gives different value is called So cubic unit would be fcc
Anisotropy.
Sol 8: Effective Atom = 2
Sol 4: (a) Square close packing
(a) Square close packing 2 × (mass of one atom)
= 5.200 kgm/m3
(a) Square close packing (300 × 10−12 )3
5.2 × 106 × 27 × 10−30
Mass of one atom = gm
2
= 70.2 ×10–24 gm
200
Hexagonal close packing Atoms in 200 gm = = 2.84 × 1024 atoms
Hexagonal close packing 70.2 × 10 −24
Hexagonal close packing
Sol 9: Like question number 7, we suppose it has
z-effective atoms in one unit cell

(b) number of nearest atoms Z

=
(52 × 1.66 × 10 =) −24

7.2 × 106 gm / m3
(298 × 10 )
3
−12
(b) number of nearest atoms
(b) Coordination number of square close packing is 4. z=2
Coordination number of hexagonal close packing is 6. So the unit would be bcc

Sol 5: (a) Schottky defect Sol 10: 4.12 × 1024 atom = 200 gm
(b) Frenkel defect 200
Mass of one atom = = 4.85 × 10–23 gm
4.12 × 1024
Sol 6: Effective number of atom in Effectively number in fcc = 4
1 1
ccp = fcc = 6 × +8× 4 × (4.85 × 10−23 )
2 8 = 7.2 g/cm3
r3
= 4 = N-atom
r = 300
Tetrahedral void = 8 (in fcc)
8 Sol 11: Zeff. = 2
Number of M-atom =
3
 6.94 
So empirical formula = M8 N4 = M2N3 2× 23 
 6.023 × 10  = 0.53 gm/cm3
3
V

V = 4.348 × 10–23 cm3

 Chem i str y | 19.47

Sol 12: One Sr2+ will replace 2 Na+ Na+ at centre of cube = 1
So incoming of one Sr2+ will result into one cation If face centred, that is Cl– is removed, along one axis.
vacancy 1 1
Let’s say 100 moles are total Then Cl– = 4 ×   + 8   = 3
2
  8
2 × 10−3
In one mole, Sr2+ = 6.023 × 1023× Na+ = 3 + 1 = 4
100
Na4Cl3
Cation vacancy = 12.04 × 10+18 = 1.204 × 1019
Similarly A4B3
2 × (atomic mass)
Sol 13: = 7.2×106 gm/m6 4 × (mass of a molecule)
(2.88 × 10−10 )3 Sol 19: Density =
abc
Atomic mass = 8.6 × 10–23 gm  21.76 
4× 23 
Atomic mass ≈ 52 amu  6.023 × 10  gm/m6
=
6.8 × 4.4 × 7.8 × 10−30
Z eff (mass of one atom)
Sol 14: Density = = 0.6709 gm/cm3
r3
 208 
4× 24 
 4.283 × 10  = 2.86 gm/cm3 Sol 20 Let’s say radius of sphere = r
=
(4.08 × 10−10 )3 Side of cube that just encloses the sphere = 4r

 63.55 
4× 23 
Sol 15: 8.930×106 gm/m3 =  6.023 × 10 
a3
4 × 63.55
a3 = ×10–29
8.93 × 6.023
a = 3.6161 Å
a
2 a = 4r (in fcc structure, analyze diagonal of a face)
r = 127.8 pm
 197 
4× 23 
Sol 16: 19.3×106 =  6.023 × 10 
a3
Similarly a = 407.74 pm Volume = (4R)3 = 64 R3
4 3
2 a = 4r (in fcc structure) Volume of sphere = 8 × pR
3
r = 144.15 pm 4
 M  8× π
4× 23  Fraction = 3 = 52.35%
Sol 17: 1.984×106 =  6.023 × 10  64
(6.3 × 10 –10 )3
M = 74.69 gm Sol 21: Analyzing hcp structure
O2– (in hcp array) = 6
Sol 18: In NaCl (fcc structure) Octahedral void (in hcp) = 6
1 2 2
Cl– at centre of face = 6 ×   = 3 M occupies rd of octahedral voids = × 6 = 4
2 3 3
1 M4O6 ⇒ M2O3
Cl– at corners = 8 ×   = 1
8
1 Sol 22: Closest packed array = fcc
Na+ at centre of edge =12×   = 3
4 1
Zinc = × (Number pf tetrahedral void)
8
1 9 . 4 8 | Solid State

1 x = 95.3%
= ×8=1
8 % of vacancy = 4.7%
1
Aluminium = × (Number of octahedral void)
2 Sol 26: Refer theory.
1
= ×4=2
2 Sol 27: (a) In metal on increasing temp, the alignment
S (in fcc) = 4 of electron get disturb due to excitation of electron
due to which conductivity decrease while in case of
ZnAl2S4
semiconductor on increasing temp. electrons absorb
energy and get excited to conduction band hence
Sol 23: O (in fcc) = 4 conductivity increases.
1 1 (b) Due to difference in size of atoms.
Ti = × (Number of Octahedral void) = ×4=2
2 2 (c) On heating ZnO, O2− ion is replaced by e− due
Ti2O4 = TiO2 to which lattice contain free electrons to conduct
48 electricity.
% by mass of Ti = = 60 % 1
48 + 32 ZnO( s ) → Zn2+ + O2 + 2e−
2
Ti oxidation state = + 4
Sol 28: Refer theory
Sol 24: Packing efficiency of hcp
Zeff = 6 Sol 29: Refer theory

a = 2r (side of hexagon) Sol 30: In ccp structure = fcc structure

2 2 Number of octahedral void
b = (height of hexagon) = r
3
= one at center of cube +
1/2
4 1
6 × π(r)3 At very edge centre, there is  
3 4
So packing eff. = = 74%
3 2 2 2 1
6× × (2r) × r octahedral void = 1 + 12   = 4
2 3 4
Packing eff. For fcc Number of effective atom
th
Zeff. = 4 1
= at every corner, there is   part of an atom + at
a=
4
r (side of cubic) 8
nd
2 1
every center of face, there is   part of an atom
4 
4 ×  πr 3  2
So packing eff. = 3  = 74% 1 1
16 2r 3 = 8   +6   = 4
8 2

Sol 25: Let’s suppose weight of Ge crystal is W

di = initial density =
W Exercise 2
V
1 1
W Sol 1: (B) W = 8   = 1,0 = 12   = 3
df = 0.96 df = 0.96 8 4
V Na = 1
Volume is fixed so it implied boron decreases weight
NaWO3
4%
mf = mass final = 0.96 W Sol 2: (C) CaF2 ⇒ Ca2+ (in fcc) + F–
W (at octahedral void)
xW + (1 – x) × 11 = 0.96 w
72.6
CsCl ⇒ BCC ⇒ Cs+ (at center) + Cl–
 Chem i str y | 19.49

(at every corner) 2( r +r ) = 670.30 pm

NH+
4 Cl−
Cordination number ⇒ 8 : 4 (CaF2)
8 : 8 (CsCl) r +r = 335.15 pm
NH+
4 Cl−

Sol 3: (C) Correct

Previous Years’ Questions
Sol 4: (A) CsCl ⇒ BCC ⇒ Cs+ (at center) + Cl– (at every
corner) Sol 1: (A) Three consecutive layers of atoms in
hexagonal close packed lattice is shown below:
 1
1Cs+ +  8 ×  Cl– = 1Cs+ + 1Cl–
 8
A
Sol 5: (C) For close packing two same sheets cannot
be together.

Sol 6: (B) ZnS ⇒ S2– (fcc) + Zn2+ (occupies alternate B

tetrahedral void)
r 2+
For occupation of tetrahedral void Zn = 0.225
r 2−
S
r 2− = 100 pm A
S

Sol 7: (D) NaCl ⇒ Na+ (at octahedral voids) + Cl– (fcc Atom X is in contact of 12 like atoms, 6 from layer B and
structure). 3 from top and bottom layers A each.

Sol 8: (D) fcc ⇒ number of nearest neighour around Sol 2: (D) In NaCl, Na+ occupies body centre and edge
each particle = 12 centres while Cl– occupies corners and face centres,
giving four Na+ and four Cl– per unit cell. In the present
Sol 9: (C) A ⇒ hcp effective number of atoms = 6 case, A represent Cl– and B represents Na+. Two face
centres lies on one axis.
Octahedral void = 6
1
2 ⇒ Number of A removed = 2 × =1
C = 6  = 4 2
3
Number of B is removed because it is not present on
C4A6 ⇒ C2A3
face centres.

1 1 ⇒ A remaining = 4 – 1 = 3

Sol 10: (A) Zeff. For X ⇒ 8   + 6   = 4
8 2 B remaining = 4
Zeff. For Y ⇒ 8
⇒ Formula = A3B4
1
Zeff. For Z ⇒ (4) = 2
2 1
Sol 3: (A) In cubic system, a corner contribute th part
X4Y8Z2 ⇒ X2Y4Z 8
1
of atom to one unit cell and a face centre contribute
2
Sol 11: (B) Co-ordination number = 8 = BCC part of atom to one unit cell. Therefore,
1
Number of A per unit cell = ×8 = 1
Sol 12: (A) Oppositely charged ions will be nearest 8
atom. 1
Number of B per unit cell = ×6 = 3
Analyzing body (cubic) diagonal of BCC structure 2
⇒ Formula = AB3
(r + 2r +r )= 3 (387)
NH+
4 Cl− NH+
4
 1 9 . 5 0 | Solid State

Sol 4: (B) In ZnS, S2– (sulphide ions) are present at 4 3 1

= 6× πr × = 0.74
fcc position giving four sulphide ions per unit cell. To 3 24 2r3
comply with 1 : 1 stoichiometry, four Zn2+ ions must be
present in four alternate tetrahedral voids out of eight ⇒ Percent empty space
tetrahedral voids present. = 100(1 – 0.74) = 26%
In NaCl, Na ions are present in octahedral voids while
+

in Na2O, Na+ ions are present in all its tetrahedral voids Sol 9: In bcc unit cell 4r = 3a
giving the desired 2 : 1 stoichiometry. In CaF2, Ca2+ ions
occupies fcc positions and all the tetrahedral voids are 3 3
⇒ r(Cr) = a = × 287 pm = 124.3 pm
occupied by fluoride ions. 4 4
NM
Density of solid =
Sol 5: (D) NA .a3
N = Number of atoms per unit cell
M = Molar mass
1 a3 = Volume of cubic unit cell
Contribution of circle from corner of square =
4 NA = Avogadro’s number
⇒ Effective number of circle per square 3
2 × 52g  1 
= ×  = 7.3 g/cm
3
1
= × 4 + 1(at centre) = 2 6.023 × 1023 −8
 2.87 × 10 cm 
4
⇒ Area occupied by circle = 2πr 2 ;
Sol 10: We have, F.C.C unit cell length =3.5 Å,
r = radius.
B.C.C unit cell length= 3.0 Å
Also, diagonal of square 4r = 2 L ,
Now no. of atoms for F.C.C(n1)=4;
where L = side of square.
=3 (3.5 × 10−8 )3
V1=a
⇒ Packing fraction
Now no. of atoms for B.C.C(n1)=2
Area occupied by circle
= a3 (3.0 × 10−8 )3
V2==
Area of square
(n1 × At. wt)
2πr 2 2πr 2 π Density in F.C.C =
= = == 0.7854 (V1 × Av .No)
L2 8r 2 4
(n2 × At. wt)
⇒ % packing efficiency = 78.54% Density in B.C.C =
(V2 × Av .No)

Sol 6: (A) In ionic solid MX (1 : 1 solid), same number of Therefore,

Mn– and Xn– ions are lost in Schottky defect to maintain DF.C.C
electro-neutrality of solid. = (n1 / n2 ) × (V1 / V2 )
DB.C.C
= (4 / 2) × (3.0 × 10−8 )3 / (3.5 × 10−8 )3
Sol 7: In bcc arrangement of atoms: 4r = 3a, atoms on
= 432 : 343
body diagonal remain in contact

3a 3 × 4.29
=
⇒ r = = 1.86 Å Sol 11:
A A

Sol 8: The given arrangement: ABABAB......... represents

hexagonal close-packed unit cell in which there are six
atoms per unit cell. Also, volume of unit cell = 24 2r 3 .
⇒ Packing fraction
Volume occupied by atoms
=
Volume of unit cell
 Chem i str y | 19.51

Sol 12: (A) No. of atoms of Y = 4 1

Copper (Cu) =   × 6 = 3
2 2
No. of atoms of X= × 8 AuCu3
3
Formula of compound will be X 4 Y3 
Sol 3: =
A ccp
= fcc
= 4

Sol 13: (D) For an ionic substance in FCC arrangement,
1  Z eff. = effective
= B = (8) 2 
4  number of atoms
2 (r + + r − ) =
edge length =
1
C = (4) 2

2 

2 (110 + r − ) =
508 A4 B 2 C 2

r − = 144 pm
Sol 4: O=2−
= 4  Z = effective
ccp
 eff.
Sol 14: (B) For F.C.C 1 
= Ti = (4) 2  number of atoms
2 
2a = 4r
2a 2 × 361 TiO2
=r = = 127pm
4 4 ↓
+4
Sol 15: (B) Packing fraction of cubic close packing and

body centred packing are 0.74 and 0.68 respectively. Sol 5: O=
2−
ccp
= 4 

1 1  Z = effective
Sol 16: (C) Effective no. of A atoms = ×8 = 1 A = × (8) =1 =Zn2+  eff.
8 8  number of atoms
1 5 1 
Effective no. of B atoms= × 5 (One is missing) = B= (4)= 2= Al3+ 
2 2 2 

Therefore formula is A1B 5 = A2B5 ZnAl2O4

2

Sol 6: Analyzing one edge of FCC (KF) structure

Sol 17: (D) For BCC, 3 a = 4r
2(r++ r–) = a
3 × 351
=r = 152 pm r++ r– = shortest KF – distance = 132 + 135 = 267 pm
4
a = 534 pm
2a
Sol 18: (C) 2rCl− + 2rCs+ =3a Closest K – K distance = = 377.6 pm
2

3a
rCl− + rCs+ = Sol 7: (a) 2r = a
2 r = 267 pm

3 (b) 3 a = 4r
Sol 19: (A)
= R = a 1.86 Å
4 r = 231.22 pm
(c) FCC
JEE Advanced/Boards 2 a = 4r
R = 188.8 pm
Exercise 1
 12 
8 23 
Sol 1: AB = (CsCl type structure) 6.023 × 10 
Sol 8: density = 
(3.569 × 10−10 )3
1
Sol 2: Gold (Au) = 8 × =1 (Zeff. = 8 for fcc of diamond) = 3.5 gm/cm2
8
1 9 . 5 2 | Solid State

Sol 9: Mass of unit cell = 7.2 × 24 × 10-24 Mass of unit cell (theoretical)
= 17.28 × 10-23 gm  108 + 35.5 
=4×   = 95.301 × 10 gm
–23

Number of unit cell in 200 gm  6.023 × 1023 

95.30 − 95.06
200 % of sites = ×100 = 0.24 %
= = 11.57×1023 95.30
17.28 × 10−23
1 2a
Number of atoms in one unit cell = 8 ×   +2 = 3 Sol 12: Nearest height distance = = 2r
8 2
So, Number of atoms in 200 gm of solid = 3 × 11.57 × 1023 = 438.40 pm

= 3.472 × 1024 atom r = 219.2 pm

r
A+ 88
Sol 10: rAg = 144 pm Sol 13: = = 0.44 > 0.414
r− 200
B
 108 
Z eff. ×  23  So it will occupy octahedral void
Density =  6.023 × 10  = 1.6 × 106
a3 So coordination number would be = 6
3
a
= 16.91×10–30 Sol 14: 3 a = 2(r+ + r–)
Z eff.
3 × 400
⇒ a = (Z eff. × 16.91 × 106 )1/3 pm (r+ + r–) =
2
Case I: Simple cubic r+ + r– = 346.41 pm

Zeff. = 1
Sol 15: a = 407 pm
a = 2r
 197 
Which does not satisfies 4× 23 
Density =  6.02 × 10  = 19.40 gm/cm3
Case II : BCC (4.07 × 10−10 )3
Zeff. = 2 In fcc, 2 a = 4r
a = 323.38 pm
R = 143.9 pm
3 a=4r
 39 + 80 
r = 140 pm Z eff.  23 
Sol 16: 2.75 ×106 =  6.023 × 10 
Which does not satisfy (6.54 × 10−10 )3
Case III : FCC Zeff ~ 4
Zeff. = 4 FCC structure
a = 407.44 pm
mass 200
2 a = 4r Sol 17: Density = =
volume volume of 200gm
r = 144 pm
4 atoms then volume = (2.00 × 10–10)3 m3
So, the structure will be FCC
8 × 10 –30
24×1023 atom then volume = ×24×1023 m3
Sol 11: a = 555 pm 4
200 × 4
NaCl in FCC = Na4Cl4 Density = gm/m3 = 41.67 gm/m3
28 × 10−30 × 24 × 1023
Mass of unit cell
5.561 × 106 =
(5.55 × 10−10 )3
Sol 18: 2 a = 4r
95 × 10–23 = mass of unit cell
a = 2 2 r = 4.016 Å
95.06 × 10–23 = mass of unit cell
 Chem i str y | 19.53

 56  Because for tetrahedral voids

4× 23 
 6.023 × 10  gm/m6 = 5.74 gm/m6 r+
Density = 0.225 < < 0.414
10−30 × (4.016)3 r−

Mass of unit cell

Sol 19: ( r + r 2− ) = 297 pm Sol 25: Density =
Pb2 + S
Volume of unit cell
2( r +r )=a
PbS ⇒ NaCl type structure Na+ Cl−

Analyzing edge in Rock Salt Structure a = 2 × 281 = 562 pm

a = 2( r + r 2− ) = 594 pm 4 × (mass of a molecule)

Pb2 + S
2.165×106 =
(5.62 × 10−10 )3
V = a3 = 209.5 × 10–30 m3
Mass of a molecule

Sol 20: 3 a = 2 (r +r )=7Å 23 + 35.5

Cs+ Cl–
= = 96.07 × 10–24
Avogadro's number
3 = 2 (1.69 + r )=7Å NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.089×1023
Cl–

r = 1.81 Å
Cl–
Sol 26: MgS
Sol 21: 3 a = 4rFe r+ 0.65
= = 0.35
r− 1.84
rFe = 123.8 pm
r
0.225 < + < 0.414 (Tetrahedral void)
r−
Sol 22: 3 a = 2 (r +r )
Cs+ Cl– Mg2+ will occupy tetrahedral void (alternate)
3 (412) = 2 ( r + 181 ) So the coordination number = 4
Cs+

r = 175.8 pm MgO
Cs+
r+ 0.65
= = 0.464
Sol 23: ccp = fcc r− 1.40
r
Tetrahedral void = 8 ; 0.414 < + < 0.732
r−
Octahedral void = 4
1 1 So Mg2+ will occupy octahedral void
Zeff. = effective number of atoms = 4 = 8×   + 6  
8 2 Coordination number = 4
1
A = (8) = 1
2+
CsCl
8
1 r+ 1.69
B3+ = (4) = 2 = = 0.933
2 r− 1.81
r
O2– (fcc) = 4 0.732 < + < 1
r−
AB2O4 So Cs+ will occupy center position in BCC structure
Coordination number = 8
Sol 24: In NaCl structure, Na+ occupies tetrahedral
r
voids, so radius of cation + = ( 2 – 1) Sol 27: BCC
r−
r+ = 103.5 pm r = 124 pm
r+ 3 a = 4r
It r+ = 180 pm then = 0.72
r− a = 286.3 pm
No, it can not be slipped into tetrahedral void
1 9 . 5 4 | Solid State

 56  Exercise 2
2× 23 
density =  6.02 × 10  = 7.924 gm/cm3
Single Correct Choice Type
(2.863 × 10−10 )3
FCC Sol 1: (C) CaF2 = Ca2+ (in fcc structure) + F–

r = 124 pm (at tetrahedral void)

2 a = 4r = 4 + 8 = 12 atoms = 4 molecules

a = 350.72 pm  78 
4× 23 
3.18 × 106 =  6.023 × 10  ⇒ a = 546 pm
 56 
4× 23  a3
density =  6.023 × 10  = 8.620 gm/cm3
(3.5072 × 10−10 )3
Sol 2: (D)
r (a) False each has co-ordination number = 6
Na+
Sol 28: r =
K+ 0.7 (b) False
r r 5
K+ Na+ (c) False
= = = 0.714
r (0.7)r 7
Cl− Cl− (d) True
5  Both should have equal co-ordination number
(a) Sides of KCl = 2( r +r ) = 2  + 1 r −
K+ Cl−
7  Cl
Sides of NaCl = 2( r +r ) = 2 (1.5) r Sol 3: (B) Analyzing cubic diagonal in three dimension
Na+ Cl− Cl−
 r – + 2r + + r − 
12 8  y x y 
= 480 pm
Ratio = = = 1.143  
7 × 1.5 7 3
 
MNaCl r + + 225 = 240 3
4× x
d1 (rNaCl )3
(b) Ratio density = = r + = 190 pm
d2 MKCl x
4× 3
(rKCl )
3 Sol 4: (B) Closest packing ⇒ fcc
MNaCl  rKCl 
=  
MKCl  rNaCl  2ra 2ra
3
58.5  8 
= = 1.1725
74.5  7  2ra
o
109 o
Sol 29: BCC structure 180-109
2
Effective number of atoms = 2
 100  2ra ra + rb
2× 23 
=
 6.023 × 10  = 5.188 gm/cm3 sin109º sin(35.5º )
Density =
(4 × 10 −10 )3 rb = 0.225ra
10
Volume of 10 gm = = 1.927 cm3 Sol 5: (A) Analyzing unit of tetrahedral void
5.188
= 1.927 × 10 cm –6 3

Volume of one unit = (4 × 10–10)3 = 64 × 10–30 cm3

1.927 × 10−6
Number of unit cells = = 0.301 × 1023
64 × 10−30
Number of atoms = 6.023 × 1022 atoms
 Chem i str y | 19.55

In the shown fig. of four carbon atoms, there is one rA

more carbon atom which is in tetrahedral void of the rCu = 0.414
group. It is in touch with all other carbon atoms. None
⇒ rA = 53 pm
of the 4 carbon-atoms touches each other.
Two other
Sol 8: (C) Face of FCC unit cell:
carbons

R
2r
4r
2r
Carbon of 109
o

tetrahedral void 4r
Edge length = =2 2 r
R 2r 2
=
sin109º  180 – 109º  Covered length = 2r
sin  
 2  2r
R = 3.256 rc Fraction cover = = 70%
2 2r
Face of cubic
Fraction not covered = 100 – 70.7 = 29.3%

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Sol 9: (A, C) XY has CsCl type structure

2R
So 2( r + + r − ) = 3a
x y
a
A = 4Å
2 a = 2R
Let’s suppose molecular weight of XY = M
a
R= 80
2 So[XY] = =C
2×M
356
3.256 rc = X+ + H2O → XOH + [H+]
2
rc = 77.0 pm c
c(1–α) cα cα
Sol 6: (D) Schottky defect appears in molecules which Kw [XOH][H ] +

have same size of ions & have high co-ordination. Thus, =

Kb [X + ]
CsCl will show this defect.
[H+] = 10–5
Sol 7: (A) Edge length = a = 362 pm
10−14 cα
= ×10–5
In fcc unit, analyzing face diagonal 4 × 10 −5 c(1 − α )
4r = 2 a 1
α ~ ×10–4
4
radius of copper
[H+] = cα = 10–5
356
r= = 128 pm 10−5
2 2 C=
fcc has two types of void (1 / 4) × 10 −4

⇒ tetrahedral, octahedral C = 0.4

80
Octahedral void will allow for largest radius of atom = 0.4
without any disturbance 2M
M = 100 gm/mole
1 9 . 5 6 | Solid State

 100  Sol 14: (A) Statement-II ∆G = ∆H – TDS

1× 23 
Density =  6.02 × 10  = 2.6 gm/cm3 ∆H for formation of point defect > 0
(4 × 10 −10 )3 DS > 0
So hence increasing T leads to decrease in G
Sol 10: (B, D)
So increasing temperature, we will get more point
(A) Wrong. Analyzing CsCl structure defect.
(B) Voids on center of edge so six void Statement-II is explaining statement-I
(C) Co-ordination will not be affected.
(D) Correct Sol 15: (C) Statement-II is wrong. Because cations
comes in interstitial space because of small size.
Sol 11: (A, C, D)
Sol 16: (A) Both are correct, statement-II is explaining
(A) Correct statement-I
(B) No, co-ordination in BCC structure = 8
(C) Yes Comprehension Type
r + 95
(D) Na = = 0.524 > 0.414 Sol 17: (A) In fcc packing efficiency = 74%
r − 181
Cl Let’s say total volume of the solid = V
So length of edge = 2( r +r ) Mass = (3.2) V
Na+ Cl−
= 552 pm Now, after melting, mass would be same.
(3.2)V
Sol 12: (A, C) 3=
Vf
(A) Correct
Vf = 1.066 V
r+ 0.2 (0.74)V
(B) = = 0.210 < 0.225 So, final packing efficiency = = 69.3%
r− 0.95 (1.066V)
r+ Hence empty space ~ 31%
> 0.155
r−
It will occupy trigonal void Sol 18: (B) SiC ⇒ C = fcc

Co-ordination number = 3 Si = at half of tetrahedral voids

(C) Correct Molecular weight = 28

(D) No, It depends on other atom that is coming Diamond ⇒ C = fcc

C = at tetrahedral void
Assertion Reasoning Type For SiC
 28 + 12 
Sol 13: (A) Statement-II correct (Z eff. )  
106 × 3.2 =  6.023 × 1023 
Statement-I BCC ⇒ 4r = 3a a3
4r Zeff. = 4
a=
3 a = 436.23 pm
FCC ⇒ 2 a = 4r
For diamond
4r
a=  12 
2 8× 23 
106 × 3.6 =  6.023 × 10 
BCC > FCC (distance between nearest lattice points) a3

b = 353.76 pm
 Chem i str y | 19.57

r = 154.5 pm

2r
R Distance between nearest neighour = 309 pm

o Match the Columns

109

R 2rc Sol 22: (A → r, s; B → p, q, r, s; C → q)

=
sin109º  180 − 109  (A) Rock salt structure
sin  
 2 
Co-ordination number = 6
R = 3.256 rC
A = 2 (r+ + r–)
2R = 2b
Co-ordination number of cation and anions are same
rC = 76.81 pm
2a a
Analysis by ratio of densities Distance between nearest anion = =
2 2
d1 3.2 M /V (B) Zinc blende structure
= = sic
d2 3.6 MC / V Co-ordination number of cation = 4
2

3a
8 (2rC )3 (28 + 12) = r+ + r–
= × 4
9 (rSi + rC )3 24
Co-ordination number of cation and anions are same
rSi
= 1.46 (C) Fluorite structure
rC
(p) Incorrect
rSi = 1.12Å
(q) Correct
Sol 19: (C) (r) Incorrect
(A) It will change density (s) Incorrect
(B) Changes always
Sol 23: A → p; B → q, s ; C → r
(C) It will not change as the mass & the volume both
are constant. Solve matrix reverse

(D) Decreasing temperature → Decreases distance 3a

(p) Shortest distance = (r+ + r–) =
→ increases density 2
a
2 × (Atomic mass) (q) = Shortest distance between two cations =
Sol 20: (C) Density = 2
Volume
(r) 0.433a = 2r
 40 
Z× 23  2a
 6.023 × 10  (s) = = 0.707 a
3.2 × 106 = 2
(4.37 × 10−10 )3
Z~4
Previous Years’ Questions
FCC unit
Sol 1: (A, C, D) The unit cell of CsCl has bcc arrangement
Sol 21: (D) Face of ions in which each ion has eight oppositely charged
ions around it in the nearest neighbours as shown below
:

Cs+
Cl-

4r = 2 (437 pm)
Unit cell of CsCl
1 9 . 5 8 | Solid State

(B) In bcc, coordination number of atom is 8. 2 2

=
⇒ PR = RS r
(C) In a unit cell, a corner is shared in eight unit cells 3 3
and a face centre is shared between two adjacent unit
cells. In right angle triangle PQR,

(D) In NaCl unit cell; 2(r +r )=

a PQ
= QR 2 − PR 2
Na+ Cl−
⇒ a = 2(95 + 181) = 552 pm 2
=2 r
3
2
Sol 2: (B, C) (A) Incorrect statement. A small difference ⇒ Height of hexagon
= 2PQ
= 4 r
3
in sizes of cation and anion favour Schottky defect while
⇒ Volume = Area of base × height
Frenkel defect is favoured by large difference in sizes of
cation and anion. 3 2
= 6 (2r)2 × 4 = r 24 2 r 3
(B) Correct statement. In Frenkel defect, the smaller 4 3
atom or ion gets dislocated from its normal lattice
positions and occupies the interstitial space. Sol 5: (D) Packing fraction
(C) In F-centre defect, some anions leave the lattice Volume occupied by atoms
=
and the vacant sites hold the electrons trapped in it Volume of unit cell
maintaining the overall electro-neutrality of solid.
4 3 1
(D) Incorrect Statement. In Schottky defect, some of = 6× πr × = 0.74
3 24 2 r3
the atoms or ions remaining absent from their normal
lattice points without distorting the original unit cell ⇒ Fraction of empty space
dimension. This lowers the density of solid. 1 − 0.74 =
= 0.26 = 26%

Sol 3: (B) Sol 6: (A → p,s; B → p,q) (A) Simple cubic and face
centred cubic both have cell parameters a = b = c and
α = β = γ = 90º. Also both of them belongs to same,
A cubic, crystal system.

B (B) Both cubic and rhombohedral crystal systems have

Q their cell parameters a = b = c and α = β = γ but they
M belongs to different crystal systems.
C P
(C) Cubic and tetragonal are two different type of
R S N crystal systems having different cell parameters.
An hcp unit cell
(D) Hexagonal and monoclinic are two different crystal
1 systems and both have two of their crystallographic
Contribution of atoms from corner =
6 angle of 90º.
1
Contribution from face centre = Sol 7: Ag crystallises in FCC unit cell with 4 atoms per
2
unit cell.
⇒ Total number of atoms per unit cell
4 × 108
ρ= = 10.5 g cm–3
1 1 6.023 × 1023 × a3
= 12 × + 2× + 3 = 6
6 2
⇒ a3 (Volume of unit cell)
Sol 4: (A) In close packed arrangement, side of the = 6.83 × 10−23 cm3
base = 2r
⇒ a= 4 × 10−8 cm = 4 × 10−10 m
⇒ RS = r
⇒ Surface area of unit cell
Also MNR is equilateral triangle, ∠PRS =
30º 2
= a= 1.6 × 10−19 m2
RS 3
In triangle PRS, cos30º
= = ⇒ Number of unit cells on 10–12 m2 surface
PR 2
 Chem i str y | 19.59

10−12 (b) If x mm is the side of square and d is diameter of

= = 6.25 × 106 marble then maximum number of marbles on square
1.6 × 10−19
are with centres within square area can be known by
 There are two atoms (effectively) on one face of unit the following general formula :
cell 2
x 
Number of atoms on 10 –12
m surface = 2 × number of
2 N  + 1
=
d 
unit cell = 1.25 × 107.
⇒ x=7 Sol 10: (a) In rock-salt like crystal AB, there are four AB
units per unit cell. Therefore, density (d) is
Sol 8: The truncated octahedron is the 14-faced
4 × 6.023y
Archimedean solid, with 14 total faces : 6 squares and 8 d=
regular hexagons. The truncated octahedron is formed 6.023 × 1023 × 8y × 10−27
by removing the six right square pyramids one from [ a = 2y1/3 mm = 2y1/3 × 10–9 m]
each point of a regular octahedron as :
= 5 × 103 g/m3 = 5 kg/m3

(b) Since, observed density is greater than expected,

theoretical density, there must be some excess metal
occupying interstitial spaces. This type of defect is
known as metal excess defect.

Sol 11: In a cubic crystal system, there are two types of

voids known as octahedral and tetrahedral voids. If r1 is
the radius of void and r2 is the radius of atom creating
these voids then
Truncated octahedron
 r1  r 
  = 0.414 and  1  = 0.225
 r2 octa  r2 tetra
The above radius ratio values indicate that octahedral
void has larger radius hence for maximum diameter of
atom to be present in interstitial space:
r1 = 0.414 r2
Truncated octahedron unfolded
in two dimension Also in fcc,
4r2 = 2 a
Sol 9: 10 mm
⇒ Diameter required
a
(2r
= 1 ) (2r2 ) × 0.414
= × 0.414
2
400 × 0.414
= = 117 pm
2

40 mm Sol 12: From the given information, the number of

atoms per unit cell and therefore, type of unit cell can
(a) Side of square = 40 mm be known as
Distance of marble = 10 mm NM ρNA a3
ρ= ⇒ N=
NA a3 M
Number of marbles spheres along an edge of square
with their centres within the square = 5 (shown in 2 × 6 × 10 × (5 × 10−8 cm)3
23
= = 2 (bcc)
diagram) 75
Maximum number of marbles per unit are = 5 × 5 = 25 ⇒ In bcc,
 1 9 . 6 0 | Solid State

4r = 3a Sol 17: (B, C) Conceptual Fact.

3 Sol 18: Coordination number of Al is 6.. It exists in ccp

⇒ r= a
4 lattice with 6 coordinate layer structure.
3
= 5 × 10−10 m
4 Sol 19: (D)
= 2.17 × 10−10 m = 217pm

Sol 13: A → p,s ; B → p,q; C → q; D → q,r

Crystals class Axial distances Angles

Cubic
a= b= c α = β = γ = 90

Tetragonal (
a = 2 2r )
a= b ≠ c α = β = γ = 90
2 × πr 2 2πr 2 π
Packing Efficiency
= = =
( ) 4
2
Orthorhombic
2 2r 8r 2
a≠b≠c α = β = γ = 90

Hexagonal
a= b ≠ c α = β = 90 1 1
Sol 20: (B) X = 8 × 6 × = 4
γ =90  8 2
1
M = 4 × +1= 2
Trigonal and 4
a= b= c α = β = γ ≠ 90
rhombohedral
So, unit cell formula of the compound is M2X4 and the
Monoclinic empirical formula of the compound is MX2
a≠b≠c α = β = 90
γ ≠ 90 Sol 21: (A) According to the given A + is present in
Triclinic the octahedral void of X − . The limiting raduius in
a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90 octahedral void is related to the radius of sphere as

r void = 0.414rsphere
Sol 14: (B)
rA+ = 0.414rX‒ =0.414 × 250pm =103.5 = 104pm

Sol 22: (A) In ccp lattice:

Number of O atoms → 4
Number of Octahedral voids → 4
Number of tatrahedral voids → 4
1 1
Total effective number of atoms = 12 × + 2 × + 3 = 6 Number of Al3+ = 4 × m
6 2
Number of Mg2+ = 8 × m
2
Sol 15: (A) Height of unit cell = 4r Due to charge neutrality
3
3 −( −
44( −
4 22) )+
2 ++4m
4m +( +
4m( + 33) )+
3 ++8n
8n +( +
8n( + 22) )=
2 0
00
=
=
( 2r )
2
Base area = 6 ×
4 1
11 = 1 11
∴
=
∴
=∴
=m
mm andn
and
andn
andn
==
Volume = height × base area = 24 2r 3 2
22 8
88

Sol 16: (D) Packing fraction = 74%

Sol 23: (B, C, D) Conceptual facts.
Empty space = 26%