Gen Chem 1 Module 3 2nd Edition 2021
Gen Chem 1 Module 3 2nd Edition 2021
Gen Chem 1 Module 3 2nd Edition 2021
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3
The Mole, Percent Composition
and Empirical Formula
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3: The Mole, Percent Composition and Empirical Formula
2nd Edition 2021
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Content Editors:
Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School
Bonnie James A. Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School
Jocelyn C. Butanas, Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Rey Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School
Management Team:
What I Know
I. Write down your answer on another sheet of paper.
1. How many formula units (particles) of Cr(NO2)3 are in 2.34 mol of Cr(NO2)3?
A. 7.02 B. 1.41 x 1024 C. 3.88 x 1024 D. 4.20 x 1024
2. What is the mass in grams of 2.4 moles of sulfur atoms?
A. 0.038 B. 0.075 C. 77 g D. 150 g
3. An unknown gas is found to consist of 10.48 g of nitrogen and 11.96 g of oxygen.
What is the percent composition of this gas?
A. 28.6 % N, 71.4% O C. 53.3 % N, 46.7 % O
B. 46.7 % N, 53.3 % O D. 74.5% N, 25.5 % O
4. What is the empirical formula of the substance in item number 3?
A. NO B. N2O C. N2O2 D. N3O3
5. Which of the following is NOT equal to Avogadro’s number?
A. atoms of gold in 1 mol of Au
B. atoms of bromine in 1 mol of Br2
C. molecules of carbon monoxide in 1 mol of CO
D. formula units of sodium phosphate in 1 mol of Na 3PO4
6. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 36.1% Ca and 63.9% Cl?
A. CaCl B. Ca2Cl C. CaCl2 D. Ca2Cl2
7. The percentage of sulfur in SO2 is about 50%. What is the percentage of oxygen in
this compound?
A.25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90%
8) How many molecules of tetrahydrofuran (C 4H8O) are present in 2.00 x 10-9 mol of
tetrahydrofuran?
A. 1.67 x 1013 B. 3.01 x 1014 C. 1.20 x 1015 D. 2.17 x 1016
9. A 50.00 g sample of a compound was analyzed and found to contain 21.85 g of
phosphorus and 28.15 g oxygen. What is the empirical formula for this compound?
A. PO3 B. P2O C. P2O5 D. P3O2
10. What is the molar mass of water, H2O, in g/mol?
A. 2.02 B.16.00 C. 17.02 D. 18.02
11. The atomic mass of element A is 100.0 g/mole, while element D’s atomic mass is
16.0 g/mole. 50.0 g of element A combines with 32.0 g of element D. What is the
empirical formula of the resulting compound?
A. AD B. AD2 C. A5D D. AD5
12. Which of the following has a number of molecules equal to the number of
molecules present in 85.0 g of ammonia?
A. 342.0 g of sucrose C. 220.0 g of carbon dioxide
B. 4.75 moles of water D. 10.0 moles of chlorine gas
13. An atom of element Z weighs 4.0 x 10-23 g. What substance is element Z
A. calcium B. helium C. magnesium D. uranium
14. Which of the following has the greatest mass?
A. 6.0 moles of water C. 2.4 x 1023 iodine molecules
B. 10 copper atoms
24 D. 100.0 g of samarium sulfate
15. Lead occurs in several minerals. Which mineral contains the largest mass of
metallic lead per tonne?
A. anglesite (PbSO4) C. cotunite (PbCl2)
B. cerussite (PbCO3) D. galena (PbS)
What’s New
I. Copy the terms and quantities found below on a sheet of paper. Match
the terms found in the first column with its corresponding quantity in the second
column, then answer the questions that follow.
TERM QUANTITY
What Is It
Is it possible to keep track of atoms by counting them? The answer is “yes”, but
it is impractical to count them directly. We can, however, keep track of atoms by
counting large groups of atoms. We count atoms in the same way we count eggs
by the dozen (12), pencils by the gross (144), and sheets of paper by the ream (500).
Because atoms are so tiny, we must consider a very large group of atoms.
When considering a very large number, it may be difficult to comprehend
its magnitude. In this chapter, we will encounter an extremely large number—
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.02 x 1023). This number refers to a group of
atoms and is called Avogadro’s number. To appreciate the enormity of this number,
consider the following analogy. If you had Avogadro’s number of marbles, the
volume of the group of marbles would be the size of the Moon.
Mole Calculations I
The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measure for an amount of a chemical
substance. We define a mole as the amount of substance that contains Avogadro’s
number of particles, that is, 6.02 x 1023 particles. The individual particles may be
atoms, molecules, formula units, or any other particles. Thus,
1 mol = Avogadro’s number (N) = 6.02 x 1023 atoms, molecules, or formula units
The following example will help to reinforce the unit analysis method of
problem solving for calculations involving the mole concept:
Calculate the number of sodium atoms in 0.120 mol Na.
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer? atoms Na
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer? 0.120 mol Na
Step 3: What unit factor should we apply?
Since 1 mol Na = 6.02 x 1023 atoms Na, the two unit factors are
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎
and its reciprocal
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎
Given value Unit factor Unit in answer
Unit Analysis Map 0.120 mol Na 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎 = ? atoms Na
Solution: 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎
We apply the unit factor 6.02 x 1023 atoms Na/1 mol Na to cancel moles Na (mol Na)
which appears
We can also perform the reverse procedure and determine the number of
moles of substance given the number of particles. For instance, we can calculate the
number of moles of violet iodine crystals corresponding to 2.50 x 1023 molecules of
I2. Applying the unit analysis method of problem solving, we have
Molar Mass
A mole is an amount of substance that indicates the number of particles in a
sample. That is, 1 mol of an element contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. Since the atomic
mass of carbon is 12.01 amu, we know that 1 mol of carbon has a mass of 12.01 g.
In fact, the atomic mass of any substance expressed in grams corresponds to 1 mol
of the substance. We will refer to the atomic mass of a substance expressed in grams
as the molar mass (symbol MM). The molar mass of an element is equal to its atomic
mass expressed in grams. By referring to the periodic table, we find that the atomic
mass of iron is 55.85 amu. Thus, the molar mass of iron is 55.85 g/mol. Naturally
occurring oxygen is O2, so the molecular mass is 32.00 amu, and the molar mass is
32.00 g/mol. We can calculate the molar mass of a compound by adding the molar
masses of each element. For example, we can find the molar mass of iron (III) oxide,
Fe2O3, by summing the masses as follows:
The calculated molar mass of Fe 2O3 is 159.70 g/mol. Notice that we used
16.00 g as the molar mass of oxygen. Even though the element occurs naturally as
molecules of oxygen, it is atoms of oxygen that are combined in compounds.
Mole Calculations II
The mole is the central unit in chemistry. It is an amount of a substance and
relates the number of particles to the mass of the substance, that is,
6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mol = molar mass of substance
We can perform calculations that relate mass to the number of particles. For
instance, we can find the mass of 2.55 x 1023 atoms of lead. By applying the unit
analysis method of problem solving, we first find the number of moles:
To calculate the mass of lead, we multiply the number of moles of lead by its
molar mass. From the periodic table we find that the molar mass of Pb is 207.2
g/mol:
The following example reinforce mole calculations involving Avogadro’s number and
molar mass.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 32.07 𝑔 𝑆
or
32.07 𝑔 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆
Solution
We apply the unit factor 1 mol S/6.02 x 1023 atoms S to cancel atoms S, and 32.07 g S/1
mol S to cancel mol S:
How many CO2 molecules are present in 0.470 g of carbon dioxide gas?
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer? molecules CO2
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer? 0.470 g CO2
Step 3: What unit factor should we apply?
The molar mass from the periodic table is 44.01 g CO2 = 1 mol CO2; and by definition, 1
mol CO2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules CO2. Thus, the two pairs of unit factors are shown as
Solution
We apply the unit factor 1 mol CO2/44.01 g CO2 to cancel g CO2, and 6.02 x 1023 molecules
CO2/1 mol CO2 to cancel moles CO2. Thus,
Percent is defined as parts per 100 parts. Another way to define percent
is to say that it is the amount of a given quantity compared to an entire sample. Now,
let’s apply the percent concept to the composition of a compound.
Next, we find the percent composition of water by comparing the molar masses
of hydrogen and oxygen to the molar mass of the whole compound:
Solution
Let’s calculate the percent composition assuming there is 1 mol of TNT. For
compounds with parentheses, it is necessary to count the number of atoms of
each element carefully. That is, 1 mol of C7H5(NO2)3 contains 7 mol of C atoms, 5
mol of H atoms, 3 mol of NO2 (that is, 3 mol N atoms and 6 mol of O atoms).
We begin the calculation by finding the molar mass of C 7H5(NO2)3 as follows:
Now, let’s compare the mass of each element to the total molar mass of the
compound, that is, 227.15 g.
The percent composition of TNT reveals that the explosive is mostly oxygen by
mass. When we sum the individual percentages (37.01 + 2.22 + 18.50 + 42.26 =
99.99%), we verify our calculation and find that the total is approximately
100%.
Empirical Formula
During the late 1700s, chemists experimented to see how elements reacted to
form compounds. In particular, they were interested in the reactions of elements with
oxygen to form oxides. By measuring the mass of an element and the mass of the
oxide after reaction, chemists could determine the formula of the compound. The
empirical formula of a compound corresponds to the simplest whole-number ratio of
atoms of each element in a molecule, or ions in an ionic compound. The following
example illustrates the determination of an empirical formula. A 1.640 g sample of
radioactive radium was heated with oxygen to produce 1.755 g of radium oxide. By
subtracting the mass of radium from the mass of the oxide (1.755 g - 1.640 g), we
find that the mass gain was 0.115 g. Thus, the radium reacted with 0.115 g of oxygen
gas.
Now, let’s find the empirical formula for radium oxide, Ra?O?. The empirical
formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of radium and oxide ions in an ionic
compound. We can determine this ratio from the moles of each reactant. If the molar
mass of radium is given as 226.03 g/mol, we can proceed as follows:
The mole ratio of the elements in benzene is C 7.68H7.75. We can simplify the
mole ratio by dividing both values by the smaller number, 7.68:
Because the ratio C1.00H1.01 is close to whole numbers, we can round off to CH
to obtain the empirical formula for benzene.
1. Write down (or calculate) as given the masses of each element presenting a
sample of the compound. If you are given mass percent composition, assume a
100-g sample and calculate the masses of each element from the given
percentages.
2. Convert each of the masses in Step 1 to moles by using the appropriate molar
mass for each element as a conversion factor.
3. Write down a pseudoformula for the compound, using the moles of each
element (from Step 2) as subscripts.
5. If the subscripts are not whole numbers, multiply all the subscripts by a small
whole number to arrive at whole-number subscripts.
What’s More
I. Read and solve the following problems. Put your answers on a separate sheet of
paper. Show your solutions.
Select the term from the box below that corresponds to each definition given. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Nutrition Label
(chem.libretexts.org)
Product Percent Composition
Questions:
1. What is the importance in knowing the percent composition of a substance or
product?
2. How will our knowledge of a product’s content affect our buying behavior and
the industries?
3. What necessary actions are you going to take based on your answers in
question number 2?
Assessment
Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on another sheet of paper.
1. What is the molar mass of barium perchlorate, Ba(ClO 4)2?
A. 272.24 g/mol B. 304.24 g/mol C. 336.20 g/mol D. 473.37 g/mol
2. A sample of copper weighing 6.93 g contains how many moles of copper atoms?
A. 0.109 mol B. 0.917 mol C. 1.09 mol D. 9.17 mol
3. What is the mass of potassium in 12.5 g of K 2Cr2O7 (molar mass = 294.4 g/mol)?
A. 1.66 g B. 3.32 g C. 8.80 g D. 78.2 g
4. What is the mass percent nitrogen in (NH4)2CO3 (molar mass = 96.09 g/mol)?
A. 0.292 % B. 17.9 % C. 29.1 % D. 35.9 %
5. What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance?
A. ampere B. candela C. Kilogram D. mole
6. How many moles are there in 4.8 x 1025 atoms of tungsten?
A. 1.3 x 10-2 B. 1.3 x 10-1 C. 8.0 x 10-1 D. 80
7. How many atoms are there in 5.7 mol of titanium?
A. 1.06 x 1022 B. 1.06 x 1023 C. 3.43 x 1023 D. 3.43 x 1024
8. How many molecules are there in 2.1 mol CO2?
A. 3.49 x 10-24 B. 1.26 x 1024 C. 2.53 x 1024 D. 3.79 x 1024
9. How many moles of SO3 are in 2.4 x 1024 molecules of SO3?
A. 2.9 x 10-23 B. 0.25 C. 4.0 D. 3.4 x 1022
10. Which is equal to Avogadro’s number?
A. a mole B. a dozen C. 6.02 x 1023 D. the weight of a carbon atom
11. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 40% sulfur and 60% oxygen
by weight?
A. S2O3 B. SO2 C. S6O4 D. SO3
12. A compound contains 6.0 g of carbon and 1.0 g of hydrogen. What is the percent
composition of the compound?
A. 14% H, 86% C B. 17% H, 83% C C. 83% H, 17% C D. 86% H, 14% C
13. What is the molar mass of AuCl 3?
A. 96 g B. 130 g C. 303.6 g D. 626.5 g
14. What is the percent composition of chromium in BaCrO 4?
A. 9.47% B. 20.50% C. 25.20% D. 54.20%
15. Which one is NOT an empirical formula?
A. C6H5Cl B. Na2SO4 C. N2O4 D. Sn3(PO4)4
References
Brown, Theodore L. et al. Chemistry the Central Science 11 ed., Prentice Hall Inc.,
2009
De Guzman, Dino F. et al. Discover Science: Chemistry. Diwa Learning Systems,
Inc. 2012
Corwin, Charles H. Introductory Chemistry 8th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2018
Tro, Nivaldo J. Introductory Chemistry 4th ed.,Prentice Hall Inc., 2012
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Answer Key
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