Cells and Tissues

Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Anatomy of the Cell

Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main regions
-Nucleus
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
1. The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Three regions
a. Nuclear membrane
-Barrier of nucleus
-Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
-Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
b. Nucleolus/ Nucleoli
-Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
- Sites of ribosome production
Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
c. Chromatin
- Composed of DNA and protein
-Scattered throughout the nucleus
-Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
2. Plasma Membrane
-Barrier for cell contents
-Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
-Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
Plasma Membrane Specializations

a. Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface
area for absorption
b. Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
3. Cytoplasm –
Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Cytosol- Fluid that suspends other elements
Organelles- Metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions- Non-functioning units
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoplasmic Organelles
a. Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Sites o protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
– Two types of ER
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Studded with ribosomes
• Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of
drugs
c. Golgi apparatus
– Modifies and packages proteins
– Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles
• Cell membrane components
• Lysosomes
d. Lysosomes
– Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell
e. Peroxisomes
– Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances
• Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
– Replicate by pinching in half
f. Mitochondria
– “Powerhouses” of the cell
– Change shape continuously
– Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
– Provides ATP for cellular energy
g. Cytoskeleton
– Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
– Provides the cell with an internal framework
– Three different types

• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
h. Centrioles
– Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
– Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Cellular Projections
• Not found in all cells

• Used for movement
– Cilia moves materials across the cell surface
– Flagellum propels the cell
Cell Diversity
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
• Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell

• Transport is by two basic methods
– Passive transport
• No energy is required
– Active transport
• The cell must provide metabolic energy
Solutions and Transport
• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components

– Solvent – dissolving medium
– Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution
• Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol
• Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell
Selective Permeability
• The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
• This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
Passive Transport Processes
1. Diffusion
– Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
– Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration
gradient
Types of diffusion
– Simple diffusion
• Unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
– Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
• Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
– Facilitated diffusion
• Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
2. Filtration
– Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
– A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
Active Transport Processes
• Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion

– They may be too large
– They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
– They may have to move against a concentration gradient
• Two common forms of active transport
– Solute pumping – chemical exchanges
- Bulk transport - exocytosis
Extracellular - engulfs substances by enclosing in a membranous vesicle
2 types
1. Phagocytosis – cell eating
2. Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Cell Life Cycle
• Cells have two major periods

– Interphase
• Cell grows
• Cell carries on metabolic processes
– Cell division
• Cell replicates itself
• Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
DNA Replication
• Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells
• Occurs toward the end of interphase
• DNA uncoils and each side serves
as a template
Events of Cell Division

• Mitosis
– Division of the nucleus
– Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
Stages of Mitosis
a. Interphase
– No cell division occurs
– The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth
b. Prophase
– First part of cell division
– Centromeres migrate to the poles
c. Metaphase
– Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
d. Anaphase
– Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles

– The cell begins to elongate
e. Telophase
– Daughter nuclei begin forming
– A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
• Cytokinesis
– Division of the cytoplasm
– Begins when mitosis is near completion
– Results in the formation of two daughter cells
Protein Synthesis
• Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
• Proteins have many functions
– Building materials for cells
– Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
• RNA is essential for protein synthesis
Body Tissues
• Cells are specialized for particular functions

• Tissues
– Groups of cells with similar structure and function
– Four primary types
1. Epithelium
-Found in different areas:
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions:
-Protection
-Absorption
-Filtration
-Secretion classification of epithelium next.

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Cells and Tissues

Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Anatomy of the Cell

Plasma Membrane Specializations

– Three different types

• Not found in all cells

• Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell

Solutions and Transport

• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components

• Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion

• Cells have two major periods

Events of Cell Division

– Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles

• Cells are specialized for particular functions

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