Linguistics 3

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC
DISUSUN OLEH:
RATU FARADILLA FAHARUDDIN
20400118006
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR
2018
CHAPTER 3
1. What is phonetics? How many phonetics are there? Explain your answer.
2. How are language sounds produced? Explain the details of your answers
concearning airstreams mechanism and organ of speech.
3. All languages in the world have consonant sounds, what is consonant sounds?
Explain the details of your answer concerning the definition, state of glottis, place of
articulation, as well as menner of articulation. Give example as well!
4. All languages in the world also have vowel sounds, what is vowel sound? Explain
the details of your answer concerning the definition, height of the tongue, part of the
tongue, as well as position of the lips. Give example as well!
5. In addition to consonant and vowel sounds which are also called segmental sounds.
What is supra segmental sound? Explain your answer and give example!
ANSWER:
1. Phonetics is a study of characteristics of human soundmaking, especially those

sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and
transcription.” (Crystal 2003:349)
There are three types of phonetics:

 Articulatory phonetics, is the study of the production of speech sound. It
describes how the organs of speech, also called articulation, are used to
produce, i.e articulate, the individual speech sounds and classifies them
according to the involved mechanism of production.
 Acoustic phonetics, is study about the transmission and the physical properties
of speech sounds. It is an objective approach to describing sounds, concerned
with measuring and analysing the physical properties (such as duration,
frequency and intensity) of the sound waves we produce when we speak
 Audotiry phonetucs, the study of the perception of speech sounds. It studies
how sounds are perceived and processed by the listener
2. Three basics component are involved in the production of speech sounds: first the
lungs, second the larynx (or voice box) containing the vocal folds (folds of muscle
popularly known as vocal cords) and the glottis (the space between the vocal folds),
and third the vocal tract above the larynx, including the oral and nasal cavities.
The majority of sounds used in the world’s languages are produces by an airstream
that is pushed up from the lungs (pulmonic) and leaves the body through the mouth or
the nose, or sometimes both. All English speech sounds are produced in this way.
The airstream from the lungs is modified by the so-called organs of speech (or
articulators) to produce a variety of different sounds
3. In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with

complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Or in short, a consonant is a block of air.
The description and classification or consonants includes three different criteria:
Criterion Possibilities Example
State of glottis Voiceless or 'T' in winter
voiced
Place of Bilabial, 'E' in think
articulation labiodental,
dental, alveolar,
pastalveolar,
retroflex,
palatal, velar,
ouvalar,
pharyngeal, and
glottal.
Manner of Plosive(or stop), 'M' in
articulation nasal, tril, trap mechanism
or flap, fricative,
affricate, lateral
fricative,
approximant,
lateral
approximant.
4. Vowels are essentially always voiced and more sonorous than consonnts, i.e. they
have a fuller tone than consonant and are perceived as louder and longer lasting
 Height of tounge, this parameter used to describe how high the tounge is raised
in oral cavity to produce a certain vowels. We distinguish high, mid-high, mid-
low and low or use the corresponding terms close, close-mid, open-mid, and
open. Example: I in word “spin”
 Part of the tounge involved in the articulation, this parameter refers to the
horizontal axis and tells us which part of the tounge is raised most to produce a
certain vowel. Example: fool
 Vowels quality also depends on the position of the lips. Vowels are said to be
unrounded when theay are articulated with the lips in a neutral position,
whereas vowels are referred to as rounded when they are produced with the
lips pursed. Example: A in word “aunty”
5. Supresegmental is features are the aspects of speech that involve more than single
consonants or vowels. The component of suprasegmental features consist of: stress,
pitch, intonation, tone and tempo. Example: “Do you want some candy?” “Do not lie
to me!”

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INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC

RATU FARADILLA FAHARUDDIN

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR

1. Phonetics is a study of characteristics of human soundmaking, especially those

There are three types of phonetics:

3. In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with

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