LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL TRIALS OF THE RIZAL LAW

Lesson 1: Introduction to the Course R.A. 1425 - on April 3 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 was
filed to the senate
- the Upper House supported the bill,
INTRODUCTION TO R.A NO. 1425 except for three senators, namely Senator
Mariano J. Cuenco, Senator Francisco
Republic Act No. 1425 or the Rizal Law Rodrigo and Senator Decroso Rosales
- An act to include in the curricula of all arguments:
public and private schools, college and
universities courses on the life and works 1. Rizal’s works contains views that are
and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his against their faith and discredits the
novels Noli Me Tangere and El church. To support their claims, the
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing senators cited the Pastoral Letters
written by Horacio de la Costa, of which
and distribution thereof, and distribution
brands Rizal’s literary works as
thereof, and for other purposes.
heretical.
2. The bill goes against their rights to
freedom of speech and religion because
HISTORY of the “Compulsory” nature of the bill
- On April 3, 1956, the Committee of found in Section 1 of the original version
Education filed a bill to the senate, under of Senate Bill No. 438.
the name of Senate Bill No. 438 by “No Law shall be made respecting an
Senator Jose P. Laurel, Jr., however its establishment of religion or prohibiting the free
author was Senator Claro M. Recto exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or preferences, shall
- to cultivate patriotism in the youths by
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be
appreciating the works and actions of required for the exercise of civil or political rights”
José Rizal was the aim of Senator Laurel (Article III, the Bill of Rights Section 5 of the 1987
Jr. and Senator Recto during their Philippine Constitution)
sponsorship of the bill
- the debate over Senate Bill No. 438 lasted
- the bill underwent trials and was even
for three weeks and later reached the
involved in a controversy involving the House of Representatives when Jacobo
church Z. Gonzales introduced House Bill No.
- approved on June 12, 1956 as Republic 5561, an identical copy of Senate Bill No.
Act No. 1425 and published in the Official 438 on April 19
Gazette Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 297 in the same - Jacobo Z. Gonzales introduced House Bill
month No. 5561 on April 19, an identical copy of
- President Fidel V. Ramos filed Senate Bill No. 438.
Memorandum Order No. 247 (approved - in favor of the bill: Emilio Cortez, Mario
on December 26, 1994) in the hopes of Bengzon, Joaquin R. Roces and W.
rekindling Patriotism in the hearts and Rancap Lagumbay
minds of the youths and future - against the bill: (members of the
generations congress) Ramon Durano, Jose Nuguid,
- within 30 days after the issuance that they Marciano Lim, Manuel Zosa, Lucas
Paredes, Godofredo Ramos, Miguel
must submit a report on the steps of the
Cuenco, Carmen D. Consing, and Tecla
implementation to the president and
San Andres Ziga
another report in the extent of compliance
- Durano, Jose Nuguid, Marciano Lim,
by both the public and private schools Manuel Zosa, Lucas Paredes, Godofredo
with Republic Act No. 1425 one year after Ramos, Miguel Cuenco, Carmen D.
- Commission of Higher Education issued Consing, and Tecla San Andres Ziga.
the CHED Memorandum No. 3, s. 1995 - the congress could not agree upon the
on January 13, 1995 in order to strictly terms included in the original version of
and fully implement Republic Act No. the bill until Senator Laurel Jr. proposed
1425 an amendment by substitution
 - Senator Roseller T. Lim and Emmanuel NATION AND NATIONALISM
Pelaez proposed that the arguments of
- Nation it is defined as a territorial division
the opposition and the concerns of the
containing a body of people of one or
church be accommodated
more nationalities and usually
changes and additions to the bill: characterized by relatively large size and
independent status
1. The compulsory nature of the bill was
removed. one can identify key terms which are the
2. Added exemptions of students from the following:
bill under certain conditions such as
1. body of people
Religious belief.
2. nationalities
- on June 12, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 or
3. independent status
House Bill No. 5561 was approved by
- Nationalities, also called ethnicity refers to
President Ramon Magsaysay and is thus,
a group or rather a large group of people
known as Republic Act No. 1425
cooperating with a same goal or living
within a single area
- Nationalism is defined as the loyalty and
THE RIZAL LAW AND THE CATHOLIC
devotion to a nation
HIERARCHY
Negative Nationalism Positive Nationalism
- those opposed to the bill argued that the
violating the rights of promotes a sense of
bill may go against the religious belief of other people Identity
an individual and discredits the teaching leading to conflict and creates unity among
of the church due the views in the content discrimination, such the people
of Rizal’s literary works, Noli me Tángere as Xenophobia or
and El Filibusterismo Racism
- the Catholic Hierarchy also believed in the
claims of the senators in opposition of the
2 theories on the origin of nationalism:
Rizal bill and have given them support
during the trials 1. Primordialism - the origin of Nationalism
is a phenomenon that traces its roots
measures that the Catholic Hierarchy took
way back in time during the ancient
against the Rizal Bill:
times or even further beyond it
1. Conducted forums and symposiums. 2. Modernism - states that nationalism is a
2. Catholic schools threatened the modern construct by the people due to
government that they will close down if the rapid changes and development in
the bill was passed. the different contexts within a society or
3. Gave warnings against the senators in nation, such as Politics, Economics and
favour of the bill that they will be Education
punished in future elections. - “Nationalism is Aggressive or Offensive
- one of the speakers was the Catholic while Patriotism is Defensive” (Ernest
Priest, Jesus Cavanna who have stated Gellner, 1945)
that the Novels were an attack against the - Nationalism is a phenomenon that
clergy due to a majority of the pages compels an individual to find ways for
attacking them numbered around 120 and more power to promote and develop their
only a few pages were patriotic which are nation
25 - Patriotism is not driven by power but they
- according to Jesus Paredes, it is natural simply express their love and loyalty to
for the Filipino people to refuse since they their country
have the rights
- Senator Claro M. Recto fought against the
opposition through his speeches critiquing
the pastoral letters that the senate have
cited
- The main concern of the Catholic
Hierarchy: “Looming effects that the Rizal
bill will have on catholic students”
 LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Datu
Lesson 2: 19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s - formed chiefdoms in region while the
Context Datus in Mindanao are under the
leadership of the Sultanate Empire
- commonly used term in all of the three
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES major island groups of the Philippines

- through the travels of Ferdinand

Magellan, Europe was able to locate our
The Members of the Royal Family (Highest
country
Class)
- the archipelago was named “Las Islas
Filipinas” which was named after King Maginoo or Tumao
Philip II King of Spain and Portugal
- immediate family of the tribe’s chief and
- Spain then continued to colonize Las Islas
are considered to be the Royal Nobility
Filipinas
- given positions and offices within the court
Fernão de Magalhães/Ferdinand Magellan of the Chieftain and are employed as
Advisers, Tax collectors or Stewards
- Portuguese explorer that travelled the
pacific and one of the first Europeans to
discover the archipelago
2. The Nobility and Warriors (Middle Class)
Antonio Pigafetta
Maharlika or Timawa
- Italian scholar and explorer among the
- exempted from giving tributes and paying
crew of Ferdinand Magellan that
taxes
circumnavigated the world
- required to serve in times of war
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
- Spanish explorer that named the
3. The Laborer and Serfs (Lowest Class)
archipelago “Las Islas Filipinas”
Alipin or Oripun
Miguel López de Legazpi
- have the obligation to serve their chiefs as
- First Governor-General of the Spanish
laborers that harvest or gather resources,
East Indies and had native allies in Las
as warriors for battles, building structures,
Islas that helped in conquering the other
crafting tools and weaving clothing.
Regions of the archipelago.
- required to pay tax fees and tributes
- dependent on their employers so some
had to prove their worthiness to gain
THE SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM
favour
1. The Chieftains (Highest Class) - a person will end up as an Alipin or
Oripun if they have committed crimes, as
- promulgate laws and treaties enacted, an inheritance for their parents’ faults,
defend and supervise their respective being a war captive or they can volunteer
domain to be one.
Lakan subclasses or Alipin/Oripun
- descendants of their deities hence only 1. Horo-han – people that primarily serve
those of the immediate family or those as warriors and were not mandated to
who have earned respect from the do hard labor
barangay can take up the position 2. Aliping Namamahay – able to have their
- used mostly among the Tagalog groups own property established within their
Raja employers domain and able to freely
marry whoever they want without the
- lack the divine ancestry of their Tagalog consent of their employer
counterparts and also manage a smaller 3. Alipin sa Gigilid– they do not have their
domain own belongings or property and not
- mostly from Mindanao allowed to get married without the
consent of their employer
1. Español or Spaniards - in attempt to quell the rising power of the
Chinese Mestizo, the Spanish tried to
the Spaniards’ had the highest rank in class
divert them from trading
and were split into two ranks;
Torna Atrás
Peninsulares
- the enlightened class that existed
- Spanish pure bloods that were born in
because of the intermarriages that
Spain
happened throughout the years
- were given the highest ranking
- were able to attend Educational
professions such as the Governor
institutions both in Las Islas Filipinas and
General position
in other countries
Insulares - they were given another name, Illustrados
- one famous, Illustrados was José Rizal
- sometimes called Criollo
- Spanish or European pure bloods that The Spanish may have the military power and
were born in Las Islas Filipinas political power during the 19th century in Las
- enjoyed some benefits although not to the Islas Filipinas.
extent of luxury as the Peninsulares
The Chinese Mestizos slowly ascended and
Mestizo de Español or Spanish Mestizo acquired the power in eeconomics in the years
1741 to 1898.
- with Spanish and Malay blood
- result of the intermarriage of the Insulares The Torna atrás were acquiring more
and Indios knowledge and gaining connections from
- mostly interest in the arts and military different countries.
matters
- inherited the devotion and loyalty to one’s
family by the Indios AGRARIAN RELATIONS AND FRIAR LANDS
2. Sangley or Chinese - the Spaniards that held the highest
positions and ended up being the ones
they were skilled traders settled in Binondo
that owned most of the land because of
The Mestizo de Sangley or Chinese Mestizo the Encomienda System and the Maura
Law
- result of the intermarriages between the
Chinese and Indios Encomienda System
- interested in commerce which they
- a labor system implemented in Las Islas
inherited from the Chinese and possessed
Filipinas which asks tax payment and
the devotion and loyalty that the Indios
labor from the Indios
had
Maura Law/ Royal decree of 1894
3. Indios
- states that the land owners of agricultural
- the natives that the Spaniards were able
lands have to register their lands if they
to colonize in Las Islas
don’t then the land that they own will be
- were taxed heavily and were given jobs
declared as state property
requiring manual labor, often working as
- some Indios were ignorant to it so they
slaves
were asked for rent for living in the land
because it was owned by the Spanish

THE ASCENDANCE Haciendas

- due to the unique heritages the Chinese - agricultural lands that were owned by the
Mestizos possessed traits and interests Hacienderos
that eventually lead to their ascendance in
1. Hacienderos
power and wealth within Las Islas
Filipinas - landowners in Spanish colonies during the
- their growing in numbers making them a 19th century
threat to the Spanish government - most are Peninsulares within the Spanish
government or the clergy
 - there are some Insulares and Mestizos José Apolonio Burgos y García (35)
able to become Hacienderos through
- a Spanish Mestizo
inheritance or great wealth.
- wrote several, essays and articles that
2. Inquilinos express his secular and nationalist views
- the people that rented the land Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario (36)
- mostly comprised of Mestizos or Sangley
- a Mestizo
- average land holding of an Inquillino:
- responsible for managing the Manila
Mid-18th century = 2.9 hectares Cathedral and several parishes
- fond of playing cards or gambling
Late-18th century = 390 hectares
The three native priests were charged with
3. Kasamá
treason and sentenced to death on the 15th of
- they were the share-tenants of the February 1872.
Inquillinos
On the break of dawn at Bagumbayan on
- the ones who do most of the hard-labor
February 17, 1872 they were executed using a
for they till, cultivate and harvest the
garrote in front of 40,000 people.
resources from the land
One person greatly affected by their execution
Friar Lands
was José Rizal. They were one of the reasons
- agricultural land in Las Islas Filipinas he wrote the novel, El Filibusterismo.
owned by Spanish Friars
- some of the Friars refused to sell or rent
those lands to the natives and even THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
abused their power that the system gives
- 200 armed laborers in Cavite attacked an
them
arsenal, Fort San Filipe in Cavite on
New Law or the Law of the Indies January 20, 1872
- was issued in 1542 Sergeant Fernando Lamadrid
- a decree that tries to limit the power of the
- a Mestizo
Spanish in colonies but was ineffective
- lead the revolt in Cavite with Jaerel Brent
Senior as the second in command
- died in a skirmish with the Spaniards
INTERCLERGY CONFLICTS AND CAVITE
MUTINY After they lost to the Spaniards, the Indios and
Mestizos that were not killed are sentenced
- the native priest were also mistreated and
with life imprisonment, while the rest were
deprived of their privileges creating a
exiled.
conflict between the Spanish and the
native priests With the bloodshed and unresolved conflict
- some of the native priests to lead a revolt caused by the events in the year 1872 this will
of 200 laborers against the Spaniards eventually lead the people towards a path of
- three native priests were the most revolution until it reaches the breaking point
prominent and were known to have that they have to fight once again.
supported the revolt
- they were called by the acronynm
GOMBURZA and their names were
Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora
Mariano Gómes de los Ángeles (72)
- a Tornatrás of Indio, Chinese and Spanish
descent
- founder and one of the publishers in the
- newspaper La Verdad (The Truth) which
provides the Indios, Mestizos and
Illustrados a voice to their criticisms of the
church.
 LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Lucia Rizal (“The Sufferer”)
Lesson 3: Rizal’s Life - tormented by the Spaniards by not
allowing her husband a proper catholic
burial and also confiscating their
Jose Rizal (“The National Hero”) possessions
- she had a child named, Delfina Rizal
- June 19, 1861-December 30, 1896 Herbosa de Natividad who joined the
- his family lived and he grew up in Katipunan and helped in seaming the
Calamba, Laguna Philippine flag
- he married Josephine Bracken hours
before he was executed Maria Rizal (“The Confidant”)
- she was the one Rizal confided on when
JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY the others did not support his plan in
marrying Bracken
Francisco Mercado (“Models of Father”) - Rizal sent a letter to her on December 12,
- of Chinese descent 1891 it contained his plans on making a
- was an Inquillino that rented the Filipino Colony called New Calamba and
Haciendas of Dominican Friars in was located in North Borneo which is now
Calamba, Laguna Sabah, Malaysia

Teodora Alonso (“Loving and Prudent Mother”) Concepcion Rizal (“Rizal’s First Loss”)

- of Japanese, Malay, Spanish and Chinese - she and Rizal often played with each
descent other who were only one year apart
- the first teacher of Rizal - Rizal recounted their memories in his
work, Memoirs of a Student in Manila
Saturnina Rizal (“Second Mother”)
Josefa Rizal (“Katipunera”)
- acted as a motherly figure and helped
their mother in educating Rizal. - joined the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang
- helped in financing Rizal’s education Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
- supported the publication of the Tagalog - her duty was to hide important documents
translation of Rizal’s Noli me Tángere and make meetings by the Katipunan look
like gatherings or celebrations
Paciano Rizal (“Reliable Older Brother”)
Trinidad Rizal (“The Steward”)
- helped in financing Rizal’s education.
- was a Kasamá of the Haciendas owned - she and their mother, Teodora Alonso
by Dominican Friars in Calamba visited Rizal during his exile and when he
- was a General of the Kataastaasan, was imprisoned till the day of his
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak execution
ng Bayan or Katipunan during the - Rizal gave her an alcohol cocinilla or
Philippine Revolution alcohol burner which contained his last
work, Mi Ultimo Adios
Narcisa Rizal (“Hospitable Sister”)
Soledad Rizal (“The Controversial Sister”)
- helped in financing Rizal’s education
- let the Rizal family and Josephine Braken - was rumored to have been the daughter
stay at her home when they were evicted not by Teodora Alonso and Francisco
and to hide from the Spanish authorities Mercado but that of Saturnina Rizal and
- was the one who successfully found the Jose Alberto de Quintos Alonzo
remains of Rizal in Paco Park Cemetery
in Manila and put Rizal’s initials as
“R.P.J.”
Olympia Rizal (“The Mediator”)
- helped Rizal with his First love
- continued to update Rizal of their family’s
condition when he was abroad