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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
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Diffusion occurs because the molecules move randomly and collide with each other
water is transported into and out of the cell through osmosis?
Glucose, the raw material in cellular respiration, gets into the cell through Secondary
Active transport
Transmembrane Proteins is a cell membrane structure facilitates the transport of ions
and polar molecules across the membrane.
When cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the volume of its water decreases
What is active transport? Active transport mechanism requires energy, Active
transport mechanisms uses carrier proteins, It moves materials from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Primary Active transport is a n example of sodium-potassium pump.
Endocytosis moves large molecules into a cell, while Exocytosis moves materials
out of the cell
Phagocytosis is when white blood cells destroy foreign microorganisms that have
entered the human body by surrounding and engulfing the invaders.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is an endocytosis, which employs receptor proteins
in the plasma membrane that have a specific binding affinity for certain substances.
How channel protein facilitates the transport of polar compounds? It allows the polar
compounds to avoid the nonpolar layer of the cell membrane
Oxygen molecules pass through the lipid bilayer through simple diffusion
Reagent is a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction
Reactant is a substance added to test if a reaction occurs.
Reductant It is the element that is oxidized in a redox reaction.
Oxidant contains the element that is reduced
Spontaneous redox reactions are generally endothermic
Oxidizing agent highest the oxidation number of a given element
In an oxidation reaction, the oxidation number increase
Active site this is here the reaction is catalyzed in an enzyme
Catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes Transferases.
Lyases-lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond.
Enzymes described having a typically long amino acid sequence about100-500
Cellular Respiration It is the process that breaks down food molecules, usually in the
form of glucose, to turn into carbon dioxide and water.
In cellular respiration, ATP is produced to be used in all cellular processes that
require energy.
The chemical equation of cellular respiration is also called---“Redox”
Anaerobic respiration It is the type of respiration through which cells can break
down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration It is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel,
such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.
Substrate binds in the active site.

An enzyme is biological catalyst.
The reactant molecule that an enzyme works on is the Substrate.
A Catalyst speeds up the chemical reaction without being changed
Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of
vitamins.
DNA and RNA polymerases are examples of Holoenzyme.
Enzymes are reactants and are used up during the reaction.
Once an enzyme binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction, the enzyme is
released,
Some enzymes are more specific than others and will only accept one
particular substrate
Enzyme‘s amino acid sequence are typically 10-500 amino acids long.
Substrate molecule collides with the active site of its enzyme forms the
Enzyme Substrate complex
The metabolic role of ATP is that the nucleoside triphosphate acts as the 'energy
store' or as the 'energy currency' of the cell.
Enable energy from ADP power the cellular reactions, the cellular processes are
coupled to hydrolysis of ATP.
Cells often convert some of the energy from ATP hydrolysis into other usable forms.
ATP is a molecule made of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and a chain of three
phosphate groups.
ATP is dispatched to wherever a non-spontaneous reaction needs to occurs so that
the two reactions are coupled so that the overall reaction is thermodynamically
favored.
The main chemical compound used by cells for energy is adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
The phosphate of ATP is the key to its ability to store and supply energy.
ATP releases energy when it breaks bonds between its phosphate groups.
Endergonic reaction absorbs energy while exergonic reaction absorbs energy from
the surroundings.
Energy coupling is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another.
Photosystems are clusters of chlorophyll and proteins.
The light-dependent reactions begin when photosystem II absorbs light.
The products of light-dependent reaction are O2, ATP, and NADPH.
The difference in charges across the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to
make ATP.
ATP and NADPH are two types of energy carriers.
RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP.
The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take
place in three key steps. ATP and NADPH use their stored energy to convert the
three-carbon compound, 3-PGA, into another three-carbon compound called G3P.
The remaining G3P molecules regenerate RuBP, which enables the system to
prepare for the carbon-fixation step.
Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Only 2 ATPs are formed during anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.
The end products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Aerobic respiration is comparatively longer than anaerobic respiration.
ATP provides the energy for both energy-consuming endergonic reactions and
energy-releasing exergonic reactions.
Chemiosmosis is used to generate 80% of the ATP made during aerobic glucose
catabolism.
The citric acid cycle provides the electrons that fuel the process of oxidative
phosphorylation.
The Krebs cycle is the first component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of
glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen.
In anaerobic organisms, glycolysis is the prelude to the citric acid cycle and the
electron transport chain, which together release most of the energy contained in
glucose.
The electron transport chain is present in multiple copies in the inner mitochondrial
membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into
two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
The common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump
to create a proton gradient across a membrane.
In chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of redox reactions just described is
used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the membrane

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Reactant is a substance added to test if a reaction occurs.

Reductant It is the element that is oxidized in a redox reaction.

Oxidant contains the element that is reduced

Spontaneous redox reactions are generally endothermic

Oxidizing agent highest the oxidation number of a given element

In an oxidation reaction, the oxidation number increase

Active site this is here the reaction is catalyzed in an enzyme

Catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes Transferases.

Lyases-lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond.

Enzymes described having a typically long amino acid sequence about100-500

Substrate binds in the active site.

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