ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTROL SYSTEMS
(3681)

UNIT 6
MECHANICAL HEATING AND COOLING

NAZIA IFTAKHAR
INTRODUCTION
• The primary function of HVAC systems is to provide
healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants;
well designed, efficient systems with minimal non-
renewable energy and air and water pollutant emissions.
• The purpose of HVAC design is both high indoor air
quality and energy efficiency.
• The most important function of HVAC systems is to
provide the buildings occupants with healthy and
comfortable interior conditions.
• A carefully designed, efficient system can do this with
minimal non renewable energy and air and water pollutant
emissions to minimize the environmental impact.
• Cooling equipment that avoids CHCs and HCFCs
eliminates a major cause of damage to the ozone layer.
HVAC SYSTEM TYPES
• Choice of system depend on building purpose and degree
of occupancy. There are three categories:
• All air system
• All water system
• Combined air-water system
ALL-AIR SYSTEM
• Air is blown across the cold evaporator coil and then
delivered by ducts to the rooms that require cooling.

• Air systems can effectively ventilate, filter and dehumidify

air.

• The main disadvantages lies in the bulky ductwork that is

required.
ALL-WATER SYSTEM
• The water is chilled by the evaporator coil and then
delivered to fan-coil units in each space. Although the
piping in the building takes up very little space, the fan-
coil units in each room do required some space.

• Ventilation, dehumidification and filtering of air are

possible but not as effective as with an air system.
COMBINED AIR-WATER SYSTEM
• In smaller buildings, the heat given off by a refrigeration
machine/mechanical room is usually dumped into the
atmosphere by blowing outdoor air over the condenser
coil.

• To make this heat transfer more efficient, water can be

sprayed over the condenser coil.

• Medium sized buildings often use a specialized piece of

equipment called an evaporative condenser to dump heat
into the atmosphere by evaporating water.

• A cooling tower also dumps heat into the atmosphere by

evaporating water.
COMBINED AIR-WATER SYSTEM
• This cooling tower is pumped to the refrigeration
machine/mechanical room. Most cooling tower are placed
on roofs.
AIR CONDITIONING OF SMALL
BUILDINGS
• There are 3 units air conditioning in small buildings:
1. Window units
2. Packaged units
3. Split units
WINDOW UNITS
• They can used for single spaces like rooms, a window unit is
used.
• The condenser coil, compressor and fan are on the exterior
side of an internal partition. The compressor is on the
outside because it is the noisiest part of the equipment.
• On interior side of the partition there is the evaporator coil
and a fan to blow air over it.
• As indoor air passes over the evaporator coil, its
temperature is often lowered below its dew point
temperature.
• An adjustable opening in the interior partition allows a
controlled amount of fresh air to enter for ventilation
purposes.
WINDOW UNITS
PACKAGED UNITS
• Packaged units are pre-engineered self- contained units
where most of the mechanical equipment is assembled at
the factory.

• They offer low installation, operating and maintenance

costs.

• Rooftop versions are the most common with each unit

serving a separate zone.

• Packaged units are used on the ground for building with

crawl spaces or above suspended ceiling when there is
enough space below the roof.
PACKAGED UNITS
SPLIT UNITS
• Most homes and some other buildings find the split units to be
most appropriate.
• In the split unit , the compressor and condenser coils are
outdoors while the air handling unit with the evaporator coil is
indoor.
• The air handling unit also contains the central heating systems.
• The illustrate the use of split systems for a small office building.
The air handling units with their evaporator coils and heating
systems are in a mechanical equipment room.
• The supply ducts are above a suspended ceiling but on the
indoor side of the roof insulation.
• The air is supplied to each room through a top register or a
ceiling diffuser. Return air grilles and ducts bring the air back to
the air handling units.
SPLIT UNITS
SPLIT UNITS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
SYSTEMS (3681)

UNIT 7
MATERIALS, COMPONENTS AND DETAILS
INSULATION
• Insulation is any material that
has the ability to effectively
slow down heat. Throughout
history, mankind has been using
insulation to keep our homes
and our bodies comfortable.
• It is supposed to put it in the
walls, floors and ceilings of a
home to make them more
energy efficient and
comfortable.
• Insulating materials are
intended to reduce conductive
heat transfer through the
building envelope.
BUILDING INSULATION
• Building insulation refers broadly to any object in a
building used as insulation for any purpose. While the
majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal
purposes, the term also applies to acoustic
insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation.

• Often an insulation material will be chosen for its

ability to perform several of these functions at once.
BENEFITS OF INSULATION
• Conserves energy by reducing heat loss or gain.

• Properly designed and installed insulation systems

immediately reduce the need of energy.
• Controls surface temperature and personnel protection
and comfort.
• Insulation reduces the surface temperature of piping and
equipment to a safer level, resulting in increased in
workers safety.
• Prevents condensation on cold surfaces.

• Prevents and reduces damage to equipment from

exposure to fire or corrosive atmosphere.
• Control noise
TYPES OF INSULATION
• Several types of insulation
measures exist:
1. loose-fill insulation
2. Sheet loft insulation
3. Blanket insulation
4. Sprayed foam insulation
5. Structural insulated panels
6. Rigid foam insulation
7. Cavity wall insulation
8. Floor insulation
9. Roof and loft insulation
BLANKET INSULATION
• The most common and widely available type of insulation,
comes in the form of batts or rolls. It consists of flexible
fibers, most commonly fiberglass held together by binding
materials.
• We can also find batts and rolls made from mineral (rock
and slag) wool, plastic fibers, and natural fibers, such as
cotton and sheep's wool.
• Mostly used in wood framed construction to fill cavities
and above ceilings.
• Common dimensions of Batt are thickness of 1 in., 2 in.,
3½ in. 5 ½I in. and 8 in., widths of 14 ½ and 22 ½ in.
• Roll insulation is smaller to batt with longer length and a
paper or foil backing to facilitate installation.
BLANKET INSULATION
BLOCK INSULATION
• Concrete blocks are used to build home foundations
and walls, and there are several ways to insulate
them.
• If the cores aren’t filled with steel and concrete for
structural reasons, they can be filled with insulation,
which raises the average wall R-value.
• It is more effective to install insulation over the
surface of the blocks either on the exterior or interior
of the foundation walls.
• Placing insulation on the exterior has the added
advantage of containing the thermal mass of the
blocks within the conditioned space, which can
moderate indoor temperatures.
BLOCK INSULATION
LOOSE-FILL INSULATION
• One of the most common forms of insulation is loose-fill
cavity wall insulation, takes the form of small particles that
form a material that can conform to any space without
disturbing structures.

• The most commonly used material for this type of

insulation is cellulose, fiber glass and mineral rock wool
which are all produces from recycled materials.

• Loose-fill will typically be installed in wall cavities and

attics/lofts and is installed via a pipe.
LOOSE-FILL INSULATION
• The most common types of materials used for loose-fill
insulation include cellulose, fiberglass and mineral (rock
or slag) wool. All of these materials are produced using
recycled waste materials. Cellulose if primarily made from
recycled newsprint. Most fiberglass contains 40% to 60%
recycled glass.

• Mineral wool is usually produced from 75% post-industrial

recycled content.

• Loose-fill insulation consists of small particles of fiber,

foam, or other materials. These small particles form an
insulation material that can conform to any space without
disturbing structures or finishes.
LOOSE-FILL INSULATION
FOAM INSULATION
• These are usually installed in the form of rigid foam
boards and sheets.
• Foam boards, rigid panels of insulation can be used to
insulate almost any part of our home, from the roof down
to the foundation.
• They are very effective in exterior wall sheathing, interior
sheathing for basement walls, and special applications
such as attic hatches.
• They provide good thermal resistance (up to 2 times
greater than most other insulating materials of the same
thickness), and reduce heat conduction through structural
elements, like wood and steel studs. The most common
types of materials used in making foam board include
polystyrene, polyisocyanurate and polyurethane.
SPRAYED FOAM INSULATION
• It is a common insulation
and works in a similar way
with liquid foam being
poured or injected into place
into wall cavities making it
very versatile.
• Sprayed in foam is installed
using a foaming agent and
will expand and become
solid as the mixture cures.
Slow curing foams are
available which will flow
around any obstructions
inside thee wall cavity before
hardening.
RIGID FOAM INSULATION
• It is used where weight
is in need of support
like under a floor or in
lofts.
• As well as having
rigidity and durability,
rigid foam also
provides acoustic
insulation by
minimizing the level of
sound travelling
through walls or raised
floors such as in flats
etc.
STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS
• They are prefabricated
panels that can be used in
wall, roofs and floors.
They offer excellent
insulation in comparison
with traditional methods.
• They typically consist of 4
to 8 inch thick panels that
are made to fit in a factory
then shipped to the site
and can be made to
various sizes. A structural
insulated panel would
ideally be used in a new
build property.
TYPES OF INSULATION
Types Materials Where Applicable
Blanket Insulation Fiberglass Unfinished walls,
Mineral (rock or slag) including foundation
wool walls
Plastic fibers Floors and ceilings
Natural fibers
Loose fill Insulation ellulose Enclosed existing wall or
Fiberglass open new wall cavities
Mineral (rock or slag) Unfinished attic floors
wool Other hard-to-reach
places
Foam Insulation Polystyrene Unfinished walls,
Polyurethane including foundation
walls
Floors and ceilings
Unvented low-slope
roofs
NIGHT INSULATION
• Night insulation also contributes to comfort in direct-
gain systems.
• It is necessary to raise the air temperature to
compensate the radiant cooling effect of the large
glass surfaces.
• Night insulation by providing an insulating thermal
buffer between the occupants and the glass, results
in a warmer interior surface and thus a higher mean
radiant temperature.
• Movable window insulation may be categorized by its
location relative to the glazing: Interior (on the room
side) and intraglazing (between the glazing layers).
NIGHT INSULATION
• Plastic weatherstrip
materials with pressure-
sensitive backing to
trap condensate and
allow it to re-evaporate
into the room air.

• Edge sealed, pop-in

shutter
MOVABLE INSULATION
• A versatile window covering that allows beneficial
heat gain during winter and minimized unwanted heat
gain in summer.
• Simple examples include insulative shade, shutter
panel or curtain.
• South facing windows are the most beneficial for
providing heat.
• East and west are beneficial during the spring. They
loose heat during the window, where insulation is
necessary.
• North facing windows are always heat losers so
insulation is necessary.
BOTTOM SEALS

• Because cool air

tends to fall to the
floor, the bottom
seal on a curtain is
most important.
Flexible, easy to
operate
 NIGHT INSULATION

• Thermal shutters:
various hinge and track
configurations
 NIGHT INSULATION

• The edge seals are

made to butt with a
foam gasket. Easy to
operate
 INSEALSHAID

• Three separate shades for

windows and glass patio
doors. It is made with a
reflective film shade on
the window side, a clear
file shade in the middle,
and a black, heat-
absorbing film shade on
the room side.
 HINGED SHUTTERS

• Used as reflectors to
boost solar heating
gains on winter days.
• The change in the
orientation of the sun
make the sun make
them useful for only a
couple hours each days
LOUVERED SHUTTERS
 HINGED SHUTTERS

• External shutters
operated from interior
OPTICAL MEASURES
1. E glass
2. Trombe wall
3. Solar wall
INFILTRATION
• Infiltration is the unintentional or accidental introduction
of outside air into a building, typically through cracks in
the building envelope and through use of doors for
passage.
• Infiltration is sometimes called air leakage. The leakage
of room air out of a building, intentionally or not, is called
exfiltration.
• Infiltration is caused by wind, negative pressurization of
the building, and by stack effect
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
SYSTEMS (3681)

UNIT 8
DAY LIGHTING
UNIT 9
ELECTRIC LIGHTING
LIGHTING
• Lighting designed to provide a uniform level of
illumination.
• Day lighting is an energy-efficient strategy that
incorporates many technologies and design
philosophies which can vary tremendously in scope
and cost.

• Many elements of a day lighting implementation will

likely already be part of a building design or retrofit
(e.g. windows and light fixtures), but a successful day
lighting system will make use of the technology with
in construction methods.
DAY LIGHTING
• Daylight enters a building via from primary mechanism i.e.
direct sun light, Clear sky, Clouds and Diffused light
including reflections from ground and nearby objects.
• Day lighting elements include good lighting, window size
and view out have a pivotal role in emotional satisfaction.
• Using day light in buildings is a key strategy for passive
design also improves people’s comfort and productivity.
• Purpose of day lighting is to illuminate building in an
effective way to both decrease your building’s energy use
and make the interior environment most comfortable for
people.
• In commercial buildings electric lighting accounts for 35-
50% of total electric energy consumption. Strategic use of
daylight can reduce this energy demand.
DAY LIGHTING
• The day lighting design is not just how to provide
enough daylight to an occupied space, but how to do
so without any undesirable side effects.
• Beyond adding windows or skylights to a space, it
involves carefully balancing heat gain and loss, glare
control, and variations in daylight availability. For
example, successful day lighting designs will
carefully consider the use of shading devices to
reduce glare and excess contrast in the workspace.
• Additionally, window size and spacing, glass
selection, the reflectance of interior finishes, and the
location of any interior partitions must all be
evaluated.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Day lighting is the controlled admission of natural light;
• direct sunlight and
• diffuse skylight—into a building to reduce electric
lighting and saving energy.

• By providing a direct link to the dynamic outdoor

illumination, day lighting helps create a visually
stimulating and productive environment for building
occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total
building energy costs.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• A day lighting system is comprised not just of
daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows,
but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting
control system.

• When there is adequate ambient lighting provided

from daylight alone, this system has the capability to
reduce electric lighting power.

• Further, the fenestration, or location of windows in a

building, must be designed in such a way as to avoid
the admittance of direct sun on task surfaces or into
occupants' eyes.
DAY LIGHTING-DESIGN STRATEGIES
• If day lighting is to be utilized in proposed
building, it is necessary to determine its
availability on site.
• In building design, day lighting encompasses
three primary design inquiry:
• Aperture and interior surface design for effective
luminous distribution and intensity.
• Shading for glare control.
• Shading for solar heat gain control.
• Integrated lighting design ensure that the
luminous environment created in service of
occupants rather than against them.
DAY LIGHTING–DESIGN STRATEGIES
• Energy saving strategies can reduce the
quantity of energy required for electric
lighting will reduce the greenhouse effect.
These may include:
• To maximize the use of natural day light in a
building.
• To minimize the power requirements of lamps.
• To make efficient use of lighting through control
mechanism and appropriate design and layout.
MASSING FOR DAY LIGHT
• It can be very difficult to get
consistent daylight and control
glare from east and west
windows.
• However, the side of the building
facing the sun’s path (the
equator-facing side) can
generally be easily shaded with
overhangs, light shelves or
louvers and the side of the
building facing away from the
sun’s path gets little or no glare.
• Generally buildings that are
longer on their east-west axis
are better for day lighting and
visual comfort.
MASSING FOR DAY LIGHT
• By using skylights, single-storey buildings can easily
achieve good day lighting throughout, no matter how wide
they are. However, single-storey buildings are often not the
best use of land.

• For good day lighting, larger and taller buildings should

have thinner profiles to maximize day lighting potential
from side windows. They also provide more opportunity for
views.

• Large buildings can get daylight into more spaces by

having central courtyards or having other cutouts in the
building form.

• Increasing the height of each storey to allow for higher

windows also helps pull daylight further into the building.
ORIENTATION FOR DAY LIGHTING
• With massing of visual comfort,
building should usually be
oriented east-west rather than
north-south.
• This orientation helps to harness
day light and control glare along
the long faces of the building. It
also lets you minimize glare from
the rising or setting sun.
• If the building has cutouts to
maximize day lighting, the
prientation should also be chosen
to maximize north-south walls for
these cutouts.
• With good building massing such
controls can also act as their own
shading to prevent glare.
APERTURES FOR DAY LIGHTING
• The locations and size of apertures matter a great deal if
we want to utilize natural light in your building.

• Windows and other openings facing the path of the sun

receive much more direct sun light than those facing away.
More day lighting is not necessarily better.

• Apertures that are evenly distributed are useful.

• Continuous strip apertures are even better and apertures

on multiple sides are often best. Otherwise rooms have
hotspots in terms of temperature and brightness.
SIDE LIGHT
• Light coming from side apertures like windows can only
penetrate so far into a building. This is the reason why
shallow floor plans are usually recommended for day
lighting multi-story buildings.
• Daylight penetrates into a room roughly 2.5 times the
height of the top of the window.
• East-west facing windows can provide very bright light in
the morning or evening but insufficient light at other times
of the day. Windows facing the sun path get the brightest
light also have glare but controllable on east –west walls.
TOP LIGHT
• Higher apertures are more effective at bringing light deep
into the building. This often means glazing in roofs.

• Skylights are not the only kind of aperture to bring light in

through roofs.
TOP LIGHT
• Top lights are usually much
brighter than side lights per unit
area, for the same glazing
properties.

• A vertical monitor brings in twice

as much light as a view window,
an angled monitor brings in three
times more depend on the angle
and horizontal skylight.

• Baffles are often used in top

lighting to help direct the light
usefully into the room and edges
of openings can help the light
spread more broadly through the
space.
REDIRECTING LIGHT
• Redirecting light is the use of building elements to bounce
sunlight into more desirable locations in the building.

• Light shelves and baffles are two strategies that can

distribute the light more evenly.
SUNLIGHT VS DAYLIGHTING
• Sunlight is considered as • Daylight or skylight
the light that enters a space describes the desirable
directly from the sun. this natural light in a space.
type of light is good for
lighting an interior space. • Day light results in a
• Direct sunlight can produce
perceived even distribution
glare and excessive heat of light that avoids the glare
gain. and all ill effects of direct
• Sunlight is direct light from sunlight.
the sun itself. • Daylight is diffuse natural
• For day lighting design, we light from the sky.
don’t want sunlight. It • For day lighting design, we
creates light that is too do want daylight.
intense and can bring
unwanted heat.
MAXIMIZE NATURAL DAY LIGHT
• Building form, orientation, windows height and locations,
glazing are important factors to incorporate efficient
daylight into the buildings.

• Design and
distribution of
windows is crucial
in building design.
Location and
placement and
spaces of rooms.
MINIMIZE POWER REQUIREMENTS
• The selection of suitable electric lighting can have a
very significant impact on energy use.
• Areas where electric power is not readily available
achieved by use of candles or lamps.
• Three levels of lighting inside buildings is necessary.
• Ambient 50-150 lux
• General / Local 150-500 lux
• Task 750+ lux
• Ambient lighting provides uniform illumination for
people to generally move about a space.
• General or local lighting required for activities
requires greater level of illumination like studying, in
kitchen.
• Task light provides high illumination where precision
is required.
LIGHTING TYPES
EFFICIENT USE OF LIGHTING CONTROL
• Direct current (DC) system can be installed
which provides suitable power supply.
• For rural areas off-grid electricity generation
system is efficient.
• Fluorescent lamps offer effective form of
general lighting.
• Larger generator systems are available to
provide lighting and power for larger buildings
like hospitals.
• By maintenance and cleaning of the equipment
we also can reduce the energy consumption.
NATURE OF DAY LIGHTING
• Nature of day light comprises of three elements:
• Direct sunlight
• Diffused light
• Reflected light
• Orientation of building in relation to the tracking of the
sun can have an important bearing on the use of
daylight.
SIDE AND TOP LIGHTING
• Within a room natural light might be admitted from side
through windows or through the top by some form of sky
light.
• Windows are high potential for providing views and
accessibility of ventilation with high potential of glare and
limited might penetration.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• Vast variety of lamps and luminaries available. Lamps
basically of two types:
• Incandescent
• Discharge

• Incandescent include general lighting service commonly

referred as light bulb.
• Discharge lamps operates differently. Most familiar
variety is fluorescent tube.
ILLUMINANCE LEVEL
• Design of the lighting system for a building is achieved
by suitable lighting design, selection of appropriate
lamps and luminaries or calculation.
• There are different standards available for recommended
levels of illuminance for different rooms and activities.
• Calculations can be dependent on maintenance factor of
luminaries, lighting layout and glare control.