448 Indo. J. Chem.

, 2008, 8 (3), 448 - 453

PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE FROM COCOA BEANS

(Theobroma cacao. L.) OF CLONE PBC 159

Ratna Agung Samsumaharto

Faculty of Biology, Setia Budi University, Jl. Let. Jend. Sutoyo Mojosongo – Surakarta 57127

Received 3 April 2008; Accepted 15 October 2008

ABSTRACT

A study was carried out to characterize the cocoa lipase from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao, L.) of clone
PBC 159. The optimum temperature of cocoa lipase was 30-40 °C and the pH optimum was 7.0-8.0. The moleculer
weight of the lipase enzyme was in between 45-66 kDa. The results indicate that Km value for cocoa bean lipase was
2.63 mM, when trimyristin was used as a substrate. The incubation of cocoa bean lipase with triolein and tributyrin
(as substrate) yielded Km of 11.24 and 35.71 mM, respectively. The Vmax value obtained from the incubation of the
lipase with a wide range of substrates, including tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, are expressed as µmole
acid/min/mg protein for cocoa lipase. Vmax values decreased with the increase in the triacylglycerol chain-length, with
Vmax values of 27.78, 13.16 and 11.63 µmole acid/min/mg protein when incubated with tributyrin, trimyristin and
triolein, respectively. Inhibition of lipase occurred in the presence of diisopropyl flourophosphate, N-
bromosuccinimide and 5,5-dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid).

Keywords: characterization, lipase, cocoa beans

INTRODUCTION According to Hassan [8] the lipase showed that the

optimum temperature for oil palm mesocarp lipase
Lipases are ester hydrolases or esterases since activity range between 20.0 to 32.5 °C.
they hydrolyse the ester bonds of triacylglycerol According to Jensen [5], the pH optimum of most
molecules. The lipases are more active with insoluble lipases is in between 7 and 9. Muto and Beevers [9]
fatty acid esters and hydrolyse the ester bonds present reported that two lipases were found in extracts from
only at the water-oil interface, whereas carboxylic ester castor bean endosperm. One, with optimal activity at
hydrolases that are specific for the soluble esters are pH 5.0 (acidic lipase), was present in dry seeds. The
simply termed esterases [1]. According to Jensen et al. seconds, with an alkaline pH optimum (alkaline lipase),
[2], lipases or acylglycerol hydrolase are enzymes which was particularly active at pH 9.0. The acidic lipase of
catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain aliphatic acids from castor bean is present in the dormant seed showed the
acylglycerol at the oil/water interface. The systematic pH optimum of enzyme was 4.2 and it was rather heat
name is acylglycerol acylhydrolase. The interface is stable [10,11]
usually provided by emulsion globules or lipoprotein According to Schuepp et al. [1] the substrate
particles, the latter are primarily chylomicrons and very specifity determination was performed with triacetin,
low density lipoprotein. The element providing the tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, where exo- and
interface has been termed the super substrate. One of endolipase demonstrated higher affinity for trimyristin,
the most important enzymes found in cocoa beans is with Km values of 5.11 and 3.24 mM, respectively.
lipase. This lipolytic enzyme plays an important role in Inhibition of the exo- and endolipase occured in the
fatty acid metabolism [3]. The lipases from different presence of a range of chemicals, including sodium
sources have been studied extensively and their deoxycholate, ferrous and ferric chloride, diisopropyl
properties have been characterized. These enzymes flourophosphate, N-bromosuccinimide and 5,5-
have been partially purified or purified to homogeneity. dithiobis-(-2-nitro-benzoic acid). The purpose of the
Purified lipases subsequently have been characterized study is to characterize the cocoa lipase from cocoa
for molecular size, metal binding capabilities, glycoside beans (Theobroma cacao, L.) of clone PBC 159.
and phosphorous contents, and substrate specificities
[4]. MATERIALS AND METHODS
According to Jensen [5], most lipases are active in
wide range of temperature from 20-60 °C but the usual Material
range was 30-45 °C. The lipase hydrolases a variety of
fatty acid ester and has an optimum pH of about 7. The Mature cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) pods of
enzyme retained its full activity at 20 to 55 °C [6]. Abigor clone PBC 159 were used. They were obtained from
et al. [7] reported that the oil palm mesokarp lipase has the Golden Hope Plantations Berhad, Perak Darul
o
an optimal activity upon its substrates at 30 C. Ridzuan, Malaysia. The pods were harvested around
* Corresponding author. Tel/Fax : +62-271-852518
Email address : [email protected]

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 Indo. J. Chem., 2008, 8 (3), 448 - 453 449

the age of 160 days (400 pods per clone), and then and 80-100% ammonium sulphate. The precipitate was
within a day transported to the Department of separated by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm, 40 °C for 10
Biochemistry and Microbiology, Putra Malaysia min and resuspended in a minimal volume of 20 mM
University, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), before dialysed
against 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 40
Instrumentation °C. The dialysing medium was changed twice every 24
hours. The suspension was then lyophilised and stored
Thermolyne Maxi Mix II Vortex, Haake SWB 20 at -20 °C before use.
Shaker Water-bath. UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Pye-
Unicam Model 8625. Determination of Specific Lipase Activity
Assay of Soluble Protein Content. The soluble
Procedure protein content was determined according to Lowry et
al. method [15]. The copper content was prepared by
Isolation of Cocoa Lipase adding 1.0 mL of 0.5% copper sulphate pentahydrate
Preparation of Acetone Dry Powder (AcDP). and 1% sodium potassium tartate to 50 mL of 0.1 M
Acetone Dry Powder (AcDP) of cocoa beans was sodium hydroxide, containing 2% sodium carbonate.
prepared according to method of Kirchcoff et al. [12]. The protein solution (0.5 mL) was added to 5.0 mL of
The pulp and cotyledone was lyophilized using a freeze the alkaline copper reagent and the solution mixture
dryer machine (Edward, UK) and crushed with a cold was allowed to stand for 10 min. Then, 0.5 mL of the
mortar and pestle before they were defatted with 250 mL Folin-Ciocalteus phenol reagent (which had been
petroleum ether (40-60 °C) for 8 hours in a soxhlet diluted 1:1 with distilled water) was rapidly added and
apparatus and reextracted for another 8 h. Following mixed. This solution was allowed to stand for 30 min,
that, all purine alkaloids were also removed by extraction and the absorbance was measured at 580 nM. A
with 250 mL chloroform for 8 h. The resultant defatted standard curve was prepared using Bovine Serum
and purine-free alkaloid cotyledons were then sieved Albumin at concentration 50-200 µg/mL.
(size, 300 µM mesh) in order to obtain a uniform particle Substrate Emulsion Preparation. The substrate
size cotyledone powder. In order to remove polyphenols, emulsion was prepared by mixing one gram of Arabic
50 g of the powder were treated with cold aqueous gum with 80 mL of distilled water. The mixture was
acetone (kept at -20 °C for overnight) containing 5 mM then added with 1.21 g (0.10 M) of Tris, 0.077 g (5mM)
sodium ascorbate and 0.1% thioglycolic acid. The of dithiothreitol, 1.0 mL of olive oil and before it was
mixture was shaken vigorously for 30 sec and then mixed to emulsify using a Thermolyne Maxi Mix II
incubated at 20 min intervals. The suspension was then Vortex. The mixture was adjusted to pH 6.5-7.0 with
centrifuged at 10.000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C and the distilled water. The substrate emulsion was kept in a
resulting pellet was re-extracted twice with 80% cold refrigerator at 5 °C before used for analysis.
acetone, and four times with 70% cold aqueous acetone. Assay of Lipase Activity. The lipase enzyme
The residual water was removed by dehydration with activity was determined according to Kwon and Rhee
100 mL of 100% acetone. The resultant acetone dry method [16]. Approximately 1.0 mL of crude enzyme
powder was stored at -20 °C before being used for from AcDP was added with 3.0 mL of substrate
analysis. emulsion. The solution was then homogenized using a
Extraction of Crude Enzyme from AcDP. Crude Thermolyne Maxi Mix II vortex and was incubated at 30
enzyme from Acetone Dry Powder (AcDP) was extracted °C for 2 hours and placed in a Haake SWB 20 shaking
according to method of Seow et al. [13]. The acetone water bath at 50 rpm. After adding 4.0 mL of isooctane,
dry powder (1 g) was resuspended in 100 mL of chilled the sample was homogenized using a vortex mixer and
20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) in ratio one to then heated in boiling water for 5 min. During sample
hundred (1:100) and then extracted using a cold mortar. heating, the top of sample tube was covered with a
After extracting, the suspension was centrifuged at layer of aluminium foil. The suspension was then
10,000 x g for 30 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was centrifuged at 5.000 g for 5 min. Two mL of upper layer
dialysed against the same buffer at 5 °C for 2 days. The (isooctane layer) was taken and mixed with 1.0 mL of
dialysate was centrifuged again at 10.000 x g for 30 min 5% cupric acetate-pyridine. The mixture was
at 4 °C and the supernatant was used as the enzyme homogenized using a vortex mixer before the
solution for the determination of the lipase enzyme absorbance was read using a Pye-Unicam model 8625
activity. UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the wavelength 715 nM.
Precipitation of Enzyme using Ammonium The preferred IUPAC-IUB units (U) was used to
Sulphate. The enzyme was precipitated using calculate a unit of lipase activity such as µmole free
ammonium sulphate as described by Green and Hughes fatty acids released/min. Enzyme specific activity
[14]. The resulting crude extract from AcDP (300 mL) expressed in µmole free fatty acids released/min/mg
was fractional precipitated by 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80

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450 Indo. J. Chem., 2008, 8 (3), 448 - 453

protein was seldom used. It would be helpful if all who glycine electrophoresis buffer was added to the top and
investigate lipases, reporting activity as U or preferably bottom reservoirs. These were best done with a bent
as enzyme specific activity. hypodermic needle attached to a syringe. The volume
Characterization of Cocoa Lipase. Lipase loaded was dependent on the protein content of
specific activity was also assayed using three individual samples but was usually in the range 5–15
substrates: tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein. The acetate µL The electrophoresis apparatus was attached to an
buffer (pH 4.0–6.0) and phosphate buffer (pH 5.0–9.0) electric power supply. A voltage of 30 V/cm was
were used to determine the effect of pH and temperature applied to the gel. After the dye front was moved into
on lipase specific activity. The inhibitory effect of the resolving gel, the voltage was increased to 60 V/cm
selected range of inhibitors on the enzyme activity of and run the gel until the bromophenol blue reached the
cocoa lipase was investigated using diisopropyl bottom of the resolving gel. Then the power supply was
flourophosphate, N-bromosuccinimide and 5,5-dithiobis- turned off. The glass plates were removed from the
(-2-nitro-benzoic acid). electrophoresis apparatus and placed them on a paper
Detection of Molecular Weight. The SDS-PAGE towel. Using a spatula, the plates were dried apart. The
was prepared according to Laemmli method [17]. The orientation of the gel was marked by cutting the corner.
gel cassettes was assembled using clean glass plates The gel was then fixed and stained with Commassie
as instructed by the manufacturer. The resolving gel was Brilliant Blue dye.
prepared as follows: in a disposable plastic tube, the
appropriate volume of solution containing the desired RESULT AND DISCUSSION
concentration of acrylamide was prepared, using the
values given above (solutions for preparing resolving Isolation of Cocoa Lipase
gels – 10%, 30 mL). The components were mixed in the
order shown. Polymerization began as soon as the The isolation of crude enzyme from Acetone Dry
TEMED was added. Without delaying, the mixture was Powder (AcDP) with ammonium sulphate precipitation
swirled rapidly and proceed to the next step. The showed an optimum lipase activity compared to the
acrylamide solution was poured into the gap between original crude extract. Schuepp et al [1] reported that
the glass plates. Sufficient space for the stacking gel the lipases can be successfully isolated using
was left. The acrylamide solution was overlayed carefully ammonium sulphate precipitation method. Crude
with distilled water using a pasteur pipette. The gel was enzyme from AcDP was gradually precipitated by 0-20,
placed at room temperature. After polymerization was 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100% of saturations by the
completed (30 min), the overlay was poured off and the addition of ammonium sulphate.
top of gel was washed several times with deionised The two highest levels of lipase specific activity
water to remove any unpolymerized acrylamide and then recorded were at 85.53 µmole/min/mg protein with
was drained as much fluid as possible from the top of 29.61% recovery and 89.85 µmole/min/mg protein with
the gel, and was then removed any remaining water with 14.24% recovery in 40-60 and 60-80% of saturation
the edge of a paper towel. The stacking gels were respectively while the crude enzyme obtained from
prepared as follows: in a disposable plastic tube, the AcDP and 0-20% saturation has the least lipase
appropriate volume of solution containing the desired specific activity. This is due to the relatively higher
concentration of acrylamide was prepared using the protein content in the crude enzyme of AcDP and 0-
values given above (solutions for preparing stacking gels 20% of saturation, which is about 3 times compared
– 4%,10 mL). The components were mixed up in the with that of 40-60% of saturation. Higher sample
order shown. Polymerization began as soon as the volume was obtained from AcDP and 0-20 % fraction.
TEMED was added. Without delaying, the mixture was The 40-60 and 60-80% fractions were then chosen for
swirled rapidly and proceeded to the next step. The further studies due to their higher lipase.
stacking gel solution was poured directly onto the
surface of the polymerized resolving gel. A clean comb Temperature and pH Study
was then immediately inserted into the stacking gel
solution. More stacking gel solution was added to fill up According to Jensen [5], most lipases are active
the spaces of the comb completely. The gel was placed in a wide range of temperature from 20–65 °C but the
in a vertical position at room temperature. While the usual range was 30–45 °C. The lipase has an optimum
stacking gel was polymerised, the sample was prepared pH of 7.0. The enzyme retained its full activity at 20 to
by heating them to 100 °C for 5 min in loading buffer 55 °C. The partially purified lipase from Theobroma
(1:1) to denature the proteins. After polymerization was cacao was incubated at a wide range of temperatures
completed, the wells were removed carefully. The wells (10-60 °C) and enzyme activity was measured
were washed immediately with deionized water in order spectrometrically using olive oil as substrate. Abigor et
to remove any unpolymerized acrylamide. The gel was al. [7] reported that the oil palm mesocarp lipase has
mounted in the electrophoresis apparatus. The tris-

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 Indo. J. Chem., 2008, 8 (3), 448 - 453 451

According to Jensen [5], the pH optimum of most

lipases is in between 7 and 9. The results of the pH
study which used olive oil as substrate for lipase assay
is shown in Figure 2. The pH optimum of cocoa beans
lipase activity was 7.0-8.0.

Substrate Specificity

Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots of the

activity of cocoa bean lipase incubated with a wide
range of substrate (tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein) are
shown in Figure 3. The results indicate that Km value
for cocoa bean lipase was 2.63 mM, when trimyristin
was used as a substrate. The incubation of cocoa bean
lipase with triolein and tributyrin (as substrate) yielded
Figure 1. Effect of temperature on lipase specific Activity Km of 11.24 and 35.71 mM, respectively. Schuepp et al.
of cocoa beans [1] reported that Km value of 5.11, 9.66 and 21.52 mM
for the lipases from P. fragi, using trimyristin, triolein,
tributyrin as a substrate, respectively. The incubation of
cocoa lipase with a substrate, triacetin resulted in a Km
value of 7.10 mM.
The Vmax value obtained from the incubation of
the enzyme with a wide range of substrates, including
tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, are expressed as
µmole acid/min/mg protein for cocoa lipase. Vmax values
decreased with the increase in the triacylglycerol chain-
length, with Vmax values of 27.78, 13.16 and 11.63
µmole acid/min/mg protein when incubated with
tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein, respectively. These
Figure 2. Effect of pH on lipase specific activity of cocoa findings are in agreement with the previous reports
beans which indicated that the lipase enzyme from P. fragi
was most active with triacylglycerols of intermediate
carbon-chain lengths and trilaurin was most rapidly
hydrolysed, followed by tripalmitin, whereas longer
chain lengths were hydrolysed more slowly [1].

Effect Of Inhibitors On Cocoa Beans Lipase

Activity

The use of diisopropyl flourophosphate (DFP) at

low concentration (0.2 µM) resulted in 90% inhibition of
cocoa beans lipase activity and complete inhibition
occured at 0.25 µM. According to Schuep et al. [1] the
incubation of exolipase with 0.1 and 0.2 µM diisopropyl
flourophosphate (DFP) resulted in 50 and 100%
inhibition of cocoa beans lipase activity, respectively.
Figure 3. Lineaweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots for DFP is reported to inactivate serine-esterases,
the cocoa lipase using tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein including lipases and proteases by reacting with the
as a substrate serine residue at the active site [18]. N-
Bromosuccinimide (NBS) was also an effective inhibitor
an optimal activity of 30 °C. While Hassan [8] reported for cocoa beans lipase. The incubation of cocoa lipase
that it was in the range of 20–32.5 °C. Figure 1 shows with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) at 0.6 µM resulted in
that the optimum temperature for partially purified more than 50% loss of lipase activity, whereas total
relative cocoa lipase activity is between 30–40 °C. inhibition occured at 1.0 µM (Table 1). According to
Above this temperature range, the relative cocoa lipase Schuepp et al. [1] the inhibition of exolipase by 0.5 µM
activity dropped sharply at higher temperatures (40–60 of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) resulted in a 50% loss of
°C) until 0% relative lipase activity was obtained. the original enzyme activity, whereas complete inhibit-

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452 Indo. J. Chem., 2008, 8 (3), xx - xx

Table 1. Effects of inhibitors on lipase specific activity of cocoa lipase

Inhibitors used: Inhibitor concentration ( uM ) Residual Activity (%)
Diisopropyl flourophosphate (DFP) 0.05 92
0.10 70
0.15 36
0.20 10
0.25 0
N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) 0.20 80
0.40 65
0.60 40
0.80 25
1.00 0
5,5-Dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid) 0.05 70
0.10 45
0.15 32
0.20 15
0.25 0

ion of lipase activity occured at 2.0 µM. N- CONCLUSION

bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been used for the
oxidation of tryptophan and tyrosine residues in proteins. The results of temperature study on the
Tryptophan is a highly hydrophobic amino acid and this characterize of cocoa lipase showed that the optimum
characteristic may play an important role in the formation temperature of partial purified cocoa lipase is between
of the enzyme-substrate complex and in the 30–40 °C, The pH study with olive oil as a substrate for
maintenance of protein conformation [19]. lipase assay and it is shown a pH optimum of lipase
The inhibition of cocoa beans lipase activity by 0.2 activity between pH 7.0-8.0. Km value for cocoa beans
µM of 5,5-Dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in a lipase was 2.63 mM, when trimyristin was used as a
15% of residual activity of cocoa lipase, whereas substrate. The incubation of cocoa bean lipase with
complete inhibition occured at 0.25 µM. According to triolein and tributyrin and yielded Km of 11.24 and 35.71
Schuepp et al. [1], the incubation of exolipase with 0.075 mM for cocoa lipase, respectively, as the substrate and
µM of 5,5-Dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in the Vmax values decrease with the increase in the
inhibition of cocoa beans lipase activity by 75%. triacylglycerol chain-length when incubated with
However, lower concentration of this inhibitor reagent did tributyrin, trimyristin and triolein shown, with Vmax
not show any inhibitory effect (Table 1). Complete values of 27.78, 13.16 and 11.63 µmol acid per min per
inhibition of the enzyme activity could be achieved by the mg protein, respectively. Inhibition of lipase occurred in
addition of 2.5 µM 5,5-Dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic acid) the presence of diisopropyl flourophosphate, N-
[18]. bromosuccinimide and 5,5-dithiobis-(-2-nitrobenzoic
acid). Purified lipase extract were obtained after
Moleculer Weight of Lipase applying through DEAE cellulose and Sephacryl S-200
chromatography and have been done to assay of
Lipase was succesfully isolated from acetone dry lipase activity before applying through SDS-PAGE.
powder of cocoa beans by solid ammonium sulphate Sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel
precipitation in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer. Five electrophoresis of the cocoa lipase showed the
fractions, that were lipolytically active against olive oil presence of a major band with a molecular weight of
were isolated, using 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80% range in 45-66 kDa. saturations of solid ammonium
and 80-100% saturations of solid ammonium sulphate. sulphate.
Purified lipase extract were obtained after applying
through DEAE cellulose and Sephacryl S-200 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
chromatography and have been done to assay of lipase
activity before applying through SDS-PAGE. Sodium For this research, the fund provided by the
dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment
the cocoa lipase showed the presence of a major band of Malaysia under the Intensification of Research
with a molecular weight of range in 45-66 kDa. Priority Areas (IRPA) Program (Project Code 51276)
and Putra Malaysia University are acknowledged. I
would also like to express my sincere gratitude to
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Radzali Muse, Professor Dr. Jinap

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 Indo. J. Chem., 2008, 8 (3), 448 - 453 453

Selamat and Assoc. Professor Dr. Johari Ramli for their 9. Muto, S., and Beevers, H., 1974, Plant Physiol. 54:
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S. Psi., MM. for his support. 11. Ory, R.L., Yatsu, L.Y., and Kircher, H.W., 1968,
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