Lighting PPT 01

LIGHTING
SUB : ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Presented By,
Vijayalaxmi M
Assistant professor
Interior And Spatial Design
• Light is a radiant energy. It
radiates equally in all
directions and spreads over
larger area after emitting from
source.
• As it spreads intensity of the

light diminishes to the square
of its distance from the
source.
• As it moves, light reveals to

our eyes the surfaces and
forms of the object in space.
So an object in its path will
reflect or absorb the light
striking on the surface or
allow it to pass through.
• The Sun, stars, and electric lamps
are visible to us because of the
light they generate.
• Most of what we see, however, is
visible because of the light
reflected from the surface of the
objects.
• Our ability to see objects better on

various factors such as,
a. Brightness
b. Contrast
c. Glare
d. Diffusion
e. Colour
So shape, colour and texture to

differentiate one object from another
is affected not only by light available
illumination.
BRIGHTNESS
• Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in

which a source appears to be radiating or
reflecting light.
• In other words, brightness refers to how much
light energy is reflected by surface.
• The degree of brightness depends on the color
value and texture of a surface. A shiny light
colored surface will reflect more light than a dark
matte, or rough-textured surface even though
both surfaces are lit with the same amount of
illumination.
• Visual acuity increases with object brightness.
• Equal importance is there for relative brightness
between the object and its surroundings.
• To make its shape, form and texture evident some
degree of contrast or brightness ratio is required.
• Even though these objects may be uniformly
illuminated, their surfaces differ in brightness
according t their •Color •Value •Texture •Ability to
reflect light
BRIGHTNESS
• For example , a white object on an equally

bright white background would be difficult to
see than against a dark background.
• Even though these objects may be uniformly

illuminated, their surfaces differ in brightness
according to their color value and texture and,
consequently.
• Setting the brightness too low can again

cause strain, decrease the visual stimulation
and therefore also work performance.
• Darker surfaces in the room can work against

the harmonious distribution of brightness and
can cause feelings of oppression and anxiety.
• Brightness = Illumination X Reflection

CONTRAST
• Contrast between an object and its background is especially critical for visual tasks that require the
discrimination of shape and contour.
• An obvious example of this need for contrast is the printed page, where dark letters can be best be read when
printed on light paper.
• Contrast is the difference in luminance and/or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or
display) distinguishable.
• In visual perception of the real world, contrast is determined by the difference in the color and brightness of the
object and other objects within the same field of view.
CONTRAST
• The surface brightness of a task area should

be the same as its background, or be just a
bit brighter.
• A maximum brightness ratio of 3:1 between
task surface and its background is generally
recommended.
• Between the task area and darkest part of
the surrounding room, the brightness ratio
should not exceed 5:1.
• Higher brightness ratios can lead to glare
and associated problems of the eye fatigue
and loss in visual performance.
• Surrounding area (3) should range from 1/5

to 5 times the brightness of the task area (1)
3:1 is the maximum recommended
brightness ratio between the visual task area
and its immediate background (2)
GLARE
• Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight or artificial light
such as car headlamps at night.
• Although our eyes prefer even lighting particularly between a task surface and its background, our eyes
are able to adapt to a wide range of brightness levels.
• We can respond to a minimum of brightness ratio of 2:1 as well as of 100:1 or more, but only over a
period of time our eyes cannot respond immediately to extreme changes in lighting levels.
• Any sudden significant increase in brightness can lead to a glare, eyestrain and impairment of visual
performance.
GLARE
• There are two types of glare, Direct

and Indirect.
• Direct glare is caused by the
brightness of light sources within
our normal field of vision. The
brighter the light source greater is
the glare potential.
• Possible solutions to problems of
direct glare include:
a. Locate the sources of the
brightness out of the direct line of
vision.
b. If this is not possible, use properly
shielded or baffled lighting
fixtures.
c. In addition, raise the background
brightness of the light sources
and reduce the brightness ratio.
INDIRECT GLARE
• Indirect glare is caused by a task or viewing surface

reflecting light from a light source into the viewer’s
eyes.
• The term veiling reflection is sometimes used to
describe this type of glare because the reflection of
the light sources creates a veiling of the image on the
task surface and a resultant loss of contrast necessary
for seeing the image.
• Indirect glare is most evident when surface is shiny.
• Possible solutions to problems of reflected glare are:
a. Locate the light source in a manner incident light rays
reflected away from the viewer.
b. Use of indirect light fixtures or light fixtures with
diffusers.
c. By lowering overhead lighting by increasing localized
task light closer to working area.
INDIRECT GLARE
DIFFUSION OF LIGHT
• Diffusion of light is a measure of a light’s

direction and dispersion from the
source.
• This quality of light affects both the
visual atmosphere of the room and the
appearance of objects too.
• • Light diffusion (how light is spread) can
significantly decrease dazzle and glare
from the different surfaces and objects in
a room.
• The more diffusely and evenly the light
is spread the better dazzle and glare are
prevented.
• Light diffusion can be defined as the
ratio of the diffused reflected light to the
totally reflected light.
1. Reflection from a bright polished metal
surface or a mirror.
2. Reflection from an ordinary painted
surface causes glare at certain angles.
COLOUR OF LIGHT
• Another important quality of light is colour and the way it

affects the coloration of the objects and surface in a
room
• We assume most light to be white, but the spectral
distribution of light varies according to the nature of its
source.
• Noon daylight is considered to be most evenly balanced
white light: in the early morning hours, daylight can
range from purple to red, and as day progresses oranges
and yellows to blue-white at noon.
• The spectral distribution of light varies wrt type of lamp
like incandescent lamp produces yellow-white light
whare as cool-white fluorescent produces blue-white
light.

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LIGHTING

SUB : ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

• As it spreads intensity of the

• As it moves, light reveals to

• Our ability to see objects better on

So shape, colour and texture to

• Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in

• For example , a white object on an equally

• Even though these objects may be uniformly

• Setting the brightness too low can again

• Darker surfaces in the room can work against

• Brightness = Illumination X Reflection

• The surface brightness of a task area should

• Surrounding area (3) should range from 1/5

• There are two types of glare, Direct

• Indirect glare is caused by a task or viewing surface

• Diffusion of light is a measure of a light’s

• Another important quality of light is colour and the way it

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