BGS238 Engineering Geology of Dams Student Handout
BGS238 Engineering Geology of Dams Student Handout
BGS238 Engineering Geology of Dams Student Handout
How can we work out how big (how high) the dam needs to be?
Gorges
Less than 3
Narrow Valleys
Between 3 - 6
Wide Valleys
Greater than 6
Types of Dam
Arch or Buttress Dam
Gravity Dam
Embankment Dam
Gravity
Stability derived from self-weight. Ground anchors can be used to increase stability. Masonry or concrete. Used in narrow to wide valleys with Chord / height ratio 5 to 8 eg Vyrnwy (Wales) =7 and the Three Gorges dam in China
Buttress
Reinforced concrete buttresses used to transfer thrust to foundation. Used in very wide valleys eg Errochy =10 and Shira =15 (Scotland)
Arch dam
Stability derived from the curved shape of the dam transferring the forces to the abutments. Reinforced concrete, can be thick (chord/height ratio of 3 5) or thin skinned (c/h< 3, radius <150m), single or double curvature. Can withstand large deflections in the foundations IF the deflections are uniformly distributed. Common in mountainous areas with gorges or narrow valleys eg Vaiont dam, Italy
Used in wide valleys where foundation materials are deformable and/or variable. Has a very wide footprint with shallow slopes. Constructed from local materials derived from within the reservoir area. The impermeable core can be clay or asphalt concrete. Very common in UK, but also the High Aswan dam (dune sand) in Egypt
Concrete Dams
Typical cross-section for concrete dams: (a) Gravity (b) Buttress (c) Arch Drainage measures for an arch dam. Drainage curtain: downstream (D) of grout (G) cut-off and upstream of stressed zone. The closure of fractures in the stresses zone in-situ reduces permeability and allows development of excessive groundwater pressure.
Arch Dam
Arch Dam: Forces The arch squeezes together as the water pushes against it. The weight of the dam also pushes the structure down into the ground.
Buttress Dam
Buttress Dam: Forces Water pushes against the buttress dam, but the buttresses push back and prevent the dam from toppling over. The weight of the buttress dam also pushes down into the ground.
Embankment Dam
Embankment Dam: Forces Water pushes against the embankment dam, but the heavy weight of the dam pushes down into the ground and prevents the structure from falling over.
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dam: Forces Water pushes against the gravity dam, but the heavy weight of the dam pushes down into the ground and prevents the structure from falling over.
Principal Parts
Foundation
Rock
Silting
The stability and safety of the dam on its foundations; The water-tightness of the reservoir basin; The slope stability of the reservoir perimeter The availability of suitable local materials for its construction.
Finally, bearing in mind how the dam might behave, think through appropriate tests and hence decide on what sampling would be required.
The dam must function safely The water pressure acting on the face of the dam may cause
sliding and / or trigger earthquakes
Will flooding impounding water trigger landslides Could a landslide cause a flood wave over the dam Will waves on the water surface cause erosion
Downstream.
Will spillway water cause erosion What would happen downstream in the event of failure or flood
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Key references
EM 1110-2-2200 EM 1110-2-2201
088 238
CECW-ED CECW-ED
30 Jun 95 31 May 94
EM 1110-1-2908
065
CECW-EG
Rock Foundations
30 Nov 94
EM 1110-2-1420
148
CECW-EH-Y
31 Oct 97
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