PEAK TUTORS PHY FORMULARS

FORMULA 𝑅 = √(𝐴)2 (𝐵)2 − 2𝐴𝐵 cos(180 − 𝜃)

MEASUREMENT: Inclined Plane’
Check your PQ and know all the multiples It is dependent on the scenario of
and sub-multiples at heart, it is very motion of the inclined plane. But in
important. any case, always take the direction of
• Chain link conversion method motion to be positive.
Always use a conversion factor to • 𝑊 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝑟 = (for a body sliding
break sown units using chains of down a rough inclined plane with
multiplication and division until your constant motion)
answer suffice. • 𝑁 − 𝑊 cos 𝜃 = 0 (normal to the
DIMENSION ANALYSIS plane)
Break down the units of a physical Please Consult your tutorial note and
quantity until you have all base PQ.now for more information and
quantities, then represent Mass with M, questions, this very minute.
Length with L, Time with T, temperature MOTION
with K. 𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
• 𝐹 = 𝑡 , 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• Volume = length × Breadth ×
Height • Average velocity
𝐿 × 𝐿 × 𝐿 = 𝐿3 ∆𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
This is so because the quantities all ∆𝑡
represent length • Average speed
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
• 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐿 ∆𝑡
𝑆 = = 𝐿𝑇 −1 • Instantaneous velocity
𝑇 𝑑𝑥
• 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × • Average acceleration
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑2𝑥
𝐿 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 2
=𝑀× 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑴𝑶𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑺
= 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1
• v = u + at
VECTOR • v2 = u2 + 2aS
1
• In vectors form • S = ut + 2at2
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗 • S=(
𝑢+𝑣
)t
2
• The magnitude form of vector
|𝐹⃗ | = 𝐹 = √(𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 ) FORCE AND MOTION
• 𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎⃗
• The direction form of vector • Gravitational force
𝐹𝑦
tan 𝜃 = ( ) 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑥 • Weight (𝑊) = 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
• Horizontal component
• Normal force 𝐹⃗𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
• Vertical component
• Frictional force
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁
• Geometrical addition of vectors
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• Drag force & terminal speed •Work done by a variable force

1 1 1
𝐷 = 𝐶𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2 2
POWER
C – drag force coefficient 𝑊
• 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∆𝑡 (average power)
𝜌 – density of the fluid medium 𝑑𝑤
A – Area of cross section of the body • 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 (instantaneous power)
v – Velocity of the body Conservation of mechanical energy
• 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝑘 + 𝑈
PROJECTILE MOTION Impulse and Momentum
It’s a 2-dimensional motion of a body • 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣
launched into the air with a velocity which Collisions
has a horizontal component and a vertical • Inelastic collision
component. 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣
U = 𝑈𝑋 𝐼⃗ + 𝑈𝑦 𝑗⃗ = The scenario of movement affects
• Time to reach maximum height (𝑡) the sign of the initial velocity of
𝑢𝑦 𝑢 sin 𝜃 body 2, consult PQ for more.
𝑡= = = Kinetic energy is not conserved for
𝑔 𝑔
an inelastic collision.
• Time to flight (𝑇)
2𝑢𝑦 2𝑢 sin 𝜃 • Elastic collision
𝑇= = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 )
𝑔 𝑔 = The kinetic energy for an elastic
• Maximum height (𝐻) collision is conserved.
𝑢𝑦 2 𝑢2 sin2 𝜃 1 1 1
𝐻= = 𝑚 𝑢2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 +
2𝑔 2𝑔 2 1 1
1
• Range (𝑅) 𝑚2 𝑣22
2
𝑢2 sin 2𝜃 Rotational motion, Rolling & Circular
𝑅 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑇 = Motion
𝑔
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER • Angular velocity
𝜃2 − 𝜃1 ∆𝜃
• Work 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑥 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
• Power • Instantaneous angular velocity
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊) 𝑑𝜃
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) = 𝜔=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
• Linear velocity
• Kinetic energy
1 𝑑𝑠
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑣=
2 𝑑𝑡
• Work-Energy Theorem • Angular acceleration
∆𝜔
𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸 𝛼𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ ∆𝑡
Relating the Linear and Angular
• Work done by a gravitational force
Variables
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑑 cos 𝜃
i) 𝑆 = 𝜃𝑟
• Work done by a spring force ii) 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
1 2𝜋
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑥 2 iii) 𝑇 = 𝜔
2
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iv) 𝑎𝑡 =∝ 𝑟 Consult your Pat Question and tutorial note

𝑣2 for more.
v) 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟 = 𝜔2 𝑟
ELASTICITY
Kinetic energy of rotation
1 • Stress (𝜎)
• 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 2 𝐼𝜔2 𝐹
𝜎=
Torque & angular moment 𝐴
• 𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐿 • Strain (𝜀)
∆𝐿
Rotational inertias 𝜀=
• A rod with with mass M and Length 𝐿
• Young modulus
L perpendicular to the rod though its 𝐹⁄
middle 𝑌= 𝐴
𝑀𝐿2 ∆𝐿⁄
I= 𝐿
12
Through one end Shearing
𝑀𝐿2 • Shear stress
I= 𝐹
3
• A circular ring of Mass M and radius (𝜎𝑠 ) =
𝐴
R • Shear strain
I = 𝑀𝑅 2 𝑥
=
• A circular disc of mass M and radius 𝐿
R • Shear modulus
𝑀𝑅 2 𝐹⁄
I= 2 𝐺=𝑥 𝐴
• A solid cylinder of radius R and ⁄𝐿
mass M. Or
𝑀𝑅 2 𝜎𝑠
I= 2 𝐺=
tan 𝜃
• A solid sphere of radius R and Mass Hydraulic Stress
𝐹
M. • Bulk stress= 𝐴 = 𝑃
2𝑀𝑅 2
I= 5 • Bulk strain = ∆𝑉⁄𝑉
• A hollow sphere of radius R and • Bulk modulus, 𝐵 = ∆𝑉
𝑃
mass M ⁄𝑉
2𝑀𝑅 2
I= 3
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
WORK AND POWER 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥
1 1
• 𝑊 = 2 𝐼𝜔𝑓2 − 2 𝐼𝜔𝑖2 • Helical spring
Circular motion (uniform) 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
• Centripetal acceleration • The period of oscillation
𝑣2 𝑚
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑟 𝑘
• Centripetal force The simple pendulum
𝑚𝑣 2 • The period of oscillation
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 or 𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟
• Period of motion 𝐿
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑇= 𝑣 = 𝜔 𝑔
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• Resonance Fg = Fb
𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔 ii. When its relative density is
Frequency, Period and velocity less than or equal to 1
• Frequency, iii. When is apparent weight is
𝑛 zero
𝑓=
𝑡 iv. When the relative density of
• Period an object is greater than 1, it
𝑡 sinks.
𝑇=
𝑛 • Surface tension
• Velocity: 𝐹
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑦=
𝐿
Conservation of Mechanical Energy • Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √2𝑔𝐻 1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
ENERGY OF A SHM 2
• The potential energy of a spring with • Friction in fluids (viscosity)
spring constant k and a displacement 𝑑𝑣
𝐹 = 𝜂𝐴
x is given by;. 𝑑𝑦
1
Ep = 2 𝐾𝑥 2 • Poiseulli’s flow
𝜋𝑅 4 ∆𝑃
• The total energy of a spring with 𝑄=
spring constant k and an amplitude A 8𝜂 ∆𝐿
x is given by;.
1 GRAVITATION
ET = 2 𝐾𝐴2
• Newton’s law of gravitation
• The sum of the potential energy and 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
the kinetic energy gives the total 𝐹𝑔 =
𝑟2
energy. • Principle of superposition
ET = EK + Ep 𝑛
1 1
2
𝐾𝐴2 = Ek + 2 𝐾𝑥 2 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∑ 𝐹⃗𝑖𝑛
FLUIDS 𝑖=2
• Density • Gravitation near earth’s surface
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐺𝑀
𝜌= 𝑎𝑔 = 2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• Relative density= 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 • Gravitation potential energy
−𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
•
𝐹
Pressure (𝑝): 𝑃 = 𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝑈=
𝑟2
• Pascal’s principle • Escape speed
𝑓 𝐹 2𝐺𝑀
= 𝑉𝑒 = √
𝑎 𝐴 𝑟
𝑎𝑑𝑜
𝐴= • Motion of satellites
𝑑
• Archimedes’ Principle
𝐺𝑀
Apparent weight = actual weight - 𝐹𝑏 𝑣=√
Principle of floatation 𝑟
i. An object floats when Real
weight equals buoyancy HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
force. • Thermal expansion
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∆𝐿 𝐿 − 𝐿0 𝑄
𝛼= = ∆𝑆 =
𝐿0 ∆𝑇 𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝑇
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇) At a change in temperature
𝑇
Change in area expansion ∆𝑆 = mcln ( 𝑇𝑓 )
∆𝑇 𝐴 − 𝐴0 𝐼
𝛽= = • Carnot engine (An ideal engine)
∆0 ∆𝑇 𝐴0 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) |𝑄𝑐 |
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 (1 + 𝛽∆𝑇) 𝜀 = 1−
|𝑄𝐻 |
𝛽 = 2𝛼
In terms of temperature, it can be
Change in volume expansion
∆𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉0 given as:
𝛾= = 𝑇𝐶
𝑉0 ∆𝑇 𝑉0 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 𝜀 =1−
𝑇𝐻
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 (1 + 𝛾∆𝑉)
• Refrigerators
𝛾 = 3𝛼
Coefficient of performance of a
• Heat capacity
refrigerator k is given as:
𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐 |𝑇𝐿 |
• Heat of transformation 𝑘=
|𝑇𝐻 | − |𝑇𝐿 |
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
FORMULAR FOR GASES
Heat transfer
i. Ideal gas law
• Conduction
𝑇 −𝑇 PV = nRT
• 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘1 𝐴 𝐻𝐿 𝑡ℎ PV = NKT
1
𝑅
For a composite slab: ii. K=𝑁
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑡ℎ 𝐴
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘1 𝐴 Where k is stefan boltzman’s
𝐿1 constant.
iii. Workdone by an ideal gas
𝑇𝑡ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 𝑉
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘2 𝐴 𝑊 = nRTln ( 𝑉𝑓 )
𝐿2 𝐼
A combined equation for rate of iv. Average Translational kinetic
conduction of heat in a composite energy
3
slab without the thermal equilibrium KEavg = 2KT
temperature. v. Molecula speeds
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴 a. Average speed
𝐿1 𝐿
⁄𝑘 + 2⁄𝑘 8𝑅𝑇
1 2 vavg = √ 𝜋𝑀
• Convections
b. Root mean square speed:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑏𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇𝐹 )
• Radiation vrms = √
3𝑅𝑇
𝑀
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴𝑇 4
c. Most probable speed
THERMODYNAMICS AND GASES 2𝑅𝑇
vp = √
• Heat engines 𝑀

𝑄𝑅 vi. Internal Energy

𝜂 =1− ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = nCvT – W
𝑄𝐴
𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑊 = 0
• Entropy:
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = nCvT
At an absolute temperature T
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Where Cv is specific heat at constant

volume
a. For a monoatomic gas
3
Cv = 2R
b. For diatomic gas
5
Cv = 2R
c. For a polyatomic gas:
Cv = 3R
Adiabatic expansion of a gas equation is
given by;
1. 𝑃1 𝑉𝟏 𝜸 = 𝑃2 𝑉𝟐 𝜸
2. 𝑇1 𝑉𝟏 𝜸−𝟏= 𝑇2 𝑉𝟐 𝜸−𝟏
𝐶
Where 𝛾 = 𝐶𝑃
𝑉
WAVES
• Equation of waves
2𝜋
i) angular frequency (𝑤) = 𝑇 =
2𝜋𝑓
1
ii) period 𝑇 = 𝑓
1 𝑤
iii) frequency 𝐹 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋
iv) speed v = f𝜆
The general function of a wave:
(𝑤𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + ∅)
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin ⏟
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
• Superposition of wave
1
𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑦𝑚 cos ∅
2
• Standing wave
𝑦 ′ (𝑥, 𝑡) = ⏟[2𝑦 + 𝑚 sin 𝑘𝑥] cos 𝑤𝑡
𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
• Intensity
𝑃
𝐼=
4𝜋𝑟 2
• Intensity level(Loudness) of a sound
is also called loudness.
𝐼
B = 10log 𝐼
𝑂
𝑉±𝑉0 𝑉±𝑉0
• Beats and Doppler Effect 𝑉±𝑉
𝑠 𝑉±𝑉𝑠
𝐹𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1
𝑉 ± 𝑉0
𝑓𝑜 = ( ) ∙ 𝑓𝑠
𝑉 ± 𝑉𝑠
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