Mass Diagrams: Compare The Economics of The Various Methods

Mass Diagrams
• This is a curve representing cumulative volume of earthwork at any point

on curve
• Diagrammatic representation of earthwork volumes along a linear profile
• Mass-haul diagrams (MHD) are used to compare the economics of

the various methods of earthwork distribution on road or railway
construction schemes. With the combined use of the MHD plotted
directly below the longitudinal section of the survey centre-line, one
can find :
• The distances over which ‘cut and fill’ will balance.

• Quantities of materials to be moved and the direction of movement.
• Areas where earth may have to be borrowed or wasted and the
amounts involved.
• The best policy to adopt to obtain the most economic use of plan.
Mass Diagrams
• Diagrammatic representation of e a r t h w o r k volumes

along a linear profile
• Horizontal stationing is pl ot t ed along the X-axis
• Net e a r t h w o r k values are p lo tt e d along the Y-axis
• An Earthwork Profile is a plot of the net earthwork along a

roadway o r airstrip
• Net c u t values are plotted above the X- axis (positive Y
value)
• Net fill values are plotted below the X- axis (negative Y
value)
• Presents a pi c tu re of the e a r t h w o r k requirements
Mass Haul Diagrams - Characteristics
• Up wa rd sloping c urves indicate (rising left t o rig h t)

indicate a c u t , ( indicates areas whereexcavating exceeds fill)
• Downward sloping (falling left t o ri gh t ) c urves o c c u r in

a fill section (fill exceeds excavation)
• Peaks indicate a change from c u t t o fill and valleys o c c u r

when the e a r t h w o r k changes from fill t o c u t
• The cumulated volume of earthwork at the

horizontal axis (Y=0) is 0
• Any horizontal line drawn to intersect two points

within the same curve indicates a balance of
excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) quantities
between the two points.
Mass Haul Diagrams - Characteristics
• A negative value at the end of the curve indicates that

borrow is required to complete the fill
• A positive value at the end of the curve indicates that a

waste operation will be the net result
• Steep slopes reflect heavy cuts & Fills, while flat slopes
indicate areas of small amount of earthwork.
• Points of zero slope represent points where roadway

goes from cut to fill or from fill to cut.
• The highest or the lowest points of the mass haul

diagram represents the crossing points between the
grade line (roadway level) and natural ground level.
CUMULATIVE VOLUME , m3
Eg 1 (+) CUT (+) WASTE
(-) FILL CHAINAGE, m
(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m

Eg. 2
(-) FILL (-) BORROW
MAXIMUM – END POINT OF CUT VOLUME
(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m
(-) FILL
MINIMUM – END POINT OF FILL VOLUME

Mass Haul Diagram
X
X
Mass Haul Diagram - uses
• They are used to analyze the following aspects

of the design:
– Distance over which the cut and fill will balance
– Amount of material to be moved and the direction of
movement
– Identification of borrow pits and dump sites
45
MASS HAUL DIAGRAMS - Construction
To construct the Mass Haul Diagram manually:

• Compute the net earthwork values for each
station, applying the appropriate shrink factor
• Net cuts have a positive value, net fills have a
negative value
• The value at the first station (origin) = 0
• Plot the value of each succeeding station which
equals the cumulative value to that point, i.e.,
the value at i = net cut/fill a+b+c+…i
46
Construction of Mass Haul Diagram
• Workout accumulated volume as algebraic sum volume of
earth work at each station/chainage.
• Draw a base line and mark the stations with suitable scale.
• From every station draw vertical line and mark the suitable
scale for earth volume.
• On the ordinates of each station mark respective scaled
cumulative heights. Thus the height of an ordinate at any
point on the base line represents algebraic sum of volume
of earthwork.
• Join all the points by smooth curve and this curve is
known as Mass Haul Diagram.
• From curve, workout quantities of earthwork such as earth
to be taken away from site or earth to be brought at site.
47
Distance Volume (Cubic Metres) Cumulative volume
(Metres) CUT + FILL - (Cubic Metres)
0 0
+ 490
100 + 490
+ 927
200 + 1 417
+ 982
300 + 2 399
+ 279
380 + 2 678
- 31
400 + 2 647
- 226
500 + 2 421
- 654
600 + 1 767
- 1 160
700 + 607
- 933
800 - 326
- 92
831 - 418
+ 220
900 - 198
+ 428
1 000 + 230
Theodolite Surveying
Introduction
• Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and
vertical angles.
• Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.
• Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as

accuracy of 30’. However a vernier theodolite
measures the angles up to and accuracy of 20”.
• There are variety of theodolite vernier, optic,

electronic etc.
50
Theodolite
51
Types of Theodolite
• Based on the Movement of the Telescope on the

Horizontal Axis in a Vertical Plane
– Transit Theodolite
– Non-Transit Theodolite
• Based on an Arrangement to Measure the Angles

– Vernier Theodolite
– Micrometer Theodolite
– Electronic digital Theodolite
Type of theodolite
53
Theodololite
Parts of a Theodoloite
• Telescope • Levelling Head
• Trunnion Axis • Clip Screw
• Vernier Frame • Altitude level tube
• Vertical Circle • Plumb Bob
• Plate Levels • Shifting Head
• A-frame Or Standards • Two Spindles Or Axes
• Upper Plate (Vernier • Tangent Screw
Plate) • Foot Screw
• Upper Clamp Screw • Tribrach
• Lower Clamp Screw • Spirit Level
• Lower Plate (Scale Plate)
• Trunnion Axis
• Vertical circle
Main parts of a theodolite
– Levelling head (7) : Levelling head is
used to attach the instrument to
tripod and attach the plumb bob
along the vertical axis of the
instrument.
59
MAIN PARTS2
• Lower plate/circle plate (18) : an annular
horizontal plate with the graduations provided
all around, from 0 to 360°, in a clockwise
direction. The graduations are in degree
divided in to parts so that each division equals
to 20 min.
• Horizontal angles are measured with this plate.
• The size of the theodolite is defined by the

diameter of horizontal circle.
• Upper plate (17) : Horizontal plate of smaller

diameter provided with two verniers. on
diametrically opposite parts of its
circumference. These verniers are designated
as A and B. They are used to read fractions of
the horizontal circle plate graduations. The
verniers are graduated in 20 min and each
minute is divided in to parts making least count
20”.
60
Main parts3
• Clamps and tangent screws (15,19) :
– There are two clamps and associated tangent
screws with the plate. These screws facilitate
the motion of the instruments in horizontal
plane.
– Lower clamp screw locks or releases the lower

plate. When this screw is unlocked both upper
and lower plates move together. The
associated lower tangent screw allows small
motion of the plate in locked position.
– The upper clamp screw locks or releases the

upper vernier plate. When this clamp is
released the lower plate does not move but
the upper vernier plate moves with the
instrument. This causes the change in the
reading. The upper tangent screw allows the
fine adjustment.
61
MAIN PARTS
• Plate level (5) :

– Spirit level with the bubble and graduation
on glass cover.
– A single level or two levels fixed in
perpendicular direction may be provided.
– The spirit level can be adjusted with the
foot screw (21) of the levelling head (7).
• Telescope (10): The essential parts of the

telescopes are eye-piece, diaphragm with cross
hairs, object lens and arrangements to focus
the telescope.
62
MAIN PARTS
• Vertical circle (1): circular plate supported

on horizontal axis of the instrument
between the A-frames. Vertical circle has
graduation 0-90 in four quadrants. Vertical
circle moves with the telescope when it is
rotated in the vertical plane.
• Vertical circle clamp and tangent screw

(11): Clamping the vertical circle restrict
the movement of telescope in vertical
plane.
• Altitude level (2): A highly sensitive

bubble is used for levelling particularly
when taking the vertical angle
observations.
63
Reading a
theodolite
Vernier scale graduation
64
Important Definition
Changing face
 Revolving the telescope by 180° in vertical plane
about horizontal axis
 Again revolving the telescope in horizontal plane
about vertical axis.
65
Temporary Adjustments
• Setting up and centering
• Levelling
• Elimination of Parallax
– Focusing of eye-piece
– Focusing of objective
Adjustments of the theodolite
• Temporary Adjustment
• Setting up the theodolite
67
68
69
70
Measurement of horizontal angle
• Measurement of Angle ABC
– The instrument is set over B.
– The lower clamp is kept fixed and upper clamp is loosened.
– Turn the telescope clockwise set vernier A to 0° and vernier B
to approximately 180°.
– Upper clamp is tightened and using the upper tangent screw
the vernier A and B are exactly set to 0° and 180°.
– Upper clamp is tightly fixed, lower one is loosened and
telescope is directed towards A and bisect the ranging rod at
A.
– Tightened the lower clamp and turn the lower tangent screw
to perfectly bisect ranging rod at A.
– Loose the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to
bisect the ranging rod at C tightened the upper clamp and do
the fine adjustment with upper tangent screw.
– The reading on vernier A and B are noted. Vernier A gives the
angle directly and vernier B gives the reading by subtracting
the initial reading (180°) from final reading
71
MEASUREMENT OF
HORIZONTAL ANGLES
• Ordinary Method
• Repetition Method
• Reiteration Method
To measure a Horizontal Angle by Repetition :
• For very accurate work
• the angle is added several times mechanically, and the
value of the angle is obtained by dividing by the number
of repetitions.
Horizontal Angles by Reiteration :
• It is generally preferred when several angles are

measured at a station and finally the horizon is closed.
i.e. the angle between the last station is measured.
• The final reading of the leading vernier (vernier A)
should be the same as its initial reading.
• If not, the discrepancy is equally distributed among all
the measured angles.
To Measure a Vertical Angle :
• A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line
of sight and the horizontal.
• Since the vertical angle to a point is measured from
the horizontal plane passing through the horizontal
(or trunnion) axis of the instrument, it may be an
angle of elevation (+ angle) or an angle of depression
(- angle) according as the point is above or below the
horizontal plane.
Contd…
• Graduation of vertical angle
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES
• Vertical angle is the angle which the inclined line of sight to
an object makes with the horizontal
• It may be an angle of elevation or angle of depression

Vertical angle measurement
83
Vertical angle measurement
84
Contd…

Mass Diagrams: Compare The Economics of The Various Methods

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mass Diagrams: Compare The Economics of The Various Methods

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mass Diagrams: Compare The Economics of The Various Methods

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mass Diagrams

• This is a curve representing cumulative volume of earthwork at any point

• Mass-haul diagrams (MHD) are used to compare the economics of

• The distances over which ‘cut and fill’ will balance.

• Diagrammatic representation of e a r t h w o r k volumes

• Net e a r t h w o r k values are p lo tt e d along the Y-axis

• An Earthwork Profile is a plot of the net earthwork along a

• Up wa rd sloping c urves indicate (rising left t o rig h t)

• Downward sloping (falling left t o ri gh t ) c urves o c c u r in

• Peaks indicate a change from c u t t o fill and valleys o c c u r

• The cumulated volume of earthwork at the

• Any horizontal line drawn to intersect two points

• A negative value at the end of the curve indicates that

• A positive value at the end of the curve indicates that a

• Points of zero slope represent points where roadway

• The highest or the lowest points of the mass haul

Eg 1 (+) CUT (+) WASTE

(-) FILL CHAINAGE, m

(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m

(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m

MINIMUM – END POINT OF FILL VOLUME

• They are used to analyze the following aspects

To construct the Mass Haul Diagram manually:

• Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.

• Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as

• There are variety of theodolite vernier, optic,

• Based on the Movement of the Telescope on the

• Based on an Arrangement to Measure the Angles

• Horizontal angles are measured with this plate.

• The size of the theodolite is defined by the

• Upper plate (17) : Horizontal plate of smaller

– Lower clamp screw locks or releases the lower

– The upper clamp screw locks or releases the

• Plate level (5) :

• Telescope (10): The essential parts of the

• Vertical circle (1): circular plate supported

• Vertical circle clamp and tangent screw

• Altitude level (2): A highly sensitive

Vernier scale graduation

• Setting up and centering

• Setting up the theodolite

• It is generally preferred when several angles are

• It may be an angle of elevation or angle of depression

You might also like