Present Simple ‫انحاضر انبسيط‬

Form: I / you / we / they eat - don't eat

he / she / it eats - doesn’t eat
Do I / you / we / they eat ….....?
Does he / she / it eat ...….?
Use the present simple to talk about:
 routines and habits ( repeated actions) ) ‫● نهشٔحٍٍ ٔ انؼبداث ( أفؼبل يخكشسة‬
I always go to work by bus.
He visits his grandparents twice a week.
She has a cup of coffee every morning.
 feelings and thoughts ) ‫● انًشبػش ٔ األفكبس (انًؼخمذاث‬
Emily feels sad.
I think you should go to the doctor.
He believes in human rights.
 facts and states ‫● حمبئك ٔ حبالث ػبيت‬
I have two brothers. He lives in Sydney.
Wood floats on water. It rarely rains in the desert.
We usually use the present simple with:
always, regularly, generally, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never
on Fridays/ Saturdays, at the weekend, on weekdays, every day / week / summer………
once ( twice ) a day / month / year …….. three times a day / week ……
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Present Continuous ‫انحاضر انمستمر‬
Form: I am eating - am not eating
you / we / they are eating - aren’t eating
he / she / it is eating - isn’t eating
Am I eating…….?
Are you / we / they eating…….?
Is he / she / it eating...…..?
Use the present continuous to talk about:
 actions that are happening at the time of speaking ‫● أحذاد ححذد نحظت انخكهّى‬
They are watching TV now.
Mary can't answer the phone. She's having a shower.
 temporary situations / habits ‫ ػبداث ( جذٌذة) يؤلخت‬/ ‫● أحذاد أٔ حبالث يؤلخت‬
I'm studying Art at Damascus University.
Tom is training very hard this week. He has an important match next week.
You are eating a lot these days.
We usually use the present continuous with
( right ) now, at the moment, at present, today, this month / term / year … , these days, nowadays….
 We can also use the present continuous for fixed future plans and personal arrangements
‫يؤ ّكذة ( ثببخت) ٔحشحٍببث شخصٍت‬/ ‫َسخطٍغ أٌعب" اسخخذاو انحبظش انًسخًش يغ يخططبث يسخمبهٍت يح ّذدة‬ 
I am meeting my cousins tomorrow / at six o'clock.
They are moving to a new flat next summer/ in October .

Note: In this use we need a time expression that refers to the future.
‫ ٌجب أٌ َسخخذو يذنٕل صيًُ ٌؼبّش ػٍ انًسخمبم‬,‫ فً ْزا االسخخذاو‬:‫يالحظت‬
tomorrow, next week/ month / year….., on Friday, this evening , today , tonight , at ten o'clock …..
1
 Past Simple ‫انماضي انبسيط‬

Form: I / you / we / they / he / she / it ate - didn't eat

Did I / you / we / they / he / she / it eat …...?

Use the past simple to talk about:

 completed actions in the past ً‫● أحذاد يُخٍٓت فً انًبظ‬
I prepared a delicious meal yesterday. ( I prepared it completely.)
He won an Olympic medal when he was six.

 repeated past actions or routines ً‫● أحذاد يخكشسة فً انًبظ‬

We went swimming every day on our last beach holiday.
I often played football when I was a kid.

 a series of completed actions in the past.( actions that happened consecutively in the past. )
‫● أحذاد يخخببؼت ٔ يُخٍٓت‬
I finished work, walked to the beach, and met my friends.
When I saw the accident, I called the police.
We usually use the past simple with:
yesterday, last week / month / winter ……….,
a year / two weeks …….ago, in 2008 , in the 17th century
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Past continuous ‫انماضي انمستمر‬

Form: I / he / she / it was eating - wasn't eating

you / we / they were eating - weren’t eating

Was I / he / she eating…….?

Were you / we / they eating…….?
Use the past continuous to talk about:
 an action that was in progress ( happening ) in the past. ( the action continued for a period of time in
the past ( ً‫● حذد اسخً ّش نفخشة يٍ انضيٍ فً انًبظ‬
I was preparing lunch at two o'clock yesterday afternoon. ( I was in the middle of the action. )

 the background of an action ( actions ) in a story.

.‫خهفٍت األحذاد ظًٍ لصت ٔانًبظً انبسٍػ نألحذاد‬ 
The birds were singing and the sun was shining and in the café
people were chatting. Mary sat down and took out her phone.
( The continuous verbs give the background of the actions in the past simple : sat / took )

 a continuous action that was interrupted by another action ( past simple).

) ‫حذد يسخًش ٔ لبغؼّ حذد آخش ( ٌكٌٕ ببنًبظً انبسٍػ‬ 
We usually use "When" or " While" to join the two actions.
.ٍٍ‫" نشبػ انحذث‬When" or " While" ‫ػبدة َسخخذو‬
I was watching TV when you phoned me. When you phoned me, I was watching TV.
While I was watching TV, you phoned me. You phoned me while I was watching TV.

 two continuous actions happening at the same time.

.‫حذثٍٍ يسخًشٌٍ فً َفس انٕلج‬ 
James was writing a letter while Steve was watching the news.
2
Present Perfect Simple ‫انحاضر انتّاو انبسيط‬ Present Perfect Continuous ‫انحبظش انخبو انًسخًش‬

have / has + past participle ( V3) have/has + been + verb+ ing

I / you / we / they have been eating
I / you / we / they have eaten - haven't eaten
haven't been eating
he / she / it has eaten - hasn’t eaten
he / she / it has been eating
hasn’t been eating
Have I / you / we / they eaten ……..?
Have I / you / we / they been eating … ..?
Has he / she / it eaten .…....?
Has he / she / it been eating ......?

*************************** ***************************

The present perfect simple refers to finished actions The present perfect continuous refers to continuous
before now ( without mentioning when the action actions that started in the past, and are continuing in
happened) and past actions with results in the the present or have just recently finished with results
present. in the present.

/ ‫الحاضر التام البسٌط ٌشٌر إلى أحداث منتهٌة قبل الوقت الحاضر‬ ‫الحاضر التام المستمر ٌشٌر إلى أجداث بدأت فً الماضً و مستمرة‬
.‫حصلت فً الماضً و لها نتٌجة فً الحاضر‬ .‫فً الحاضر أو انتهت مؤخرا (للتو) و لها نتٌجة فً الحاضر‬

- I have just repaired my bike. I can ride it now. - I have been repairing the bike for three hours.
- Someone has eaten all the biscuits. The packet - He has been eating too much lately.
is empty.
- I have written three emails. - I have been writing emails since 8 o'clock.
- We've played chess three times this week. - We have been playing chess all day.
- She has already read that book. - She has been reading all evening.

- I haven’t had my lunch yet. - I'm so tired. I've been painting the room.
- She has never visited us. - It's been raining so the street is wet.
- I've lost my key. ( so I can't get into the house.)
- The house is clean. Mum has cleaned it.
- I have met my favourite sports star .
- I've been to Tokyo

 an action that has been repeated ( once /  a repeated continuing action or habit that is
twice / three times …….. ) or hasn’t happening over a period of time ( which is
happened during an unfinished period of unfinished up to now ) ( without mentioning
time. how many times)
‫● حذد يخكشس أٔ ػبدة يخكشسة يسخًشة ببنحذٔد‬
‫فؼم حكشس حذٔثّ ( ػ ّذة ي ّشاث ) أ نى ٌحذد خالل فخشة‬  ) ٌَ‫خالل فخشة صيٍُت غٍش يُخٍٓت (يٍ انًبظً ٔ حخى ا‬
) ‫المرات‬
ّ ‫( نذكر عدد‬.‫صيٍُت نى حُخّ بؼذ‬ .)‫المرات‬
ّ ‫(دون ذكر عدد‬
She has drunk three cups of coffee today. She has been getting up so early for the
It has rained twice so far this week. last two weeks.
I haven't seen her this month. I have been reading a lot lately / recently.

3
  We can use both the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous with "since" or "for"
to express how long an action has lasted.
.‫" يغ انحبظش انخبو انبسٍػ ٔانًسخًش نهخؼبٍش ػٍ غٕل ان ًّذة انضيٍُت انخً اسخًش بٓب انفؼم‬since" or "for" ‫ًٌكٍ أٌ َسخخذو‬ 
I have studied French for five years. I have studied English since 2016.
She has been working here since 2003. We have been waiting for the bus for two hours.

 Use "for" with periods of time. ‫مع طول مدّة زمنيّت‬

for three years / five weeks / an hour / fifteen minutes / a long time / ages….

 Use "since" with specific points in the past time. ‫مع نقاط محددة في انسمن انماضي‬
since 2002 / half past seven / lunch time/ I was born / last June…… /
he got up / I finished elementary school……

Note: Just like any continuous tense, we can't use the present perfect continuous with state
verbs.

.‫ يثم أي صيٍ يسخ ًّش ال ًٌكٍ اسخخذاو انحبظش انخّبو انًسخًش يغ األفؼبل انسبكُت‬:‫مالحظت‬
I've been having this watch since I was six years old. XX ( incorrect )
I've had this watch since I was six years old. √√( correct )

I've been knowing my best friend for seventeen years XX ( incorrect )

I've known my best friend for seventeen years. √√( correct )

Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous

never, ever, just, already, yet, so far, all morning / day / week……..
up to now, until now
● how many times an action has happened
● with state verbs
- recently, lately, in recent years - recently, lately, in recent years
- for (over) the last (past) ten days ( months / years) - for (over) the last (past) ten days ( months / years)
- for / since - for / since

Note: Don’t use the present perfect when the time of the action is mentioned ( yesterday/
last night / ……ago / in 1985…. ). In this case, use the PAST SIMPLE .

.‫ فً ْزِ انحبنت َسخخذو انًبظً انبسٍػ‬.‫ ال حسخخذو انحبظش انخّبو ػُذ ركش صيٍ ٔلٕع انفؼم‬:‫مالحظت‬

I have visited Bosra. It's a great ancient city. I visited Bosra when I was ten years old.
He has just arrived home. He arrived home five minutes ago.
We have already seen that movie. We saw that movie last month.

4
 Past Perfect Simple ‫انماضي انتّاو انبسيط‬

Form: had + past participle ( V3)

I / you / we / they / he / she / it had eaten - hadn't eaten

Had I / you / we / they / he / she / it eaten .…..?
Use the past perfect simple to talk about:
 an action that happened before another past action. .‫● حذد حصم قبم حذد ماض آخش‬
I had saved my work on the computer before the power went out.
When the children arrived home, their mum had already prepared lunch.
Paul felt nervous because he had never flown before.
The little boy felt sad. He had lost his favourite toy.
I couldn’t understand anything at school. I hadn’t slept well.

 something that started in the past and continued until another past event or a point in time in the
past. .‫● حذد بذأ ٔ اسخًش فً انًبظً ٔ اَخٓى قبم حذد ماض آخش أٔ َمطت فً انضيٍ انماضي‬
My mother retired last week. She had worked as a nurse for thirty years.
When he graduated, he had been in London for six years.

 an action that happened before a specific time in the past. .‫● حذد حصم قبم صيٍ يحذد فً انماضي‬
By 2009, Mike had graduated from Oxford University with a degree in medicine.
Nadia had never been to the cinema before last night.

 We can use "before, after, by the time, when, until, because" to link the past simple and the past
perfect.
"before, after,…… " .‫ يًكٍ أٌ َسخخذو ْزِ انكهًبث نشبػ انًبظً انبسٍػ يغ انًبظً انخبو‬
By the time the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
John had ( already ) gone out when I called him.
Maya didn’t watch TV until she had finished her homework.

Note 1: It doesn’t matter in which order we say the two events. .‫ ال ٌٓى انخشحٍب انزي َزكش بّ األحذاد‬:1 ‫مالحظت‬
The thief had escaped by the time the police arrived.
When I called John, he had ( already ) gone out.

Note 2: If there is only one single event in the past, we don’t the past perfect.
. ‫ َسخخذو انًبظً انبسٍػ‬,ً‫ إرا كبٌ نذٌُب حذد ٔاحذ فمػ فً انًبظ‬:2 ‫مالحظت‬
The Pharaohs built the ancient pyramids.
Now, notice the difference here: :‫الحع انفشق ُْب‬
The pharaohs used the pyramids as tombs. They had built them with lime stones.
ٌ‫(حذد ثب‬second action : past simple) ‫ ( حذد أٔل‬first action : past perfect)

5
Note 3: The main purpose of the past perfect is to show the order of events in the PAST. When we use
"before, after, because" , it is clear which action happened first, so there's no need for the past perfect.
.ّ‫ ال ظشٔسة السخخذاي‬,‫ ػُذيب ٌكٌٕ حشحٍب األحذاد ٔاظح‬.‫ انغشض انشئٍسً يٍ انًبظً انخّبو ْٕ إظٓبس حشحٍب األحذاد فً انماضي‬:3 ‫مالحظت‬
After she had taken the medicine, she felt better. OR After she took the medicine, she felt better.
The boy was crying because he had hurt his leg. OR The boy was crying because he hurt his leg.

* * * * * * * * * *
Read the following examples and notice the difference in meaning.
"When" can give different meanings.
When I got home, my mother had already prepared lunch. (She prepared lunch before I got home.)
When I got home, my parents were having lunch. (While they were having lunch, I got home.)
When I saw the accident, I called an ambulance. ( Two actions that happened consecutively in the
past; I saw the accident and then I called an ambulance .)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Past Perfect Continuous ‫انماضي انتاو انمستمر‬

Form: had + been + verb+ing

I / you / we / they / he / she / it had been eating - hadn't been eating
Had I / you / we / they / he / she / it been eating ..?

Use the past perfect continuous to talk about:

 an action that started in the past and continued over a period up to another past action or a past time.
(The past perfect focus is on the duration of the action.)

‫ ( انخشكٍض ٌكٌٕ ػهى اسخًشاسٌت انحذد‬.‫نحذد بذأ فً انًبظً ٔ اسخًش خالل فخشة ٔاَخٓى قبم حذد ماض آخش أٔ صيٍ ماض‬ 
) ‫ٔانفخشة انخً اسخًش خالنٓب‬
I got up and looked out of the window. The ground was wet. It had been raining.
The police had been looking for the criminal for two months before they finally caught him.
My father was so tired because he had been working all day.
The restaurant closed down yesterday. He had been working there since he left school.
Before 1911, people had been trying to reach the South Pole for many years.

Note: Use the past perfect simple ( not the past perfect continuous ) to mention how many times
something had happened.
.‫ َسخخذو انًبظً انخبو انبسٍػ ٔنٍس انًسخًش ػُذ ركش ػذد انً ّشاث انخً لذ حى حذٔد انفؼم فٍٓب‬:‫مالحظت‬
She finally won a gold medal. She had already taken part in five international competitions.
√ (correct)

She finally won a gold medal. She had already been taking part in five international
competitions. X (incorrect)

6
 State verbs
We don't normally use state verbs in the progressive (continuous) form.
" like, love, hate, mind, remember, forget, know, see*, hear, seem, look*, cost, want, understand, think*,
need, appear, prefer, believe, agree, own, possess, have ( for possession )……".

- What's wrong? You ……… tired today.

a. are looking b. were looking c. had looked d. look
- I like your new dress. I ……… it’s very nice.
a. think b. am thinking c. was thinking d. will think
- I ……….. this bike since I was seven.
a. am having b. have had c. have been having d. was having
- My sister ……….. to be a TV presenter.
a. is always wanting b. has always been wanting c. has always wanted d. had always wanted
Note: Some state verbs can be used in the progressive form when the meaning is temporary.
.‫بؼط األفؼبل انسبكُت ًٌكٍ اسخخذايٓب ببنصٍغت انًسخًشة ػُذيب ٌكٌٕ انًؼُى يؤلخب" أٔ ػُذيب حؼطً يؼُى يخخهف‬

- I'm thinking of taking up tennis.

- Listen to me! What are you looking at?
- My father is seeing the doctor again next month.
*******************************************************
Articles
1. "a an" For singular nouns that describe someone or something unspecific.
)‫● لبم األسًبء انًفشدة انخً حصف شخض أٔ شًء غٍش يحذد (شخض أٔ شًء ال ػهى انخؼٍٍٍ أٔ ٌكٌٕ ٔاحذ يٍ ػذة أيثهت يشببٓت‬
2. "the" For singular, plural, uncountable nouns that describe specific people or things
)‫● لبم األسًبء انًفشدة ٔ انجًغ ٔاألسًبء غٍش انًؼذٔدة انخً حصف أشخبص أٔ أشٍبء يحذدة (ػهى ٔجّ انخصٕص‬
3. "no article" We don’t use anything before plural nouns and uncountable nouns when we are
talking about people or things in general.
)‫● ال َسخخذو شٍئب" لبم األسًبء انجًغ ٔاألسًبء غٍش انًؼذٔدة غٍش انًحذدة ( أي ػُذيب َخكهى بشكم ػبو دٌٔ أٌ َخصض‬
Examples:
My father is a doctor. ( singular countable noun / not specific ) ‫غٍش يحذد‬
( He isn't the only doctor. He is one of many doctors )

Mr James is the doctor who saved my life. ( singular countable noun / specific )‫يحذد‬
( I mean a specific doctor; not anyone )

The doctors who work in this hospital are (plural countable noun / specific ) ‫يحذد‬
really professional. (I mean a specific group of doctors; not all doctors in general)

Doctors have to understand the human body. (plural countable noun / not specific )‫غٍش يحذد‬
( I mean all doctors; doctors in general )

I love orange juice. (uncountable noun / not specific )(orange juice in general)
‫غٍش يحذد‬
I love the orange juice which my mum preparers. (uncountable noun / specific ) ‫يحذد‬
7
 Note: We use the before nouns that are mentioned previously ( when they refer to someone or
something specific.)
.)‫" لبم األسًبء انخً ركشث يسبمب" ( ػُذيب حذ ّل ػهى شخض أٔ شًء يح ّذد‬the" ‫َسخخذو‬
Example: I went on a trip with my friends last month . We all enjoyed the trip so much.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Notice the following examples and pay attention to the sound after the indefinite article.
: ‫الحظ األمثهت انتانيت و انتبه نهصوث بعد أداة اننكرة‬
It is ( a, an ) hospital. I've been here for ( a, an ) hour.
I need ( a, an ) umbrella. I have to wear ( a, an ) uniform to school.
It is ( a, an ) university. It is ( a, an ) ugly insect.
I've just received ( a, an ) SMS from Frank. He lives in ( a, an ) European country.

Fill in the spaces with "a, an, the or nothing .

7. Who painted ……….. windows? They look
1. I need ………... pen, please. very nice.
2. I can't find ……….. magazine which I 8. We stayed in ……. nice hotel in Lattakia.
bought yesterday. ……. hotel has a beautiful view of the sea.
3. ……… life is precious. We shouldn’t waste 9. I enjoy watching ……. movies.
it in silly things. 10. Palmyra is ……… important tourist site.
4. The teacher was angry because ……….. 11. Did you have fun at ……… party?
students were late. 12. …………people should respect each other.
5. My dad is ………... engineer. 13. I bought ……… new shirt yesterday.
6. ……….. information in this website is very 14. ………. vitamins are important for your
useful. body.

Notes

 Don’t use "the" before the names of countries and continents:

e.g. Japan, Syria, Italy, Africa, Europe, etc.

 Use "the" before names of countries like: the USA, the UAE, the UK, the KSA

 Use "the" before names of: oceans ( the Pacific ), seas ( the Mediterranean )

rivers ( the Nile River ) deserts ( the Sahara Desert )

forests ( the Amazon Forest) mountain ranges (the Alps)

 Don’t use "the" before meals: e.g. breakfast, lunch, dinner

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8
 Demonstratives ( ‫) صفاث اإلشارة‬

this that these those

+ singular nouns + singular nouns + plural nouns + plural nouns
( close to the speaker ) ( far from the speaker ) ( close to the speaker ) ( far from the speaker )
‫نهًفشد انمشٌب‬ ‫نهًفشد انبؼٍذ‬ ‫نهجًغ انمشٌب‬ ‫نهجًغ انبؼٍذ‬

Quantifiers ( ‫) كهماث تد ّل عهى انكميت‬

some, any , many , much , a little , a few

Countable nouns ( ‫( معدود‬ Uncountable nouns (‫)غير معدود‬

"s" ‫ ال تستخدم بالجمع اي بإضافة‬-

singular (‫)مفرد‬ plural (‫)جمع‬ "a or an" ‫ ال تستخدم مع‬-

‫ نستخدم فعل مفرد معها‬-

a book books sugar
an egg eggs milk
a student students equipment

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns The following nouns are uncountable.

‫األسماء التالية غير معدودة‬
many much
a few a little homework, information, equipment,
a lot of a lot of money, news, advice, furniture, traffic,
some some pollution, noise, paper*, food*
any any

Singular Irregular plural

person people
child children
man men
woman women
foot feet
tooth teeth
bacterium bacteria

9
Question word Use Example

What for things and activities What do you usually eat for breakfast?
‫نهسؤال عن األشيبء و اننشبطبث‬ I usually eat some cheese for breakfast.
What were you doing when I phoned you?
I was watching TV when you phoned me.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
Which to ask about specific information,
when we have choices Which T-shirt do you prefer?
)‫ نهسؤال عن معهومبث مح ّذدة(يوجذ خيبراث‬I prefer the blue T-shirt.

-------------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

What time for specific times What time did he arrive?
‫ نهسؤال عن أوقبث زمنيت محذدة‬He arrived at quarter to ten.

-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

What kind for the kind of something What kind of music do you like?
‫نهسؤال عن نوع شيء مب‬ I like pop music.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
Who did Lisa call?
for people ‫نهسؤال عن األشخبص‬ Lisa called her cousin.
object ‫مفعول به‬
"who" for the subject and the Whom did Lisa call?
object ) ‫( فبعم أو مفعول به‬ Lisa called her cousin.
Who / Whom
"whom" for the object only Who ate the biscuits?
)‫( نهمفعول به فقط‬ Lisa ate the biscuits. subject ‫فبعم‬

Whom ate the biscuits? incorrect ‫خبطئت‬

Lisa ate the biscuits.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
Where are you studying Maths?
Where for places ‫نهسؤال عن األمبكن‬ I'm studying Maths at Damascus University.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
When did you visit the National Museum?
I visited the National Museum in 2015.
When for time ‫نهسؤال عن انسمن‬ I visited the National Museum three years ago.
I visited the National Museum last year.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
Why did he leave early?
He left early because he was ill.
Why for reason Why did you go to the mall?
‫ نهسؤال عن انسبب‬I went to the mall to buy a new camera.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
Whose book is this/it? or Whose is this book?
Whose for possession This is my uncle's book. / This book is mine.
‫نهسؤال عن انمهكيت‬
Whose birthday did you go to yesterday?
I went to Naya's birthday yesterday.
10
 for the way something is done How do animals communicate?
)‫نهسؤال عن طريقت حذوث انفعم ( كيف‬ Animals communicate with sounds and gestures.

How for the quality of something How was your exam?

‫نهسؤال عن ميسة أو صفت شيء مب‬ My exam was good.

about the way someone feels How do you feel?

‫نهسؤال عن انشعور‬ I feel worried.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
How old for age How old is your dad?
‫نهسؤال عن انعمر‬ My dad is 48 years old.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
How many for number ( countable nouns) How many pens are there on the desk?
) ‫نهسؤال عن انعذد مع (األسمبء انمعذودة‬ There are ten pens on the desk.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
for quantity (uncountable nouns ) How much sugar do you need?
‫نهسؤال عن انكميت مع (األسمبء غير‬ uncountable
) ‫انمعذودة‬ I need a little sugar.
How much How much does the ticket cost?
‫نهسؤال عن انتكهفت أو قيمت مبديت‬
for price / cost / an amount of The ticket costs 2000 S.P.
money How much is the ticket?
The ticket is 2000 S.P..
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
How often do you go to the gym?
How often for frequency I go to the gym every day / twice a week /
‫ نهسؤال عن تكرار حذوث انفعم‬four times a month.

-------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

How far is your home from school?
How far for distance ‫ نهسؤال عن انمسبفت‬My home is 2 km from school.
How far is it from your home to school?
It is 2 km from my home to school.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
How long have you been at your school?
for a length of time ( a period of I've been at my school since 2012./ for six years.
time)
How long How long did the journey take?
‫نهسؤال عن طول انمذة انسمنيت‬
The journey took three days.
for length (measurement ) How long is the Nile River?
) ‫نهسؤال عن طول شيء مب( قيبش انطول‬ The Nile River is 6,671 km long.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
How high is that tower?
How high for height ‫نهسؤال عن االرتفبع‬
That tower is 30 metres high.
-------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
How fast for speed ‫نهسؤال عن انسرعت‬ How fast can a horse run?
A horse can run about 45 kph.

11
 Making Questions
Yes/ No questions:

auxiliary verb + subject + ( main verb ) + ……(complement) ?

‫الفعل المساعد‬ + ‫ الفاعل‬+ )‫ ( الفعل األساسي‬+ ‫تكملة‬ ?

A: Are you tired ? B: Yes, I am tired.

A: Did you go shopping yesterday? B:Yes, I went shopping yesterday.
A: Have you travelled by plane? B: No, I haven't travelled by plane.

Wh-questions:

wh-word + auxiliary verb + subject + (main verb) + ..(complement)?

A: Where are they ? B:They are in the garden.

A: How often does she play tennis? B: She plays tennis every day.
A: How long have you had your camera? B: I have had my camera for 5 years.

to ask about the weather ‫ للسؤال عن الطقس‬A: What does your father do? Or
A: What is the weather like? OR A: What is your father's job?
A: How is the weather ? B: My father is a teacher / a fire man….
B: It is hot and sunny.
to ask about the personality ‫للسؤال عن الصفات الشخصية‬
to ask about the quality of something A: What is he like?
‫ خاصيّة شيء ما‬/ ‫ ميّزة‬/ ‫ للسؤال عن صفة‬B: He is friendly and clever. / He is shy and quiet.
A: What was your holiday like?
A: How was your holiday? to ask about the appearance ‫للسؤال عن المظهر الخارجي‬
B: My holiday was interesting/ amazing / terrible /
bad……. A: What does he look like?
B: He is tall with black hair. / He has green eyes
to ask about the job ‫للسؤال عن العمل‬ and short hair.
A: What do you do? Or What is your job?
B: I'm a doctor / a nurse / an engineer ….
Asking about the subject:
.‫ نقوم بحذف الفاعل و استخدام كلمة السؤال المناسبة بدال عنه‬،‫عند السؤال عن الفاعل‬
.‫ لألسئلة في الزمنين الحاضر البسيط و الماضي البسيط‬do / does / did ‫ال نستخدم‬

- Remove the subject and use the correct question word, instead.
- Don’t use "do, does, did" ( for questions in the present and past tenses).

1. Who wakes you up in the morning? My mother wakes me up in the morning.

2. Who lives here? My uncle lives here. / My grandparents live here.
3. Who was knocking on the door? Mazen was knocking on the door. Some kids were knocking ….
4. What makes you feel relaxed? Drawing and listening to music make me feel relaxed.
5. What made you angry? His rude answer made me angry.
6. How many tourists visit London every year? 30 million tourists visit London every year.
7. How many people were killed by the earthquake? 200 people were killed by the earthquake.

We use a singular form of the verb after "who and what" when they are used to ask about the subject, even if the
answer can be plural.

‫) عند السؤال عن الفاعل حتى لو كان من الممكن أن يكون‬who and what ( ‫ ) بعد‬is , has, likes, was ( ‫نستخدم صيغة مفردة من الفعل‬
2, 3, 4 ‫ الحظ األمثلة‬.‫الجواب ( الفاعل ) جمع‬
Choose the correct answer:
11. The price of petrol ……… in recent years.
1. While we ………………. the mountain, we a. increased b. has increased
saw a small campsite. c. had increased d. is increasing
a. are climbing b. were climbing
c. will climb d. have been climbing 12. They …………… to their home country in
2003.
2. Sport ……………………us to keep fit. a. will return b. returned
a. is helping b. had helped c. have returned d. had returned
c. helped d. helps
13. She ………………… well last night.
3. I ……………………French since I graduated. a. hasn’t slept b. doesn’t sleep
a. have taught b. taught c. didn’t sleep d. hadn’t slept
c. teach d. am teaching
14. Recycling materials ………… energy and
4. They ………… to a new flat a year ago. money.
a. moved b. have moved a. is saving b. saved
c. have been moving d. had moved c. was saving d. saves

5. My father ……………… the problem with 15. You are wasting too much time. You ……
his friend at the moment. the net all morning.
a. is discussing b. discussed a. have surfed b. have been surfing
c. was discussing d. discusses c. had been surfing d. are surfing

6. He finally passed his driving test. He 16. The farmer was very sad. The storm ……
…………………… it three times already. his crops.
a. has taken b. had been taking a. damaging b. damages
c. will take d. had taken c. had damaged d. had been damaging

7. I ………………… Bob since 2011. 17. What a delicious smell! What ……… for
a. have known b. have been knowing dinner?
c. knew d. know a. are you preparing b. do you prepare
c. are you prepared d. had you prepared
8. Jack …………… his friends twice a month.
a. is meeting b. has been meeting 18. He …………………for five hours by the
c. meets d. would meet time he stopped for a break.
a. had been driving b. has been driving
9. They were all sleeping when the thief c. was driving d. would drive
…………………into the house.
a. broke b. has broken 19. He ……………three gold medals since
c. breaks d. were breaking 2005.
a. won b. had won
10. It often ………… in our region in winter. c. has been winning d. has won
a. snowed b. is snowing
c. snows d. has snowed 20. Tom was nervous when he arrived at the
airport. He ………… before
a. had never travelled b. has never travelled
c. never travels d. has never been travelling

13
Complete the following dialogues.
A:………………………..….…………………….?
A:…………………………………….……………?
B: The first modern Olympics took place in 1896.
B: My sister works as a university professor.

A: ……………………………………………..…….? A: …………………………..…………………….?
B: She has been teaching at university for 7 years.
B: The games were held in Greece.

A: …………………………….…………………….?
B: She is of medium height with short black hair. A: …………………………….…………….…….?
B: About 300 athletes took part in the games.
A: ……………………….…………………….…….?
B: She's friendly and quiet.
A: …………………………….…………………?
B: There were fifteen sports competitions.
A: …………………………….………………….….?
B: The journey to Homs took 2 hours.
A: ………………………….……………….…….?
A: …………………….…………………….……….? B: My parents usually help me with my homework.
B: The journey was really amazing.
A:……………………………………………..….?
A: ………………………….………………….…….?
B: I like playing the violin in my free time.
B: It was sunny, but a bit cold.

A: ………………………….……………………..?
A: …………………………….………….………….?
B: My uncle taught me how to play the violin.
B: Yes, I have some friends there.

A: …………………………….……………….…….? A: ………………………….……………………..?
B: I have a music lesson twice a week. B: I feel relaxed when I play music.

A: ………………………….…………………..…….?
A: ……………………..…………………………?
B: I have to get up at six o'clock.
B: Civil rights guarantee equal social opportunities.

A: …………………………….……………………...?
A: ……………………………...…………………?
B: It's 15 km form my home to school.
B: We've visited some of the historical sites in the
A: ……………………………….………………...…? city this week.
B: Building the dam cost £ 50 million.

14
 UNIT ( 3 ) - Grammar - Passive Voice

We often use the passive…….. ...... .....‫عادة نستخذم المبني للمجهول‬

 to focus attention on the object of a sentence. .‫● نهتركيز عهى انمفعول بو في انجمهة‬
Pandas are hunted for their skins.
 when the agent (doer/ subject) is known and there is no need to mention it.
.‫عندما يكون انفاعم واضح ونيس ىناك حاجة نذكره‬ 
Cotton is grown in Syria.
 when we don't know who the agent is.
‫عندما يكون انفاعم غير معروف‬ 
My car has been stolen.

The form of the passive: .‫صيغت المبني للمجهول‬

verb to be + past participle (V3)

In the active form, the subject does the action. .‫ الفاعل ٌقوم بالفعل‬، ‫فً صٌغة المبنً للمعلوم‬

People usually eat ice-cream in summer.

subject verb

In the passive form, the subject receives the action. .)‫ الفاعل ٌتل ّقى الفعل (ٌقع علٌه الفعل‬،‫فً صٌغة المبنً للمجهول‬

Ice cream is eaten in summer. ( by people)

subject verb

To change into the passive form:

 Start with the object ( ice cream )

 Use "verb to be" ( in the same tense of the active verb) ( is )
 Use the third form of the verb ( eaten )

:‫لتحوٌل الجملة إلى صٌغة المبنً للمجهول‬

‫نبدأ بالمفعول به‬ 

.‫نستخدم فعل الكون بنفس زمن فعل جملة المبنً للمعلوم‬ 
.‫نضع الفعل ( الفعل األساسً بجملة المبنً للمعلوم) بصٌغته الثالثة‬ 

 Note: We can use "by or with" to say who or what performs the action.

The basement has been flooded by the washing machine.

The lights were switched on with the car phone. ( instrument)

We use "with" before the instrument used by the doer/ agent to perform the action.
‫" قبل األداة التً استخدمت من قبل الفاعل للقٌام بالفعل‬with" ‫ٌمكن أن نستخدم‬
(Someone switched the lights on with the car phone.)
15
The form of the passive: ‫صٌغة المبنً للمجهول‬ Verb to be + past participle ( V3 )

Active Passive

Present simple
am / is / are + V3
The government builds bridges over the Bridges are built over the river by the
river. government.

Past simple
was / were + V3
The government built bridges over the Bridges were built over the river by the
river. government.

Present continuous
am / is / are + V+ing am / is / are + being + V3
The government is building bridges over Bridges are being built over the river by
the river. the government.

Future "Be + going to"

am/is/are + going to + verb ( base form) am/is/are + going to + be + V3
The government is going to build bridges Bridges are going to be built over the river
over the river. by the government

Past continuous
was / were + V+ing was / were + being + V3
The government was building bridges over Bridges were being built over the river by
the river. the government.

Present perfect
have / has + V3 have / has + been + V3
The government has built bridges over the Bridges have been built over the river by
river. the government.

Past perfect
had + V3 had + been + V3
The government had built bridges over the Bridges had been built over the river by
river. the government.

16
 Modals
can, could, will, would, may, might, must, should

Modal + verb ( base form) Modal + be + V3

The government should build bridges over Bridges should be built over the river by
the river. the government.

Modal + have + V3 Modal + have been + V3

The government should have built bridges Bridges should have been built over the
over the river. river by the government.
More examples

- You must send the letter today. >>>>>>> The letter must be sent today.

You must have sent the letter. >>>>>>> The letter must have been sent.

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive form.

1. Every year, 30 million tourists visit London.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. The earthquake destroyed many buildings.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. They are building new dams to generate electricity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The engineers were fixing the pump yesterday evening.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
5. The teacher has changed the date of the test.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Scientists can predict natural disasters.
..........................................................................................................................................................
7. You have to tidy your room.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..
8. The teacher should have corrected the mistakes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. An electrical fault must have caused the fire.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

17
Change the following questions using the passive voice.

 When do farmers plant wheat? ( Present simple / Active )

( object )
(passive/ affirmative ) Subject ( Object ) + be + verb ( V3)
( am , is , are )

(passive/ interrogative ) be + subject (Object )+ verb ( V3) ?

When is wheat planted?

 Where will they build the hotel? (Active)

modal ( object )

(passive/ affirmative ) Subject ( Object ) + Modal + be + verb ( V3)

The hotel will be built ………….

(passive/ interrogative ) Modal + subject (Object )+ + be + verb ( V3) ?

Where will the hotel be built?

:‫لتحوٌل السؤال إلى صٌغة المبنً للمجهول بطرٌقة أسهل‬

1. They will build the hotel …….. (eg. by the sea) .)‫ نجٌب على السؤال كما هو (بالمبنً للمعلوم‬.1
2. The hotel will be built ……( by the sea ) .‫ نحوّ ل الجملة للمبنً للمجهول‬.2
Subject auxiliary

3. Where will the hotel be built? .‫ نحوّ ل الجملة إلى سؤال‬.3

a) When did Edison invent the electric lamp?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Is the mechanic fixing the engine?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) How long have they used this car?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18
  Sentences with verbs of two objects can have two different forms in
the passive.
‫ فً هذه الحالة عادة نبدأ بالمفعول به غٌر‬.‫ ٌمكن صٌاغتها بالمبنً للمجهول بطرٌقتٌن‬، ‫الجملة التً تحوي فعل متعد إلى مفعولٌن به‬
)‫المباشر ( الذي ٌشٌر إلى الشخص الذي ٌتل ّقى المفعول به المباشر‬

John will give the young kid a bar of chocolate.

object 1 ( indirect ) object 2 ( direct )

‫مفعول به غٌر مباشر‬ ‫مفعول به مباشر‬

1) The young kid will be given a bar of chocolate by John.

2) A bar of chocolate will be given to the young kid by John.

They offered me a good job.

1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The bank has sent my father an e-mail.

1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

* * * * * * * * *

Choose the correct answer.

1. Why ……. the farmers collected the crops?

a. did b. have c. are d. were
2. How ……. the goods transported to the market?
a. did b. have c. are d. do
3. The mechanic ……… fixed the engine.
a. was b. is c. did d. has
4. The engine …… fixed yesterday.
a. was b. is c. did d. has
5. When …… the phone …… for the first time?
a. did / use b. was / used c. was / using d. is / used
6. When ……….. Columbus …….. America?
a. did / discover b. was / discovered c. does/ discover d. is / discovered
7. When ………………. by farmers?
a. are the crops collected b. have the corps collected
c. do the crops collect d. did the crops collect

19
Notes
 Only transitive verbs ( verbs with an object ) can be made passive.

 But there are some transitive verbs that cannot be made passive: become, fit, get, have,
lack, let, like, resemble, suit.

* * * * * * * * *

● The passive with verbs of speech or thought ( reporting verbs) such as "say, believe,
expect, report, predict, think, know, estimate, consider …."

1) They expect that the company will close down next month.

subject of the clause

reporting verb "that" clause

It + passive + "that" clause :‫للتحوٌل إلى المبنً للمجهول نبتع هذه الصٌغة‬

( of the reporting verb)

‫ أي تكون صٌغة المبنً للمجهول بالحاضر البسٌط‬،‫) فً الجملة حاضر بسٌط‬expect) ‫زمن الفعل‬

( expect ) >>>> ( It is expected (

 It is expected that the company will close down next month.

2) Journalists have reported that the fire is very destructive.

‫ أي تكون صٌغة المبنً للمجهول بالحاضر التام‬،‫ ) فً الجملة حاضر تام‬report ( ‫زمن الفعل‬

( have reported) >>>>>> ) It has been reported )

 It has been reported that the fire is very destructive.

Change the following sentences into the passive form as in the examples above.

 They say that this café serves the best western meals.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Many experts have predicted that the government will reduce taxes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

20
 UNIT ( 4 ) - Grammar - Causative Verbs

Study the following examples

- I designed my dress. ( the subject "I" is the doer of the action.)

( I designed my dress myself.)

- My dress was designed by a famous fashion designer. ( A fashion designer

designed my dress. I had nothing to do with the action. I didn’t do anything .)

- I had my dress designed by a famous designer. ( the subject "I " is not the doer of
the action, but arranged for the action to be done, or asked someone to do it.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
 We use "have/get + object + past participle" to say that we ask/ asked/ will ask…….
someone to do something for us instead of doing it ourselves.

 In the causative form, the subject of the sentence is NOT the doer of the action. The
subject asks ( pays / arranges) for something to be done.

‫ طلب من‬،‫ ( دفع ل‬.‫ أي ٌكون ر ّتب لحدوث ذلك‬.‫نستخدم الصٌغة السببٌة للفعل عندما نرٌد اإلشارة إلى أن شخصا" ما سبب حدوث شًء ما‬
.‫" لٌس هو من قام بالفعل فعلٌّا" وإنما ر ّتب لحدوثه‬the subject " ‫فً هذه الصٌغة‬. ).‫شخص آخر القٌام بذلك‬

●The form of the causative: subject + have / get + object + past participle
‫الصٌغة السببٌة‬
● We use "have" in different tenses ( up to the context ).
.‫" بأزمنة مختلفة بحٌث ٌناسب سٌاق الجملة‬have/ get" ‫● نستخدم‬

Present Simple ( He doesn’t fix his car himself.) He has his car fixed.
( He usually asks someone to fix his car.)

Past Simple He had his car fixed.

( He didn’t fix his car himself.) ( He asked someone to fix..)

Future "will" ( He won’t fix his car himself.) He will have his car fixed.
Future "be going to" (He isn't going to fix his car himself.) He is going to have his car fixed.

Present Continuous ( He isn't fixing his car himself.) He is having his car fixed.
Present Perfect ( He hasn’t fixed his car. ) He has had his car fixed.
Modal + Base form (He can't fix his car himself, so he He must have his car fixed.
must ask someone to fix it for him.)

Example: I usually ask ( pay ) someone to clean my house. ( present simple active)
I have my house cleaned. ( present simple causative )
1. subject ( I ) ( the one who arranges for the action)
2. "have" (the verb is in the present simple, so we use "have" in the present simple <<< have )
3. object ( my house )
4. past participle of "clean" <<<< "cleaned"

21
Make sentences with a form of "have something done" for these situations. Use the correct
tense and pay attention to the position of the object.

1. My father goes to this shop. ( He / mend / his glasses / there )

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. My sister went to this beauty salon yesterday. ( She / dye / her hair brown)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. You pass by a shop that repairs electronic devices. This reminds you that your
headphones need to be repaired. ( I / must / repair / my headphones.)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. We're having a party tomorrow. So, Maher, an interior designer, is redecorating the
living room. ( We / redecorate / the living room )

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. An electrician is going to check the air conditioner in my flat.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Mike can't see very well. He will go to the ophthalmologist to check his sight.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

NOTE: We can use the causative form to talk about things we did NOT want or did NOT
arrange for them to happen. ( Something that is unpleasant or out of control. )

.‫ أي لم نخطط للقٌام بها‬.‫ مزعجة حصلت خارج إرادتنا‬/ ‫ٌمكن أن نستخدم الصٌغة السببٌة للحدٌث عن أشٌاء سٌئة‬

Someone stole my wallet. I had my wallet stolen.

I broke my arm in the accident. …………………………………………………………………………………………
He burned his hand while he was cooking. ………………………………………………………………………………….

NOTE: "have" in the causative form is a main verb; not an auxiliary verb.

He has his car washed. He doesn’t have it washed. Does he have it washed?
She had her car washed. She didn’t have it washed. Did she have it washed?

Rewrite the following sentences in the causative form.

I don’t cut my hair myself. >>> I have it cut.

She doesn't cut the grass herself. >>> …………………………………………………………………………….………….
She waters the flowers herself. >>> ………………………………………………………………………..……………….
They planted the trees themselves. >>> …………………………………………………………………………………………
He isn’t going to make dinner himself. >>> …………………………………………………………………..…………………….
He hasn’t painted the room himself. >>> …………………………………………………………………………….………….
She's cutting the grass herself. >>> …………………………………………………………………….………………….
22