Starlight 8 Workbook Rab Tetr PDF

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Starlight 8 WB GramBk_Starlight 8 WB GramBk 19/02/2014 4:36 ΜΜ Page 88
Grammar Bank 1
Present Simple INTERROGATIVE
Form Am I eating? Is he/she/it eating?
Are you eating? Are we/you/they eating?
I/You/We/They run.
AFFIRMATIVE
He/She/It runs. SHORT ANSWERS
I/You/We/They do not/don’t run. Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
NEGATIVE Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
He/She/It does not/doesn’t run.
Do I/you/we/they run? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t.
INTERROGATIVE Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren’t.
Does he/she/it run?
Yes, I/you/we/they do.
Spelling of the present participle
SHORT Yes, he/she/it does.
ñ Most verbs take -ing after the base form of the main
ANSWERS No, I/you/we/they don’t. verb. ask – asking, spend – spending
No, he/she/it doesn’t. ñ Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and take -ing.
wake – waking, dance – dancing
Spelling (3rd-person singular affirmative) ñ Verbs ending in vowel + consonant and which are
ñ Most verbs take -s in the 3rd-person singular. stressed on the last syllable, double the consonant and
I sit – She sits take -ing. stop – stopping, regret – regretting BUT happen –
ñ Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o take -es. happening (stress on 1st syllable)
I pass – he passes, I wash – he washes, I teach – he teaches,
I fix – he fixes, I do – he does Use
ñ Verbs ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -ies. We use the present continuous for:
I fly – he flies ñ actions happening now, at the moment of speaking
ñ Verbs ending in vowel + y take -s. I say – he says Tim is swimming right now.
ñ actions happening around the time of speaking.
Use They are painting their house these days.
We use the present simple for: ñ fixed arrangements in the near future, especially when
ñ daily routines/repeated actions (especially with adverbs we know the time and the place.
of frequency: often, usually, always, etc) Ben is having a party on Saturday.
She starts work at 9 am. ñ temporary situations.
ñ habits. They always do their shopping on Friday. Patty is working at her uncle’s shop this summer.
ñ permanent states. He works as a teacher. ñ changing or developing situations.
ñ timetables/schedules (present/future meaning). He is getting better at tennis.
The museum opens at 10 am. ñ frequently repeated actions with always, constantly,
ñ general truths and laws of nature. Water boils at 100oC. continually to express annoyance or criticism.
ñ reviews/sports commentaries/narrations He’s always forgetting to bring his wallet.
The young actor gives an excellent performance in Cats.
Note: The following verbs do not usually have a
ñTime
reviews/sports
expressions commentaries/narrations.
used with the present simple: every continuous form: have (= possess), like, love, hate,
day/month/hour/summer/morning/evening, etc, usually,
T he young actor gives an excellent performance in Cats.often, want, know, remember, forget, understand, think,
sometimes, always etc, on Sundays/Tuesdays, etc. believe, cost, etc. I want to ask you something.
Time expressions used with the present continuous:

Adverbs of frequency now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, these days,
ñ Adverbs of frequency tell us how often sth happens. today, tomorrow, next month, etc.
These are: always (100%), usually (75%), often (50%),
sometimes (25%), never (0%).
ñ Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but Present Simple vs Present Continuous
after the auxiliary verbs be, have, do and modals such as
will, may, etc. He usually sleeps early on Sundays. PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
They are usually at work at this time of day. timetables future arrangements
The film starts at 6. I’m going out on Sunday.
Present Continuous permanent states & temporary situations
Form: verb to be (am/is/are) + main verb -ing facts He’s working from home this week.
They live in the country.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
habits/routines actions happening now/
I’m eating. I’m not eating.
He goes jogging every around the time of speaking
You’re eating. You aren’t eating.
morning. She’s sleeping at the moment.
He/She/It’s eating. He/She/It isn’t eating.
We/You/They’re eating. We/You/They aren’t eating.
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1 Grammar Bank
Stative Verbs Present Simple – Present
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than Continuous
an action, and do not usually have a continuous form.
These are: 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present
ñ verbs of the senses (appear, feel, hear, look, see, smell, simple or the present continuous, then match
sound, taste, etc). the sentences to the correct description.
This jumper feels soft.
ñ verbs of perception (believe, forget, know, understand,
etc). 1 F Gabriel watches (watch) the 8 o’clock news
I don’t understand what the problem is. every evening.
ñ verbs which express feelings and emotions (desire,
2 The brave man ........................ (jump) into
enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer, want, etc).
I like swimming. the fire and ..................... (save) the child.
ñ other verbs: belong, contain, cost, fit, have, keep, need, 3 The storm ............................. (grow) more
owe, own, etc. violent by the minute.
She owes me í25.
4 When a volcano ............................ (erupt),
Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but
lava ....................... (flow) out of its crater.
with a difference in meaning.
5 That gash in your leg .................................
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (bleed) too much; it needs stitches.
I think he’s lying. (= believe) I am thinking of moving. 6 What time ................... (Sportsline/start)?
(= considering) 7 Chris .................................. (eat) chocolate
He has a sports car. I am having dinner. (= eating) when he’s nervous.
(= owns, possesses) She is having a break. (= taking)
8 Why .................................................. (you/
I can see the river from my He’s seeing a new client tomorrow.
always/call) us so late at night?
room. (= it is visible) (= meeting)
I see what your point is.
9 Experts ................................... (fly) in later
(= understand) today to assess the extent of the damage.
This tea tastes very sweet. Tom is tasting the sauce to see if it 10 Paul ......................................... (not/work)
(= it is/has the flavour of) has enough pepper. (= trying) this week; he’s on holiday leave.
These flowers smell nice. The cat is smelling its food. 11 People who ....................... (live) in coastal
(= have the aroma) (= sniffing) areas are most at risk when a tsunami hits.
You appear to be angry. Liz is appearing in New York this 12 Jamieson ............................ (pass) the ball
(= seem) week. (= performing)
to Harris, who ............................... (shoot)
Note: The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to the winning 3-point basket for his team.
express a specific preference.
I really enjoy eating out. (general preference)
BUT A expressing annoyance for a frequently repeated
I’m enjoying a nice dinner at home. (specific preference) action
The verbs look (when we refer to somebody’s B a general truth or law of nature
appearance), feel (when we experience a particular C timetable or schedule
emotion), hurt and ache can be used in simple or
continuous tenses with no difference in meaning. D action happening at or around the moment of
Beth looks very elegant tonight. = Beth is looking very speaking
elegant tonight. E temporary situation
F daily routine
G fixed arrangement in the near future
H permanent state
I changing or developing situation
J sports commentary
K habit
L narration
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Grammar Bank 1
2 Tick (✓) the appropriate gap to show the 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
correct position of the adverb of frequency. form of the present simple or the present
continuous.
1 ….. Patrick ✓ checks the weather forecast
before he goes sailing. (always)
2 The people of New Orleans ….. will ….. forget
the tragedy that the 2005 hurricane brought to Dear Diary,
their homes. (never) It’s my second day in
Departamento de Yoro in the
3 Sitcoms ….. are ….. very entertaining ….. .
Honduras, and something
(often)
really bizarre 1) is happening
4 Linda ….. thinks ….. back to the time she got (happen) right now. Hundreds
lost in the mountains. (sometimes) of fish 2) …...................…….
5 Our science teacher ….. says that tornadoes (fall) from the sky! I 3) ….......................……. (not/believe)
don’t ….. last for more than an hour. (usually) what I 4) …...........................……. (look) at! I know this event
6 Does ….. Mary ….. record her favourite sitcom 5) …..........................……. (occur) in the area every summer,
but witnessing the actual thing is something else. What I can
…..? (always)
6) ….............................……. (see) from my window is totally
awesome! Some people 7) ….......................……. (run) to take
cover, while others 8) …........................……. (collect) fish for
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
the evening’s meal. The children 9) …...................……. (seem)
form of the present simple or the present
to be having the most fun, though. They 10) ….....................….
continuous. (grab) the silvery creatures and they 11) …......................…….
1 A: Is it raining again? (it/rain) (throw) them at their friends, in some kind of fun game.
Tomorrow, I 12) ….......................……. (go) to the local library
B: Yes, and whenever it ......................... (rain)
to see if I can find some information about this amazing
for so long, the streets ................... (flood). phenomenon.
2 A: ................................................... (you/ever/
watch) game shows?
B: Yes, in fact I ................................................. 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
(take part) in one next week! form of the present simple or the present
3 A: Where ..................................... (Liam/live)? continuous. Then, answer the questions
B: In London, but he ........................... (spend) about yourself, as in the example.
this week with his parents in Liverpool.
1 Do you know (you/know) what to do in the
4 A: ........................................ (the authorities/
event of an earthquake?
still/look) for the missing climber?
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
B: I ............................................ (not/know). I
2 .................................................. (your friends/
..................... (watch) the news to find out.
enjoy) watching talent shows?
5 A: Why ................................................. (Sally/
..........................................................................
constantly/complain) about her maths
3 ............................................ (your teacher/let)
teacher? I’m tired of listening to her!
you go home early tomorrow?
B: Because she ..................................... (think)
..........................................................................
he’s too strict and unfair.
4 ................................... (it/hurt) when someone
6 A: ........................................................... (you/
slams a door on your finger?
always/go) windsurfing in summer?
..........................................................................
B: Yes, and I .................................... (think) of
5 ......................................... (you/read) anything
taking up paragliding too.
interesting these days?
7 A: What ......................................... (you/do) ?
..........................................................................
B: I .................................................. (pack) my
6 ......................................... (you/think) volcano
suitcase.
chasers have an exciting job?
..........................................................................
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1 Grammar Bank
Past Simple We use the past continuous for:
ñ an action which was in progress at a stated time in the
Form past. We do not know when the action started or
The past simple affirmative of regular verbs is formed by finished. Tom was watching a film at 9 pm last night.
adding -ed to the verb. Some verbs have an irregular past ñ a past action which was in progress when another
form (see list of Irregular Verbs). action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for
AFFIRMATIVE the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple
I/You/He/She/It/We/They stayed/ran. for the action which interrupted it (shorter action).
He was sleeping when a loud noise woke him up.
NEGATIVE ñ two or more actions which were happening at the same
time in the past (simultaneous actions).
Long Form Short Form
We were taking notes while the teacher was talking.
I/you/he/she/it/we/they I/you/he/she/it/we/they ñ to give background information in a story. The sun was
did not stay/run. didn’t stay/run. shining and the birds were singing when Emma got up that
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS morning.
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they Time expressions used with the past continuous: while,
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they did. when, as, all day/night/morning, yesterday, etc.
stay/run? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they
didn’t.
Past Simple vs Past Continuous
Spelling
ñ We add -d to verbs ending in -e. I live – I lived PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS
ñ For verbs ending in consonant + y, we drop the -y and actions which happened at a actions in progress at a
add -ied. I try – I tried stated time in the past stated time in the past
ñ For verbs ending in vowel + y, we add -ed. I enjoy – I enjoyed The accident happened at He was watching a hockey game
ñ For verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two 4:30 pm. at 8 in the evening.
consonants, we double the last consonant and add actions which happened one two or more actions which
-ed. I admit – I admitted after the other in the past were happening at the same
Use They paid the bill and left the time in the past
We use the past simple for: restaurant. Ellie was checking her recipe
ñ actions which happened at a specific time in the past. while she was preparing the dish.
Sue came home at 7 pm. (When? At 7 pm)
ñ past habits. Mum often took me to the park when I was little.
ñ past actions which happened one immediately after Used to/Would/Past Simple
the other. Brad, had breakfast, read the morning paper and I/You/He/She/It/We/They used to play
left for work. AFFIRMATIVE
football.
Time expressions used with the past simple: yesterday, I/You/He/She/It/We/They didn’t use
NEGATIVE
yesterday morning/evening, etc, last night/week, etc, to play football.
two weeks/a month ago, in 2010, etc. Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they use to
INTERROGATIVE
play football?
SHORT Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they did.
Past Continuous
ANSWERS No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn’t.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE ñ We use used to/past simple to talk about past habits or
I/He/She/It was walking. I/He/She/It wasn’t walking. actions that happened regularly in the past, but they no
We/You/They were walking. We/You/They weren’t walking. longer happen. He used to drive/drove to work. (He doesn’t
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS do that any more.)
ñ We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in
Was I/he/she/it walking?
{ Yes, I/he/she/it was.
No, I/he/she/it wasn’t. the past. We don’t use would with stative verbs. She
used to wake up/would wake up early every day. BUT She
Were we/you/they walking?
{ Yes, we/you/they were.
No, we/you/they weren’t. used to have long hair. (NOT: She would have long hair.)
ñ We use the past simple for an action that happened at a
definite time in the past. He went to work early yesterday.
(NOT: He used to go to work early yesterday.)
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Grammar Bank 1
Past Simple – Past Continuous
form of the past simple or the past continuous.
6 Match the sentences (1-7) with the correct
description (A-G), as in the example.
1 E To: Carlos
It was a cold day. A freezing wind was
From: Alex
blowing and snow was falling all morning.
2 Edna was watching her favourite soap Hey Carlos,
opera at 6:00 pm yesterday. I 1) was listening (listen) to the news as I 2) ..............
3 A terrible explosion happened last Monday (drive) to work and I 3) .................................. (hear)
at noon causing a lot of damage. that the mine in your town 4) ...............................
4 Peter was ice skating when he slipped and (collapse) earlier today. What 5) ...............................
broke his arm. (happen)? Why 6) ................................... (the mine/
5 Jason finished his essay, saved his work and collapse)? 7) .......................................... (you/work)
turned off his computer. at the time? I hope people 8) ...............................
6 We always had roast beef on Sundays when (not/get) trapped down there.
I was a child. Anyway, please email me as soon as you can so I’ll
7 The sales assistant was talking on the know that you’re safe and sound. I 9) .....................
phone while she was serving customers. (try) to call you earlier, but your line 10) ...................
(be) constantly busy.
A past habit Alex
B past action which was in progress when
another action interrupted it
Used to
C action which was in progress at a specific time
in the past 9 Write sentences about what Drake used to/
D past actions which happened immediately one didn’t use to do when he was younger. When
after the other can we use would?
E background information to a story 1 watch cartoons ✓ 4 live in a flat ✓
F actions which were happening at the same 2 travel abroad ✗ 5 have a car ✗
time in the past 3 go windsurfing ✗ 6 ride a bike ✓
G action which happened at a specific time in
the past 1 He used to/would watch cartoons.
2 ..........................................................................
3 ..........................................................................
4 ..........................................................................
form of the past simple or the past continuous.
5 ..........................................................................
1 A: A terrible earthquake hit (hit) Japan yesterday.
6 ..........................................................................
B: I know. I .......................... (read) about it in
the paper when you ................... (come) in.
2 A: When ...................................... (you/sprain)
10 Complete the sentences with your own words.
your ankle? 1 As I was riding my bike, I fell down and sprained
B: Last week, when I ....................................... my ankle.
(fall off) my bike. 2 First our teacher gave us our tests back, then he
3 A: What .................................. (you/do) when ........................................................................ .
you heard the tsunami warning? 3 My friend was talking on the phone while .......
B: I ........................... (grab) my family and we ........................................................................ .
............................ (drive) to higher ground. 4 Last week, I went to the shopping centre and
4 A: I hope you ................................ (not/sleep) ........................................................................ .
when I ............................... (call) last night. 5 When I was little, I used to..................................
B: No, we .................................... (watch) CSI. ........................................................................ .
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1 Grammar Bank
Present Perfect INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
Form: have/has + past participle Yes, I/you/we/they have.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Have I/you/we/they been
working? { No, I/you/we/they haven’t.
Yes, he/she/it has.
I/You/We/They have/’ve I/You/We/They have not/
passed. haven’t passed.
Has he/she/it been
working? { No, he/she/it hasn’t.
He/She/It has/’s passed. He/She/It has not/hasn’t passed. Use
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS We use the present perfect continuous:
ñ to place emphasis on the duration of an action which
Have I/you/we/they
passed? { Yes, I/you/we/they have.
No, I/you/we/they haven’t.
started in the past and continues up to the present.
She has been waiting for her friends for over an hour.
Has he/she/it passed? { Yes, he/she/it has.
No, he/she/it hasn’t.
ñ for an action that started in the past and lasted for
some time. It may still be continuing, or have finished,
Use but it has left a visible result in the present.
We use the present perfect: It has been raining all day and the streets are flooded.
ñ for actions which started in the past and continue up Time expressions used with the present perfect continuous:
to the present especially with stative verbs such as be, since, for, how long (to place emphasis on duration)
have, like, know, etc. Eddie has lived on this street for ten
years. (= He moved to this street ten years ago and he’s Present Perfect vs Past Simple
still living here.)
ñ to talk about a past action which has a visible result in PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
the present. Someone has crashed into my car and it has a an action which happened at an action which happened at
big dent in the door. an unstated time in the past a stated time in the past
ñ for actions which happened at an unstated time in the She has bought a car. (We don’t Sarah went to Spain last year.
past. The action is more important than the time it know when.) (When? Last year. The time is
happened. She has quit her job. (When? We don’t know; mentioned.)
it’s not important.) an action which started in the an action which started and
ñ with today, this morning/afternoon/week, so far, etc when past and is still continuing in finished in the past
these periods of time are not finished at the time of the present Pete has had the He worked in a bank for three
speaking. Nathan has called you three times today. (The time same car for ten years. (He still years. (He doesn’t work in a
period – today – is not over yet. He may call again.) has the same car.) bank anymore.)
ñ for recently completed actions. Mum has just served
dinner. (The action is complete. The dinner is now served.)
ñ for personal experiences/changes which have happened.
Present Perfect – Present
I have never done anything as exciting. Perfect Continuous
Time expressions used with the present perfect: just,
already, yet, for, since, ever, never, etc.
form of the present perfect simple or the
present perfect continuous.
Have gone (to)/Have been (to)/Have been in 1 A: Have the rescuers found (rescuers/find) the
ñ Lisa has gone to the shop. (She’s on her way to the shop or missing climbers yet?
she’s there now. She hasn’t come back yet.) B: No, although they .......................................
ñ Linda has been to Hawaii. (She went to Hawaii but she
isn’t there now. She’s come back.)
(look) for the last two days.
ñ We have been in Los Angeles for three weeks. (We are in Los 2 A: .................................................. (you/seen)
Angeles now.) the new cooking show on Channel 3?
B: No, I .......................................... (not/have)
Present Perfect Continuous any free time to watch TV lately.
Form: have/has + been + verb -ing 3 A: The volcanic eruption in Chile .....................
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE (force) the authorities to evacuate 22 villages.
I/You/We/They have/’ve I/You/We/They have not/ B: What eruption? I .........................................
been working. haven’t been working. (not/hear) anything.
He/She/It has/’s been He/She/It has not/hasn’t
working. been working. 4 A: I ............................................ (try) to get in
touch with you all morning.
B: I .................................... (run) around town
all day doing some errands.
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Grammar Bank 1
12 Complete the sentences with the correct 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form of have gone (to), have been (to), have been form of the present perfect simple, the present
(in). perfect continuous or the past simple.
1 Paul has been in Amsterdam for just two days, so

he hasn’t done much sightseeing yet.
2 They ........................................... Iceland twice.
3 Martin and his friends ......................................
mountain climbing. They’ll be back on Tuesday.
4 What is Anna cooking? She ..............................
the kitchen for hours!
5 Michael ........................................... the shops.
Thanks to my work, I 1) have had (have) the chance to
Do you want to wait for him? view some truly amazing sights over the years. I
6 Why don't we go to Italy this summer? We ..... 2) ............................... (work) as a freelance nature and
.................. not ......................... there for years. wildlife photographer for over two decades, and my job
3) ........................... (take) me to the four corners of the
Earth. I 4) ............................. (photograph) everything
13 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct from strange underwater creatures in the Pacific Ocean to
form of the present perfect or the past simple.
rare bird species in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest.
1 A: Has Joe come back (Joe/come back) from school The change in my career 5) ..................... (come about)
yet? in 1999, when Mount Etna 6) ........................... (erupt).
I was in Sicily visiting friends at the time, and the
B: Yes, about an hour ago. He .........................
magnificent sight I 7) ............................. (witness) was
(have) a bite to eat and .............................. the reason why I 8) ......................... (make) the decision
(head) straight for his room. to stop photographing animals and landscapes and go
2 A: Kelly ........................................ (just/email) after the forces of nature.
me some amazing pictures. Since then, I 9) ........................ (shoot) stunning images
of the 2004 tsunami disaster in Asia, the 2010 volcanic
B: The ones she ..................................... (take)
eruption in Iceland as well as several other events.
in Chile last month? They’re great! So far I 10) ......................... (not/have) the opportunity
3 A: These terrible floods ................................... to photograph tornados. It’s next on my list though and
(leave) hundreds of people homeless. sure to be a challenge. Is my work dangerous?
B: I know, I ....................................... (see) the Absolutely! My wife 11) ............................... (ask) me to
story on the news last night. go back to wildlife photography for the last two years
now, because she fears for my safety. But I can’t give up
4 A: ......................................... (Liam/go) to this
the excitement this kind of photography
morning’s meeting? 12) …..………….......…… (bring) into my life yet!
B: I’m not sure, I ..............................................
(not/speak) to him since last night.
5 A: How long ............................................. (the 15 In pairs, act out dialogues, as in the example.
earthquake/last) yesterday? 1 be in hospital (why)
B: Just a few seconds, but there ...................... A: Have you ever been in hospital?
(be) dozens of aftershocks since then. B: Yes, I have.
6 A: You ...................................... (not/seen) my A: Why did you go?
reading glasses, I suppose? B: Because I had a broken arm.
B: I remember you ......................... (put) them 2 watch a talent show (when)
in your handbag before you ........................ 3 travel abroad (where)
(leave) for the cinema this afternoon. 4 taste something strange (what)
7 A: They ............................. (take) David to the 5 ask a celebrity for an autograph (who)
hospital last week. 6 burn yourself (how)
B: I know, I ...................................................... 7 argue with your best friend (why)
(already/visit) him twice. 8 cook for someone else (what)
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1 Grammar Bank
Past Perfect ñ A lot/lots of are used with both plural countable and
uncountable nouns. They are normally used in affirmative
Form: subject + had + past participle
sentences. The of is omitted when a lot/lots are not
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE followed by a noun.
I/You/He, etc had not/ Are there lots of books in the library? Yes, there are lots.
I/You/He, etc had eaten.
hadn’t eaten. ñ Much is used with uncountable nouns and many is used
with countable nouns. They are usually used in negative or
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
interrogative sentences. I haven’t got much time.
Yes, I/you/he, etc had. Are there many paintings in the exhibition?
Had I/you/he, etc eaten?
No, I/you/he, etc hadn’t. ñ How much/many are used in interrogative sentences. Much
is used with uncountable nouns and many is used with
We use the past perfect:
countable nouns. How much milk do you need?
ñ for an action which finished before another past
How many visitors does she expect?
action or before a stated time in the past. The children
ñ A few means not many, but enough. It is used with plural
had finished all their chores before their mother got home.
countable nouns. There are a few apples in the fridge. I can
(past perfect: had finished before another past action:
make an apple pie.
got home) The meeting had ended by 11 o’clock. (before
ñ A little means not much, but enough. It is used with
stated time in the past: by 11 o’clock)
uncountable nouns. He put a little money aside so as to go on
ñ for an action which finished in the past and whose result
holiday this summer.
was visible at a later point in the past. He had missed his
Note: few/little means hardly any, not enough and can be
bus so he was really late.
used with very for emphasis. (Very) Few people go to
Time expressions used with the past perfect: before, work by bike. We’ve got (very) little time left. Hurry up!
after, already, just, for, since, till/until, when, by the time, ñ A couple of, several, a few, many, both, a (large/great/
never, etc. good) number of are followed by a countable noun. There
were several people at the meeting.
ñ (Too) much, a little, a great/good deal of, a large/small
Past Perfect Continuous amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable
Form: subject + had + been + main verb -ing noun. She has made a good deal of progress in her studies.
ñ A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are
AFFIRMATIVE followed by a countable or uncountable noun.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They had been playing. She has bought a lot of dresses.
We’ve had plenty of rain this year.
NEGATIVE
I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not/hadn’t been playing. Both – Either/Neither – All – None – Every –
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS Each – Whole
Had I/you/he, etc Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they had. ñ Both refers to two people or things. It has a positive
been playing? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they hadn’t. meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the opposite
of neither/not either.
We use the past perfect continuous: Mark and Bob are businessmen. Both Mark and Bob are
ñ to put emphasis on the duration of an action which businessmen. They are both businessmen. Both of them are
started and finished in the past, before another action or businessmen. Both men are businessmen.
stated time in the past, usually with for or since. ñ Either (= any one of two) / Neither (= not the one and not
I had been looking for my camera for half an hour, when I the other) refers to two people or things and are used
remembered I had loaned it to a friend. before singular countable nouns.
ñ for an action which lasted for some time in the past and Neither car is cheap enough for me to buy.
whose result was visible in the past. They had been walking Neither of/Either of take a verb either in the singular or
around the town all day and they were tired. plural. Neither of the boys like/likes football.
ñ All refers to more than two people or things. It has a
Time expressions used with the past perfect positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the
continuous: for, since, how long, before, until, etc. opposite of none. All the students passed the exam. All of
them passed the exam. They all passed the exam.
Quantifiers All + that-clause (=the only thing) takes a singular verb.
All that she did was complain about everything.
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
ñ None refers to more than two people or things. It has a
a lot (of)/lots (of)/ a lot (of)/lots (of)/ negative meaning and isn’t followed by a noun.
AFFIRMATIVE (a) few/some (a) little/some “Are there any apples left?” “No, none.”
NEGATIVE not many not much None of is used before nouns or object pronouns followed
INTERROGATIVE (how) many/any (how) much/any by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is the opposite
of all. None of the students/them has/have finished the project.
95
Grammar Bank 1
Note: no + noun. There’s no time to study. Quantifiers – Both –
ñ Every is used with singular countable nouns. It refers to
a group of people or things and means all, or each.
Either/Neither – All – None –
She has to pay a rent every month. Every – Each – Whole
ñ Each is used with singular countable nouns. It means
one by one, considered individually (it usually means only 18 Underline the correct item.
two). Each member of the winning team was awarded a medal.
Note: Every one and each (one) have of constructions. 1 It was only a small earthquake, so there was
Every one of/Each (one) of the students was invited to the very little/very few damage to the buildings.
graduation ceremony. 2 The blizzard caused lots/several problems in
ñ Whole (= complete) is used with countable nouns. We
the area.
always use a, the, this, my, etc + whole + countable
noun. the whole day = all day 3 We haven’t got much/many information about
ñ Both ... and ... + plural verb Both Julie and Debbie are nurses the state of the trapped miners yet.
ñ Either ... or ... / Neither ... nor / Not only ... but also ... + 4 A great amount/number of people rushed to
singular or plural verb depending on the subject which
help the hurricane victims.
follows nor, or, but also. Neither Mary nor Jessica is a
teacher. Either Tom or his parents are meeting you tonight. 5 You should hurry; we only have a little/little
time before we board the plane.
Past Perfect – Past Perfect
Continuous 19 Underline the correct item.
1 I invited Kelly and Elaine to the dinner party
16 Underline the correct item. but none/neither of them accepted.
1 Patrick hadn't attended/hadn't been attending 2 James is a fussy eater; all/both that he likes is
a live concert before. pasta.
2 Jessica had been lying/had lain in the sun for 3 I’ve never met either/neither of the twins, but
hours and her skin was starting to go red. I’ve heard they look exactly alike.
3 Her phone had been ringing/had rung for a 4 There’s none/no reason to worry.
few minutes before she finally answered it. 5 Each/Every of the two actors starring in this
4 John had grown/had been growing a beard film has won an award.
and looked really different. 6 The rescuers spent the all/whole day trying to
5 They had evacuated/had been evacuating the pull a boy from the rubble.
village hours before the tsunami hit.
17 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, 20 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. brackets.
1 A: Why did Chris faint (Chris/faint)? 1 You can text me the details or else you can
B: Because he was exhausted after he ............ email them to me. (either … or)
.......................................... (hike) for hours. You can either text or email me the details.
2 A: ................................... (you/have) a chance 2 This soap opera is boring and has a predictable
to talk to Sam at the party? plot. (not only … but also)
B: No, he ..................................... (leave) long ....................................................................... .
before I .................................... (get) there. 3 Ian had never seen a tornado before. Tom
3 A: Do you know why Harry .............................. hadn't either. (neither … nor)
(not/show up) for work yesterday? ........................................................................ .
B: Because he ............................ (not/get) any 4 One by one, the students presented their
sleep the night before and he was really tired. projects in class. (each)
4 A: ..................................................... (Ben and ........................................................................ .
Jerry/finally/settle) their differences? 5 Ball lightning and fire tornadoes are very rare
B: Yes, but they ............................. (argue) for phenomena. (both … and)
hours before that ....................... (happen)! ........................................................................ .
96
2 Grammar Bank
Will Present Simple/Present Continuous
Form: subject + will + main verb (future meaning)
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE ñ We can use the present simple to talk about schedules
or timetables. His plane lands at 7:00 am.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
ñ We use the present continuous for fixed arrangements
will/’ll stay. not/won’t stay.
in the near future. The Millers are coming to dinner tonight. I
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS invited them last week.
Will I/you/he/she/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will. ñ We use the present continuous for changing or
it/we/they stay? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they won’t. gradually developing situations. More and more students
are applying to colleges abroad.
Use
We use the future simple: Future Continuous
ñ for on-the-spot decisions. I like these shoes. I’ll buy them. Form: subject + will + be + verb -ing
ñ for future predictions based on what we believe or
imagine will happen. (usually with the verbs: hope, AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
think, believe, expect, imagine, etc; with the expressions: I/You/He/She/It/We/They will I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
I’m sure, I’m afraid, etc; with the adverbs: probably, be sleeping. not/won’t be sleeping.
perhaps, etc.) I think they will be able to solve the problem. INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
Perhaps Frank will change his mind about it.
Will I/you/he/she/it/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will.
ñ for promises. (usually with the verbs promise, swear, etc.) I
we/they be sleeping? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they won’t.
promise I’ll take you to the museum tomorrow., threats Lie to me
again and it will be the end of our friendship., warnings Drive We use the future continuous for actions which will be in
more carefully or you’ll have an accident., hopes He hopes they progress at a stated future time. This time on Friday I’ll be
will choose him for the job., offers I’ll make you some coffee. driving my new car.
ñ for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen
in the future and which we cannot control. Will – Be going to – Present
It will be spring soon.
Simple/Present Continuous –
Time expressions used with the future simple: tomorrow, Future Continuous
the day after tomorrow, next week/month/ year, tonight,
soon, in a week/month/year, etc.
1 Match the tenses in bold to their use.
1 A Watch your spending or you will fall into debt.

Be going to
2 Terry is taking her dog to the vet this
Form: subject + verb to be (am/is/are) + going to + bare
infinitive of the main verb afternoon.
3 I am going to work for an overseas charity in
I am
AFFIRMATIVE He/She/It is
We/You/They are
swim.}
going to
4
summer.
Look out! You are going to spill your tea all
I am not over your new shirt.
NEGATIVE He/She/It is not
We/You/they are not
swim.}
going to
5 I think computers will run our homes in the
future.
Am I
6
INTERROGATIVE Is he/she/it
Are we/you/they
swim?}
going to This time tomorrow, I will be having a meeting
with my interior designer.
Yes, I am./No, I’m not. 7 I like these brown boots. I think I will buy them.
SHORT Yes, he/she/it is./No, he/she/it isn’t. 8 Mike’s plane leaves at 7:00 am.
ANSWERS Yes, we/you/they are./
No, we/you/they aren’t. A a threat or warning
B a fixed arrangement in the near future
Use
We use be going to: C an action that will be in progress at a stated
ñ to talk about our future plans and intentions. Paul is time in the future
going to travel abroad next month. (He’s planning to ...) D an action we are sure about
ñ to make predictions based on what we see or know. E a prediction based on what we think/imagine
Look out! You’re going to fall into the pool.
ñ to talk about things we are sure about or we have F an on-the-spot decision
already decided to do in the near future. Sally is going G a schedule or timetable
to look for a new job. (She has already decided to do this.) H a prediction based on what we see or know
97
Grammar Bank 2
2 Underline the correct item. 5 Complete the dialogue with the correct
future form.
1 You can’t carry all those shopping bags on your
own. I’ll be helping/’ll help you. Nick: Hi, Pete. I heard you and Lisa 1) are going (go)
2 Watch out! You will knock/’re going to knock to Paris next week.
over those bottles! Pete: Yes, we 2) ............................. (spend) a couple
3 Fiona will be/is being a famous fashion designer of weeks there.
one day. Nick: That 3) ............................. (be) exciting!
4 The last bus from the city centre leaves/is Pete: Definitely! We 4) ................................... (do)
leaving at 11:30 pm. some shopping and lots of sightseeing.
5 I’ll meet you outside the florist’s at 10:00. I won’t Nick: You’d better take some comfortable shoes
be/’m not late this time! with you. It’s 5) ................... (be) pretty tiring.
6 Now that I’ve saved up some money I’m buying/ Pete: Yes, I bet I 6) ........................... (come back)
am going to buy Kylie a birthday present. exhausted!
Nick: And when 7) .............................. (you/leave)?
3 Complete the sentences with the future Pete: We 8) ............................ (fly) to Paris this time
continuous of the verbs from the list. next Monday!
ñ run ñ use ñ wait ñ have ñ take Nick: That’s wonderful! I 9) ............................. (see)
you when you get back then.
1 I’ll be waiting for you outside the train station
when you get there.
2 In just one week, I .............................. my own 6 What will life be like in 100 years’ time?
Make sentences using will or won’t in future
business.
simple.
3 I can’t meet you at 8:00. I ................................
my brother to school. 1 People/commute to work in flying cars (✓)
4 It would be better if you didn’t call us at 7:00. People will commute to work in flying cars.
We ............................... dinner then. 2 People /do all their shopping online. (✓)
5 I can’t let you borrow my laptop this afternoon. ..........................................................................
I ............................... it. 3 People/use fossil fuels (✗)
..........................................................................
4 Fill in the gaps with the correct future forms 4 People/wear spray-on clothes. (✓)
of the verbs in brackets. ..........................................................................
1 A: I can’t believe how much this camcorder costs! 5 Voice-activated computers/help run our houses (✓)
B: Have a look online. I think you ’ll find (find) ..........................................................................
it cheaper. 6 People/pay for things in cash (✗)
2 A: Would you like chocolate or cherry syrup on ..........................................................................
your waffle?
B: I .................................... (have) some cherry 7 Put the words in the correct order to form
questions. Then answer them about you.
syrup, please.
3 A: The summer sales ............................. (start) 1 meet/you/going/are/to/your/friend/the/at/mall?
in August. ..........................................................................
B: I can’t wait to go shopping! ..........................................................................
4 A: Do you have any plans for this afternoon? 2 what/doing/you/weekend/at/are/the?
B: Yes. I .................................... (go) shopping ..........................................................................
with Mary. ..........................................................................
5 A: Mark and Heather .............................. (get) 3 be/tomorrow/working/you/this/will/time?
married this time next weekend. ..........................................................................
B: Wow! That’s wonderful news! ..........................................................................
98
2 Grammar Bank
Comparatives/Superlatives ñ by far + superlative form of adjective/adverb: Steven
is by far the kindest person I’ve ever met.
ñ We use the comparative to compare one person or
thing with another. We use the superlative to compare
one person or thing with the others of the same group. Comparatives/Superlatives
This box is heavier than that one. It’s the heaviest of all.
ñ We often use than after a comparative.
Ben is younger than Jim.
8 Complete the table with the correct
comparative and superlative forms of the
ñ We normally use the before a superlative. We can use in
adjectives.
or of after superlatives. We often use in with places.
I think Ben Stiller is the funniest of all actors. Adjective Comparative Superlative
This is the biggest park in our city. cheap cheaper the cheapest
Formation of comparatives and superlatives the most expensive
Adjectives better
ñ With one-syllable adjectives, we add -(e)r to form the the least
comparative and -(e)st to form the superlative.
old – older – the oldest trendy
Note: For one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + stylish
consonant, we double the consonant. worse
sad – sadder – the saddest thin
ñ With two-syllable adjectives, we form the comparative
with more + adjective and the superlative with most +
adjective. famous – more famous – the most famous 9 Write the comparative and superlative forms
Note: For two-syllable adjectives ending in consonant + y, of the following adverbs.
we replace -y with -i and add -er/-est.
happy – happier – the happiest 1 quietly more quietly the most quietly
ñ With adjectives having more than two syllables, 2 late .......................... ..........................
comparatives and superlatives are formed with more/the 3 calmly .......................... ..........................
most. interesting – more interesting – the most interesting
4 beautifully .......................... ..........................
Note: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, pleasant,
polite, quiet, shallow, simple, stupid form their 5 hard .......................... ..........................
comparatives and superlatives either with -er/-est or
with more/the most. simple – simpler/more simple – the
simplest/the most simple
10 Put the adjectives/adverbs in brackets into the
correct form, adding any necessary words.
Adverbs
ñ With adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives 1 A: Do you think Jane would make a good
(hard, fast, free, late, high, low, deep, long, near, straight), fashion designer?
we add -er/-est. fast – faster – the fastest B: Yes. She is by far the most artistic (artistic)
ñ Adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective take more
in the comparative and most in the superlative form.
girl I know.
slowly – more slowly – the most slowly 2 A: It’s boiling hot today!
IRREGULAR FORMS B: I know. It’s much .........................................
Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative (hot) than it was yesterday.
good/well better best 3 A: Did you like Jill’s new dress?
much/many more most B: Actually, I didn’t think it looked as .............
far farther/further farthest/furthest ....................... (smart) as her other clothes.
bad/badly worse worst 4 A: You’ll feel a bit ......................... (confident)
little less least
about singing in public if you take lessons.
Note: We can use elder/eldest for people in the same family. B: Yes and it’ll be .............................................
Her elder/eldest sister is a doctor.
(helpful) than practising on my own.
Study the examples:
ñ very + adjective/adverb: Jason is a very kind man.
5 A: What do you think of Helen’s new short story?
ñ much + comparative form of adjective/adverb: Liz is B: I’m afraid I didn’t find it very .......................
much taller than her sister. (interesting).
ñ (not) as + adjective/adverb + as: Their house is as big as 6 A: The rolls from this bakery are far ...................
ours. Lions aren’t as fast as cheetahs.
ñ a bit/a little/far/slightly + comparative form of adjective/
(tasty) than those we get at the supermarket.
adverb: I feel a bit better now that I’ve had some rest. B: I know. They’re delicious!
99
Grammar Bank 2
11 Fill in: of, than, in or the. 13 Underline the correct item.
1 Life in the 21st century is more fast-paced than 1 Community farms are less/least expensive to
100 years ago. run than individual farms.
2 Shinsengae Centum City department store is 2 My MP3 player works much/very better now
............. largest department store in the world. that I have new earphones for it.
3 Casual clothes are more comfortable ............. 3 Buying products that come in slightly/less
formal clothes. packaging is good for the environment.
4 Lola Lamour is one of the most successful 1940s 4 They recycle as much of their household waste
singers ............ England. than/as possible.
5 Kate is the friendliest ............. all the cashiers 5 Sally thinks paying by credit card is more/far
in the store. convenient than using cash.
6 Some people feel life in the 50s was happier 6 Jeans are by far/far the most popular item of
............. it is now. clothing for teens.
7 Helen is ............. most efficient employee in the
company. 14 a) Look at the table and compare the
8 The Smiths have the best-kept garden ............ three places.
shopping centre
our street.
supermarket grocer’s
12 Fill in the correct comparative/superlative

form of the adjectives/ adverbs in brackets.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about the 1) worst (bad)
service I have ever received from your company. I 1
bought a computer game from Top Games Stores
on 17th November. Unfortunately, I experienced a 3
number of problems when I contacted the store
about the game. 2
I ordered the 2) ................................ (recent)
version of Friends of the Earth computer game shopping
and, despite the promise that your company has supermarket grocer’s
centre
one of the 3) ............................. (fast) delivery
popular with
times in the area, it did not arrive until 27th ★★ ★ ★★★
November, ten days 4) ........................ (late). To teens
make matters 5) ........................ (bad), when I far from the
★★ ★ ★★★
eventually received the game it was badly centre
scratched. When I tried to contact the company, noisy ★★ ★ ★★★
the person who dealt with my call was one of the quiet ★★ ★★★ ★
6) ................... (rude) people I have ever spoken
to. She told me that I had misused the game and The shopping centre is the most popular place with teens.
the company could not be held responsible. The supermarket isn’t as popular with teens as the
As a regular customer of yours I feel very shopping centre.
disappointed with the way I have been treated. The grocer’s is the least popular place of all with teens.
Therefore, I would appreciate it if you could replace
the computer game or give me a refund. b) Write sentences comparing three shops
I look forward to your reply as 7) ...................... in your area. Use these adjectives:
as (soon) possible. popular, expensive, friendly service, far, large,
Yours faithfully, cheap, noisy, busy, quiet.
Diane Webbs
The shopping centre is the most popular place in town.
100
2 Grammar Bank
-ing form Forms of the infinitive corresponding
The -ing form is used: to verb tenses
ñ as a noun. Swimming is an enjoyable activity. Present simple/will → present infinitive
ñ after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, Present continuous/future continuous →
continue, deny, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss, present continuous infinitive
quit, save, suggest, practise, prevent. Have you considered
past simple/present perfect/past perfect →
moving to a bigger house?
perfect infinitive
ñ after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express
general preference. She prefers walking to work. BUT for a past continuous / present perfect continuous / past perfect
specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) continuous → present perfect continuous
we use to-infinitive. She would prefer to take the bus to The infinitive without to (bare infinitive) is used:
work today. ñ after modal verbs.
ñ after expressions such as: be busy, it’s no use, it’s no good, They might go to Rome.
it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no ñ after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, They made him leave the room.
etc. It’s not worth arguing with him. BUT we use the to-infinitive after be made, be heard, be
ñ after spend, waste, or lose (time, money, etc). seen, etc (passive form). He was made to leave the room.
He spends two hours exercising every day. ñ after had better and would rather.
ñ after the preposition to with verbs and expressions such I would rather have a sandwich for lunch.
as: look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, ñ help can be followed by the to-infinitive, but in
prefer (doing sth to doing sth else). American English it is normally followed by the infinitive
He’s looking forward to starting his new job. without to. She helped me (to) put away the dishes.
ñ after other prepositions. He was nervous about meeting
his future in-laws. Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive
and -ing form
Infinitive Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the
The to-infinitive is used: -ing form with a change in meaning.
ñ to express purpose. He’s joined a gym to get into shape. ñ forget + to-infinitive = not remember (to do sth)
ñ after certain verbs that refer to the future (agree, She forgot to pick up the dry cleaning.
appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc). ñ forget + -ing form = not recall (sth)
She agreed to help them. I’ll never forget travelling abroad for the first time.
ñ after would like, would prefer, would love, etc to express ñ remember + infinitive = not forget (to do sth)
a specific preference. Did you remember to bring me my CD?
We would like to visit the most popular sights. ñ remember + -ing form = recall (sth)
ñ after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, I remember telling you about the party yesterday.
glad, sad, etc), express willingness/unwillingness (eager, ñ mean + to-infinitive = intend to
reluctant, willing, etc) or refer to a person’s character He didn’t mean to insult you.
(clever, kind, etc); and the adjectives lucky and fortunate. ñ mean + -ing form = involve
It was kind of you to lend us your car. Getting a second job means having less free time.
ñ after too/enough. Are you old enough to drive?
ñ regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in
ñ in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, to
the present simple with verbs such as say, tell, inform)
sum up, to begin with, etc.
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
To be honest, I forgot it was your birthday today.
ñ regret + -ing form = feel sorry about
TENSES OF INFINITIVE He regrets dropping out of college.
Active voice Passive voice ñ try + to-infinitive = attempt, do one’s best
I tried to tell him the truth, but he wouldn’t listen.
Present (to) write (to) be written
ñ try + -ing form = do something as an experiment
Present If you can’t sleep, try drinking some warm milk.
(to) be writing —
Continuous
ñ stop + to-infinitive = stop temporarily in order to do
(to) have been something else
Perfect (to) have written
written While he was jogging, he stopped to tie his shoelaces.
Perfect (to) have been ñ stop + -ing form = finish doing something
—
Continuous writing Mr Jones stopped working at the age of 65.
ñ would prefer + to-infinitive (specific preference)
I’d prefer to eat out tonight. It’s such a lovely evening.
ñ prefer + -ing form (general preference)
I prefer eating home-made food to eating junk food.
101
Grammar Bank 2
-ing form, Infinitive
18 Put the verbs in brackets into the
to-infinitive or the -ing form. How do the
15 Complete the sentences with the correct sentences differ in meaning?
infinitive.
1 He is very creative. 1 a John forgot to stop (stop) by the post office

He appears to be very creative. on his way home.
2 She is working efficiently. b Nick will never forget .......................... (be)
She seems .................... efficiently. wrongly accused of shoplifting.
3 He has been having a difficult time. 2 a Stop ................................ (complain) about
He appears .................... a difficult time. the service. The waiters are doing their best.
4 He renovated his house. b Why don’t we stop ............................. (get)
He seems .................... his house. something to drink? I’m thirsty.
5 They will be planting a community farm. 3 a Try ............................... (visit) the shopping
They appear .................... a community farm. centre during the week when it’s not so busy.
b I tried ...................................... (get) him to
16 Underline the correct item. spend less money, but he wouldn’t listen.
4 a I regret ....................................... (spend) so
1 A: I can’t stand to wait/waiting in a queue at
much on that formal gown.
the supermarket.
b We regret ............................... (inform) you
B: Me neither. I prefer shopping/to shop at my
that we are unable to give you a refund.
local grocer’s because it’s quieter.
5 a Remember ....................................... (bring)
2 A: John doesn’t appear to have made/to be
your credit card with you.
made much progress this term.
b Do you remember ........................................
B: I know, it’s a shame his grades have fallen.
(visit) that little antique shop in the centre?
3 A: I hate it when my mum makes me put/to
put away the groceries. 19 Put the verbs in brackets into the
B: So do I! I think it’s ever so boring! correct infinitive or -ing form.
4 A: Can you help/to help me pick out an outfit
for our end of the year dance? How to become a fashion
B: Sure! How about going/go to that new
If you spend most
designer
clothes shop in the shopping centre?
of your time 1) looking at (look at) clothes and
5 A: Have you considered to call/calling the store
2) ................... (read) fashion magazines then how about
about your faulty MP3 player? 3) ................... (consider) a career in fashion?
B: Yes, but I seem to have been having/to be
Tips:
having trouble getting through to them. ñ You should 4) ...................... (get) a fine arts degree
in fashion at college.
17 Circle the correct item. ñ 5) ..................... (learn) how to draw and sew is a must.
ñ It’s a good idea 6) ................ (apply) for an internship at
1 I suggest ..... these on in a different size.
a fashion house.
A try B trying C to try ñ You need 7) ............................ (be) highly creative and
2 I would prefer ..... at a cafe at the moment than passionate about fashion.
Who knows? You might even 8) ..................... (create)
studying for my exams.
your own fashion label one day!
A sitting B to have sat C to be sitting
3 I would rather ..... organic goods.

A to buy B buy C buying
20 Complete the sentences about you.
1 I’ve decided ......................................................
4 Tom was lucky ..... with only a broken leg after 2 I hope ...............................................................
falling off the roof. 3 I’m keen on ......................................................
A escaping B escape C to have escaped 4 I have difficulty in ............................................
102
2 Grammar Bank
Future Perfect Clauses of Concession
Form: will + have + past participle of the main verb Concession is expressed with:
ñ Although/Even though/Though + clause. Although she
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE studied hard, she failed the exam. Though can also be put at
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will I/You/He/She/It/We/They will the end of the sentence. She studied hard. She failed the
have left. not/won’t have left. exam, though.
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS ñ Despite/In spite of + noun/-ing form. Despite working
hard/his hard work, he wasn’t promoted.
Will I/you/he/she/it/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will. ñ Despite/In spite of the fact (that) + clause. In spite of the
we/they have left? No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they won’t. fact that it was raining, they continued the football game.
We use the future perfect for actions that will have ñ While/Whereas/But/On the other hand/Yet + clause. They
finished before a stated time in the future. Jenny will have did their best, yet they lost the match.
moved house by the end of the week. ñ Nevertheless/However + clause. He has lots of experience;
however, he didn’t get the job.
Future Perfect Continuous ñ However/No matter how + adj/adv + subject (+may) +
verb. However hard he tried, he didn’t finish the race.
Form: will + have been + main verb + -ing
ñ A comma is used when the clause of concession either
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE precedes or follows the main clause. Even though it was
snowing, we went for a walk. We went for a walk, even though
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will it was snowing.
not/won’t have been
have been studying.
studying.
INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS Future Perfect – Future Perfect

Will I/you/he/she/it/ Continuous
Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/they will.
we/they have been
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/they won’t.
studying? 21 Put the verbs in brackets into the future
We use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the perfect or the future perfect continuous.
duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. The
1 Jonathan will have been working (work) on his
future perfect continuous is often used with: by … for.
By the time he retires, he will have been teaching for twenty years. invention for three hours before he finally goes
to bed.
Time expressions used with the future perfect and the
future perfect continuous: before, by, by then, by the time,
2 By the time the girls return from their shopping
until/till (only in negative sentences), etc. trip, I ......................................... (cook) dinner.
3 ............................. (Jane/finish) her homework
by the time the wildlife documentary begins?
Exclamations
4 Jack .................................................. (work) at
Exclamations are words or sentences used to express
the post office for 20 years by the time he’s 50.
admiration, surprise, etc. To form exclamatory sentences,
we can use how, what (a/an), so, such (a/an), or a negative 5 I’m afraid Jack ..................................................
question form. (not/recover) from the accident by the time his
ñ how + adjective/adverb football training begins.
How expensive these shoes are! How well she sings!
6 I .............................................. (grow) my own
ñ what a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun
What a boring book! What a day! vegetables for two years by the end of the year.
ñ what (+ adjective) + plural/uncountable noun 7 ......................................................... (mail) the
What amazing paintings! What stylish furniture! invitations before Friday?
ñ so + adjective/adverb
8 By November, Harry ..........................................
She is so helpful! He talked to me so rudely!
ñ such a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun (sell) his produce to local stores for two years.
Mr Adams is such a good teacher! 9 We ...................... (convert) the rooftop of our
ñ such (+ adjective) + plural/uncountable noun apartment into a garden by the end of the week.
They are such polite children!
10 By June, Mr Patterson ......................................
Laura has such lovely hair!
ñ negative question form (teach) music at our school for ten years.
Weren’t they excellent hosts! 11 Scientists hope they .........................................
Isn’t that a great suggestion! (solve) the world’s food shortage problem by
Note: Exclamations are not used in formal writing. the end of the century.
103
Grammar Bank 2
Clauses of Concession
22 Underline the correct item.
1 Are you sure you’ll have been cleaning/’ll have 25 Circle the correct item.
cleaned the living room before the guests arrive?
1 Sarah saves her pocket money, ..... her sister
2 By the time we reach our first stop, we will
spends it straightaway.
have drive/will have been driving for 4 hours.
A whereas B even though C despite
3 The shop will not have been repairing/will
not have repaired my camcorder until the end 2 ..... it was a weekday, Melody decided to go out
of the week. with her friends.
4 By noon, the fire from the powerful explosion A Despite B In spite C Although
will have been burning/will have burnt for 12 3 David gashed his leg. ....., he didn’t need to
hours straight. have stitches.
5 Will they have published/Will they have been A Even though B Whereas C However
publishing her new book by summer?
4 ..... hard I tried, I couldn’t speak to the manager
Exclamations about my faulty camera.
A No matter how B While C Though
23 Fill in: what (a/an), how, such (a/an) or so.
5 ..... of having ordered a black mobile, I received
1 A: Let’s go shopping this afternoon! a white one.
B: What a great idea! A In spite B Despite C However
2 A: ........................ delicious apples! Where did
you buy them? 6 He made a mistake, ..... he didn’t tell anyone.
B: From farmer Jack. He’s got an organic farm. A whereas B yet C while
3 A: That was ....................... interesting article!
B: I know. We learnt .............................. much 26 Rewrite the sentences as in the example.
about the fashion industry from it. 1 She wants to buy a new ski suit. She can’t afford
4 A: There was a catastrophic earthquake in it. (although, however)
Japan. a Although she wants to buy a new ski suit, she
B: Oh no! ................................ terrible for the can’t afford it.
people there! b She wants to buy a new ski suit. However, she
can’t afford it.
24 In pairs rephrase the following, as in the 2 I love fashion shows. I haven’t been to one.
example. Then write the sentences. (even though/yet)
1 What a brilliant idea! a .....................................................................
How brilliant an idea it is! b .....................................................................
This idea is so brilliant! 3 Susan has a great singing voice. She doesn’t
Isn’t this idea brilliant? want a career in music. (despite, even though)
It’s such a brilliant idea! a .....................................................................
2 This is such a trendy outfit! b .....................................................................
.......................................................................... 4 She gets her flowers from the local florist. She
.......................................................................... has her own flower garden. (in spite of, but)
.......................................................................... a .....................................................................
.......................................................................... b .....................................................................
3 How professional he is! 5 He always buys organically-grown vegetables.
.......................................................................... They are more expensive. (despite the fact that,
.......................................................................... though)
.......................................................................... a .....................................................................
.......................................................................... b .....................................................................
104
3 Grammar Bank
Modals Possibility (can, could)
Can/could, may/might, must/have to, ought to, shall/should, ñ Can + present infinitive: General/theoretical possibility.
will/would: Not usually used for a specific situation. Our teacher can be
ñ don’t take -s, -ing or -ed suffixes. quite strict. (general possibility – it is theoretically possible)
ñ are followed by the bare infinitive (infinitive without to). ñ Could/May/Might + present infinitive: Possibility in a
ñ come before the subject in questions and are followed by specific situation. We might go out in the afternoon, so come
not in negations. in the morning. (It is possible./It is likely./Perhaps.)
ñ don't have tenses in the normal sense. When followed by Note: We can use can/could/might in questions but not
a present bare infinitive, they refer to an incomplete may. Who could I ask for professional advice?
action or state (i.e. present or future). You should tell ñ Could/Might/Would + perfect infinitive refer to sth in
them the truth. When followed by a perfect bare infinitive, the past that was possible but didn’t happen. I would
they refer to a complete action or state. You should have have gone to the beach with them, but I was too busy.
told them the truth.
Ability/Inability (can, could, was able to)
Note how the forms of the infinitive are formed:
ñ Can(’t) expresses (in)ability in the present/future. She
Present: (to) go can run very fast. (She is able to ...)
Present continuous: (to) be going ñ Could expresses general repeated ability in the past. He
Perfect: (to) have gone could work very long hours before he retired. (He was able to ...)
Perfect continuous: (to) have been going ñ Was(n’t) able to expresses (in)ability on a specific occasion
in the past. He was(n’t) able to fix his computer. (He didn’t
Obligation/Duty/Necessity (must, have to, should/ought to) manage/managed to ...)
ñ Must expresses duty/strong obligation to do sth, and ñ Couldn’t may be used to express any kind of inability in
shows that sth is essential. We generally use must when the past, repeated or specific. Emma couldn’t cook when
the speaker has decided that sth is necessary (i.e. she was a teen. (past repeated action) Emma couldn’t/
subjective). If you witness an accident, you must report it to wasn’t able to cook yesterday, because her stove wasn’t
the police. You must apologise to her for being so rude. (It is working. (past single action)
your duty./You are obliged to do sth.)
Offers/Suggestions (can, would, shall, could)
ñ Have to expresses strong necessity/obligation. We
usually use have to when somebody other than the speaker ñ Can: Can I help you with something? (Would you like me to ...?)
has decided that sth is necessary (i.e. objective). Mum says ñ Would: Would you like to sit down? (Do you want to ...?)
that we have to walk the dog every day. (It’s necessary.) ñ Shall: Shall I return these books to the library for you? (Would
ñ Had to is the past form of both must and have to. you like me to ...?/Do you want me to ...?)
ñ Should/Ought to express duty, weak obligation. ñ Can/Could: We can go mountain climbing. You could take out
You should help your little brother with his homework. (It’s a loan. (Let’s ...)
your duty. – less emphatic than must)
Probability (will, should/ought to)
Absence of necessity (don’t have to/don’t need to, needn’t,
needn’t have) ñ Will: He will get a promotion. (100% certain)
ñ Should/Ought to: They should/ought to arrive on time
ñ Don’t have to/Don’t need to/Needn’t: It isn’t necessary to tomorrow. (90% certain; future only; it’s probable)
do sth in the present/future. You don’t have to work late
today. She doesn’t need to dress formally for the party. He Advice (should, ought to, shall)
needn’t water the garden today. ñ Should: general advice You should take up a hobby. (It’s
ñ Didn’t need to/Didn’t have to: It wasn’t necessary to do my advice./I advise you to ...)
sth. We don’t know if it was done or not. They didn’t ñ Ought to: general advice You ought to be on time for work.
have to confirm their reservation. (We don’t know if they (It’s a good idea/thing to do.)
confirmed it.) ñ Shall: asking for advice Shall I cut my hair short? (Do you
ñ Needn’t have + pp: Sth unnecessary was done in the think it’s a good idea to ...?)
past. You needn’t have watered the flowers, it is going to rain.
Permission/Prohibition (can, may, mustn’t, can’t)
ñ Can/May are used to ask for/give permission. May is
more formal than can. Can/May I ask you something? Yes,
you can/may. (Is it OK if ...?)
ñ Mustn’t/Can’t: It is forbidden to do sth; it is against the
rules/law; you are not allowed to do sth. You mustn’t/
can’t drive without wearing your seatbelt.
105
Grammar Bank 3
Modals
3 Rephrase the sentences in as many ways as
possible.
1 Match the modal verbs in bold to their
meanings (a-j). 1 It’s possible that we will find a solution to the
1 D The soup kitchen might be open now. homeless situation.
2 Can I leave a message, please? We may/might/could find a solution to the homeless
3 You should listen to the advice of the elderly. situation.
4 May I see your ID, please? 2 It’s necessary to have a senior citizen’s card to
5 You have to move the car; you can't park get in free.
here. ..........................................................................
6 You don't have to help me find a job. 3 It is forbidden to transfer festival tickets to
7 You can join the volunteer group. another name.
8 You mustn't cross the road here; use the ..........................................................................
zebra crossing. 4 I advise you to get some help from the charity.
9 She can't be eighty years old; she looks ..........................................................................
amazing! 5 Would it be OK if I stayed at your house tonight?
10 You shouldn't get into debt. ..........................................................................
6 It's not a good idea to walk in the forest alone.
A It’s not necessary. F It's a good idea. ..........................................................................
B It's forbidden. G You're obliged to. 7 We are obliged to recycle in this town, it’s a law.
C Would it be OK if …? H You're allowed to. ..........................................................................
D It's possible. I Is it OK? 8 She managed to pitch her tent before it got
E I'm sure she isn't. J It’s not a good idea. too dark.
..........................................................................
2 Rewrite the sentences using the modals in

4 Choose the correct item.
the list.
ñ may ñ could(n’t) ñ can(‘t) ñ don’t have to 1 You ..... get off the street now!
ñ should ñ must A must B shall C would
1 I advise you to try harder to find employment. 2 He ..... have gone to the homeless shelter;
it’s very cold.
You should try harder to find employment.
A would B should C can’t
2 Perhaps we will go to the music festival.
.......................................................................... 3 ..... I take the rubbish out later, Mum?
3 It is not necessary for you to give me a lift. A Would B Need C Can
.......................................................................... 4 You ..... be rude to the elderly.
4 When I was a child, I didn't know how to look A needn’t B couldn’t C mustn’t
after an animal properly.
5 We ..... ban all public transport in the city
..........................................................................
centre.
5 He was able to get around with the use of a cane.
A don’t need B need C must
..........................................................................
6 Do you insist that I show you my identification? 6 We ..... to do what we can for those in need.
.......................................................................... A ought B should C must
7 You're not allowed to drop litter in the street. 7 You ..... bring food; there are food stalls
.......................................................................... everywhere.
8 Do you mind if I sit in here for a moment? A mustn’t B needn’t C should
.......................................................................... 8 She ..... read and write when she was three.
A would B must C could
106
3 Grammar Bank
Conditionals: types 0/1/2/3 Wishes
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause We can use wish/if only to express a wish.
(hypothesis) and the main clause (result).
When the if-clause comes before the main clause, the two WISH/ IF ONLY USE
clauses are separated with a comma. If I go to Paris, I will send He wishes he was/
you a postcard. – I will send you a postcard if I go to Paris. were on holiday
to say that we would
+ past simple/ now. (but he isn’t)
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE like something to be
past If only the bus
(hypothesis) (result) different about a
continuous wasn’t/weren’t
0 conditional if/when + present present situation
present simple running so late.
general truth or simple (but it is)
scientific fact If you drop ice in water, it floats.
I wish I had
simple future, to express regret
1st conditional accepted their
if/when + present imperative, can/ about something
real, likely to offer. (but I didn’t)
simple must/may, etc + + past perfect which happened or
happen in the If only I hadn’t
bare infinitive didn’t happen in the
present/future bought those
If it rains, we will stay home. past
books. (but I did)
would/could/
2nd conditional I wish you would to express:
if + past simple might + bare
ñ imaginary stop interrupting ñ a polite imperative
infinitive + subject +
situation in me all the time. If ñ a desire for a
If I lived by the beach, I would go swimming would + bare
the present/ only Mum would situation or
every day. BUT I don’t live by the beach. infinitive
future allow me to stay person’s behaviour
(untrue in the present). If I were you, I
ñ advice out later. to change
wouldn’t believe those lies.
would/could/ If only is used in exactly the same way as wish but it is more
3rd conditional
if + past perfect might have + past emphatic or more dramatic. We can use were instead of was
ñ imaginary
participle after wish and if only. I wish I weren’t/wasn’t so busy.
situation in
If you had booked tickets, we wouldn’t
the past
have stayed home. (but you didn’t)
ñ regrets
If you had been honest from the start, none Conditionals
ñ criticism
of this would have happened.
ñ We can use were instead of was for all persons in the if- 5 Underline the correct item.
clause of Type 2 conditionals.
1 If they have/had more shelters, there would be
If he weren’t/wasn’t so stressed all the time, he would enjoy
life more. fewer people living on the streets.
ñ With type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative 2 The world’s rainforests will disappear within a
verb or if + negative verb. century if logging continues/would continue
They will not hire you unless you have a lot of experience. (They
at this rate.
will not hire you if you don’t have a lot of experience.)
3 If you heated/heat ice, it melts.
Mixed Conditionals 4 If he had taken breaks more frequently, he
We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, wouldn’t have collapsed/wouldn’t collapse with
by combining an if-clause of one type with a main clause of exhaustion.
another. 5 If I had the chance, I would volunteer/will
volunteer at a soup kitchen.
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Type 2 Type 3
6 If the children get an education, they escaped/
will escape their lives of poverty.
If he were a fast runner, he would have won the race.
7 If the volunteer group had refused/refused my
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE help, I would have gone back home.
Type 3 Type 2 8 If you want to help the poor, you can contact/
If she had invited me, I would go to her party tonight. contact me.
9 If I were/had been you, I would take up the
teaching position in Brazil.
10 We can drive to Somerset, unless you want/don’t
want to take the train.
107
Grammar Bank 3
Wishes
tense to form conditionals.
1 If I were (be) like my friends, I would have tense.
travelled round the world on my holiday. 1 A: I wish the little boy had told (tell) us where
2 If he weren't so concerned about the homeless, his parents are.
he ........................ (not/donate) to the charity. B: Yes, it's so sad to see him living in the streets.
3 I ................................................. (take) a book 2 A: I wish I ............................ (not/yell) at that
if I had known the flight would be delayed. elderly man.
4 If you hadn’t been so selfish, you .................... B: Well, if you see him again, you can apologise.
(offer) to help them. 3 A: If only I ........................... (have) more time
5 You harm the environment if you .................... to volunteer at the animal shelter.
(drive) your car everywhere. B: Don’t worry. You do a lot more than other
6 He will be hungry if he ..................................... people.
(not/eat) breakfast. 4 A: I wish I ............... (not/drop out) of school.
7 If I’d known they were looking for people to B: Well, you can always take a night course.
live on the space station, I ............................... 5 A: If only more rich people ..............................
(apply) for the job! (give) money to those in need.
8 I would gladly live on the moon if they ever B: That would truly make a difference.
....................................... (colonise) it. 6 A: If only the company ....................................
(not/close down).
B: I know. Hundreds of people were left jobless.
7 Rewrite the following as mixed conditional
sentences.
1 Jake didn’t accept the job offer. He is still 10 Rewrite the sentences using wishes, as in
unemployed. the example.
If Jake had accepted the job offer, he wouldn’t still be 1 I forgot to bring food to the centre.
unemployed. I wish/If only I had brought food to the centre.
2 Mary doesn’t speak French. She didn't get the 2 I’m not good at pitching a tent.
job at the school. ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... 3 The woman can’t afford to buy a new outfit.
3 The hiker didn’t find anything to eat in the ..........................................................................
jungle. He's feeling hungry now. 4 I would like to give a home to every homeless
.......................................................................... person in the city, but I can’t.
4 I don’t know him. I didn't ask for his help. ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... 5 The police didn’t catch the thief.
5 The children were singing and dancing at the ..........................................................................
festival all morning. They are tired now. 6 Mike broke my MP3 player.
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
8 Complete the sentences about you. 11 Complete the sentences about yourself.
1 If I weren’t so tired, I would go for a jog. 1 I wish I were a teacher, so I could teach poor children
2 If I had known about the festival, .................. . how to read.
3 If I have time, ................................................. . 2 I wish I had ...................................................... .
4 If I were you, .................................................. . 3 I wish I hadn’t ................................................. .
5 If I could play a musical instrument, ............... . 4 I wish I wasn’t ................................................. .
6 If I had a lot of money, ................................... . 5 I wish I could ................................................... .
108
3 Grammar Bank
Relatives – Relative Clauses
Use
13 Join the sentences, as in the example.
ñ We use relative pronouns (who/whose/which/that) and 1 The woman gave a talk. (She works to reduce
relative adverbs (where/when/that/why) to introduce deforestation.)
relative clauses. We use relative clauses to identify/ The woman who works to reduce deforestation gave
describe the person/place/thing in the main clause.
a talk.
Relative Clause
2 The sheep and cows belong to a local framer.
The man who won the award is our neighbour. (They were set loose by loggers.)
ñ We use who/that to refer to people. The students who/that The ................................................................. .
were late for class had to stay behind an extra hour. 3 Greenpeace is an environmental organisation.
ñ We use which/that to refer to objects or animals. The
(Its actions are known all over the world.)
package which/that is on my desk arrived for you this morning.
ñ We use where to refer to places. That’s the shop where they Greenpeace .................................................... .
serve frozen yoghurt. 4 The reasons are still unknown. (He ended up
ñ We use whose with people, animals and things to show on the streets.)
possession. She’s the woman whose sons are in a rock band.
The ................................................................. .
ñ We use why to give a reason. Chris won’t tell anyone why
he’s upset. 5 This is a collection point. (People can dispose
of old electronic equipment here.)
Defining and Non-defining Relative This ................................................................. .
Clauses
ñ A defining relative clause gives necessary information 14 Fill in the gaps with the correct
essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is not relative pronoun or adverb.
put in commas and is introduced with who, which, that,
als in Space
whose, where, when, or the reason (why). The girl who sits
next to me in class is from Thailand. The relative pronoun can
n i m
be omitted when it is the object of the relative clause.
The book (which/that) I bought yesterday was very cheap.
A
ñ A non-defining relative clause gives extra information In the earlier days of space
and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. exploration nobody knew if
It is put in commas and is introduced with who, whom, humans could survive a space trip, so
which, whose, where, or when. The relative pronoun scientists decided to send animals instead
cannot be omitted. My brother, who is 18, is taking driving
of people into space. In 1961, 1) when NASA launched
lessons.
U.S. Mercury spacecraft, American scientists sent Enos,
a chimpanzee, into space to see if it could survive the
Relatives take off and landing. While the chimpanzee was in
flight, it ate, drank and performed all the tasks
12 Fill in the correct relative pronoun or adverb. 2) ...................... it had been trained to do. At the
1 Kevin McLeod is the man who started the tree- same time the scientists 3) ...................... were on
Earth monitored his behaviour. Enos survived the
planting project.
space voyage, 4) ...................... involved making two
2 She’ll never forget the day ...............................
complete orbits of the earth. Other experiments
she saw how people in the slums live for the
involved sending mice into space. Scientists
first time. 5) ...................... work involved research into the
3 Helen chose a volunteer programme ................ effect of zero gravity wanted to determine whether
suited her personal schedule. weightlessness would confuse the animals. Would
4 The forest .................................. illegal logging floating instead of walking affect them?
used to take place is now protected by Surprisingly, within 5 minutes the mice floated
environmental organisations. happily around their living quarters. They were able
5 The school ................................ environmental to adapt very quickly to the new environment,
project was the most informative won the 6) ...................... they ate and groomed themselves
competition. just as they did on Earth. These experiments prepared
the way for human space flight.
109
Grammar Bank 3
15 Choose the correct answer. 17 Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put
commas where necessary. Write D for
1 Fiona is the designer ..... created the costumes
defining and ND for non-defining.
for the play.
A which B where C who 1 Mr Stafford, whose son walked the length of
the Amazon, is very proud. ND
2 The cages ..... the animals are kept are spacious.
2 Illiteracy ................... is a major world problem
A who B which C where
affects a person’s life on many levels.
3 The outfit ..... she is wearing is a designer label. 3 Peru ........................ Ed set off from is in South
A when B where C which America.
4 The reason ........................... they were furious
4 Where’s the DVD ..... we rented yesterday?
was that foreigners were in their territory.
A who B that C when
5 My mother ........................... is very concerned
5 That’s the teacher ..... son is in the same class as about the environment goes to many fund-
me. raising events.
A which B who’s C whose 6 Brazil .............................. is the world’s largest
6 I remember the time ..... we hiked in the rainforest has the highest deforestation rate on
mountains alone. the planet.
A when B who C where 7 The date .................................. many countries
celebrate International Earth Day is 22 April.
8 I’d rather see the film ............................... your
16 Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then brother has recommended.
write S for subject or O for object. Finally, 9 Volcano surfing .......................... is an extreme
state if the relatives can be omitted or not. sport can be quite dangerous.
1 How old is the man who/that first stepped on 10 Jack is the boy ............................... brother is a
the Moon? (S – not omitted) news reporter.
2 The spacecraft .................... they built belongs 11 Jerry is the student ............................ won the
to NASA. short story competition.
3 What’s the name of the planet ........................ 12 The reason ........................ she’s sad is because
was wiped out by a massive explosion? she lost her bag.
4 The planet ........................... is closest to Earth
is Venus.
5 The people .............................. work on the ISS
18 Complete the following sentences using
your own ideas and the appropriate relative
spend months away from home. pronouns/adverbs.
6 That’s the man ........................ book was made
1 I once read a book which described life on other
into a film.
planets.
7 The boy ........................ sprained his ankle had
2 I sometimes don’t understand the reason ........
to go to hospital.
..........................................................................
8 The hurricane ......................... hit New Orleans
3 I can still remember the summer ......................
caused great destruction.
..........................................................................
9 The bag ..................... I bought is made of silk.
4 I’d love to travel to a place ..............................
10 The shop assistant ........................... I talked to
..........................................................................
was very helpful.
5 I watched a documentary .................................
11 The woman ......................... Ben is planning to
..........................................................................
marry is a leading scientist.
6 I sit next to a girl ..............................................
12 The MP3 player ................................................
..........................................................................
I ordered from an online store was quite cheap.
110
4 Grammar Bank
The passive ñ Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be
changed into the passive. A house collapsed in the
Form: We form the passive with the verb to be in the earthquake. (intransitive verb; no passive form.)
appropriate tense and the past participle of the
main verb. Note: Some transitive verbs (have, fit (= be the right size),
suit, resemble, etc) cannot be changed into the
ACTIVE PASSIVE passive. The blue shirt suits you. (NOT: You are suited by
Present Simple Ben plants a tree. A tree is planted by Ben. the blue shirt.)
Present Ben is planting A tree is being planted ñ Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. They let us leave
Continuous a tree. by Ben. early. – We were allowed to leave early.
Past Simple Ben planted a tree. A tree was planted by Ben. ñ We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in
Ben was planting A tree was being planted everyday speech when we talk about things that happen
Past Continuous
a tree. by Ben. by accident or unexpectedly. The window got smashed in
Present Perfect Ben has planted A tree has been planted the storm.
Simple a tree. by Ben. ñ By + agent is used to say who or what carries out an
Past Perfect Ben had planted A tree had been planted action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used
Simple a tree. by Ben. to say what the agent used. This sculpture was created by a
Ben will plant A tree will be planted by young artist. It was made with recycled materials.
Future Simple
a tree. Ben. ñ The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he,
Ben has to plant A tree has to be planted someone/somebody, people, one, etc. A lot of money was
Infinitive
a tree. by Ben. raised for the charity. (= They raised a lot of money for the
Ben might plant A tree might be planted charity.)
Modal Verbs ñ The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or
a tree. by Ben.
important person, or when it is essential to the
We use the passive: meaning of the sentence. Comedies are enjoyed by people
ñ when the person/people doing the action is/are unknown, of all ages.
unimportant, or obvious from the context. The vase ñ With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring,
was broken. (We don’t know who broke it). tell, send, show, teach, promise, sell, read, offer, give,
The package will be delivered today. (Who will deliver it is lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences.
unimportant). She sent me an email. (active) I was sent an email. (passive, more
Our exam papers have been corrected. (It’s obvious that the common) An email was sent to me. (passive, less common)
teacher has corrected our exam papers). ñ In passive questions with who, whom, or which we do not
ñ when the action itself is more important than the omit by. Who wrote this song? Who was this song written by?
person/people doing it, as in news headlines, ñ The verbs hear, help, see, and make are followed by a
newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, bare infinitive in the active, but a to-infinitive in the
instructions, processes, etc. Cell phones must be turned passive. Mum made me hoover the rug. (active)
off during the examination. I was made to hoover the rug. (passive)
ñ when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an
action or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we
do not want to say who or what is to blame.
Impersonal/Personal Passive
They were cheated out of their money. Constructions
ñ to emphasise the agent. The announcement was made by ñ The verbs believe, consider, expect, know, report, say,
the Prime Minister himself. think, etc have both personal and impersonal constructions
ñ to make statements more formal or polite. My book has in the passive.
been torn. (More polite than saying, “You tore my book.”) active: People expect that he will win the contest.
Changing from the active to the passive: passive: It is expected that he will win the contest.
ñ The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in (impersonal construction)
the passive sentence. He is expected to win the contest. (personal
ñ The active verb remains in the same tense but changes construction)
into passive form. active: They say that he lost all his money.
ñ The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, passive: It is said that he lost all his money. (impersonal
and is either introduced with the preposition by or is construction)
omitted. He is said to have lost all his money. (personal
construction)
Subject Verb Object
ACTIVE Mary cooked dinner.
Subject Verb Agent

PASSIVE Dinner was cooked by Mary.
111
Grammar Bank 4
The passive
passive form.
passive form.
1 They believe the castle is haunted (haunt) by
Review of Honeysuckle Cottage
by P.G. Wodehouse
the ghost of its owner.
2 A strange creature ........................................... Throughout the centuries countless stories of haunting
(spot) near the village last week. horror 1) have been written (write) exciting readers’
3 The mystery of the moving stones in Death imaginations around the world. Though humour
Valley .................................. (not/explain) yet. 2) ......................... (not/expect) of ghost stories, author
4 The details for the trip to the Cryptozoology P.G. Wodehouse pleasantly surprises his readers.
Museum ........................................................... Honeysuckle Cottage tells the story of James Rodman, a
(discuss) right now. young writer of detective stories who finds himself
5 The film is about a scientist who believes that living in a house that 3) ......................... (inhabit) by a
in the future, Earth .......................................... ghost. The problem is that somehow his writing
(take over) by aliens. 4) ............................... (affect) by the spirit of the place,
6 James was waiting patiently while his takeaway causing him to write romantic stories instead of
meal ................................................ (prepare). detective ones. Matters 5) ............................................
7 Tickets for the London Ghost tour should ........ (complicate) even more when a real girl
........................................... (book) in advance. 6) ............................. (hit) by a car outside the cottage
8 Photos of the supposed alien craft ................... and 7) ............................ (force) to seek James’ help.
........................................ (never/show) to the Honeysuckle Cottage 8) .................................... (write) in
public before the newspaper published them. 1925, yet it 9) ............................. (still/consider) one of
9 The celebrity asked .......................................... the funniest ghost stories of all time. In 2002, it
(give) a private tour of the museum. 10) ............................. (adapt) into a radio play for BBC
10 A charity bazaar to raise money for the homeless Radio, introducing it to a whole new, younger
.......................... (hold) in my town every year. audience. The story can 11) ....................... (find) in the
Wodehouse collection called Meet Mr. Mulliner. Ghost
2 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
enthusiasts 12) ............................... (certainly/thrill) by
1 The Space Museum will hold an interesting the interesting twist at the end of the story.
exhibition.
An interesting exhibition will be held by the Space
Museum. 4 Fill in the gaps with by or with.
2 Did they inform you about the cost of the tour? 1 Eclipse was written by Stephanie Meyer.
.......................................................................... 2 The model of the spacecraft for the science
3 The police is investigating reports of UFO show was constructed ............... cardboard.
sightings in the area. 3 Scientists believe that dinosaurs can be recreated
.......................................................................... ............... DNA material found during excavations.
4 They built Stonehenge thousands of years ago. 4 A huge sum was given to the charity ...............
.......................................................................... an anonymous donor.
5 They have filmed a TV mini-series about the 5 The food served at this restaurant is made
Bermuda Triangle. exclusively ............... organically-grown vegetables.
.......................................................................... 6 A local woman claims she was captured
6 They still haven't found the source of the ............... aliens when she was a child.
strange humming noise. 7 Bigfoot is described as a huge creature that is
.......................................................................... covered ............... hair and looks like an ape.
7 You need to rewrite the first paragraph. 8 The Roswell UFO festival is attended ...............
.......................................................................... visitors from all over the world.
112
4 Grammar Bank
5 Use the words to write questions and 7 Rewrite the sentences in the passive, as in
answers, as in the example. the examples.
1 people/trap/2010 mining disaster/Chile/33? 1 Our science teacher showed us a film.

How many people were trapped in the 2010 mining We were shown a film by our science teacher.
disaster in Chile? A film was shown to us by our science teacher.
33 people were trapped. 2 She has given the charity all her money.
2 Stonehenge/build/between 3100 and 1500 BC? The charity .......................................................
When ..............................................................? All her money ...................................................
........................................................................ . 3 The company promised me a replacement product.
3 a big UFO festival/hold/every year/Roswell, USA? I ........................................................................
Where .............................................................? A replacement product .....................................
........................................................................ . 4 The police officer read the man his rights.
4 The Day of the Triffids/write/John Wyndham? The man ...........................................................
Who ................................................................? His rights ..........................................................
........................................................................ . 5 They will teach their son Spanish.
5 the coelacanth/rediscover/1938? Their son ..........................................................
When ..............................................................? Spanish .............................................................
........................................................................ . 6 They have offered Ian a new job.
6 Greenpeace/found/Bob Hunter? Ian ....................................................................
Who ................................................................? A new job .........................................................
........................................................................ . 7 Someone should tell him the truth soon.
He ....................................................................
The truth ..........................................................
8 Mina has sent me some photographs.
6 Rewrite the newspaper headlines as
I ........................................................................
complete passive sentences.
Some photographs ...........................................
A MISSING HIKER FOUND AFTER THREE DAYS
8 Complete the sentences, as in the example.
B FOUR PEOPLE INJURED IN YESTERDAY’S 1 They don't know what causes the Naga fireballs.
TRAIN CRASH It is not known what causes the Naga fireballs.
2 It was reported that an alien craft appeared in
C CITY COUNCIL WILL CREATE MORE SOUP
the sky.
KITCHENS FOR THE HOMELESS
An alien craft ................................................. .
D AUTHORITIES HAVE EVACUATED THIRTY 3 People believe that scientists are conducting
VILLAGES secret experiments.
Scientists ........................................................ .
E LOCAL RESIDENT REPORTS STRANGE 4 He is expected to make an announcement
HUMMING NOISE
tomorrow.
F CITY MIGHT RE-OPEN NATURAL HISTORY It ..................................................................... .
MUSEUM 5 Some say that a strange creature was hiding in
the woods.
A A missing hiker was found after three days. A strange creature .......................................... .
B .......................................................................... 6 They consider him to be a leading paleontologist.
C .......................................................................... He ................................................................... .
D .......................................................................... 7 It is thought that her books lack originality.
E .......................................................................... Her books ....................................................... .
F .......................................................................... 8 It is claimed that he has solved the mystery.
He ................................................................... .
113
Grammar Bank 4
9 Rewrite the news report in the passive. 11 Circle the correct item.
1 It ..... that lightning never strikes twice in the
Mrs Harris, a local resident, has spotted a mysterious
same spot.
creature in the town park. She says the creature
resembles a huge ape, and is sure that it is the Yeti. A says B is said C has said
Yesterday, the authorities called in a team of scientists 2 The man was made ..... that the photograph of
to investigate the claim. After some investigations, the
the monster was fake.
scientists solved the mystery. What the woman saw
was not the Yeti, but a big orang-utan they are A to admit B admit
keeping at the local zoo. The animal had escaped a C to be admitted
few days earlier and the zoo workers had even made
3 All the clothes sold in this shop are made .....
an announcement warning people of the fact. Mrs
Harris had obviously not heard the announcement. environmentally-friendly fabrics.
A by B with C for
A mysterious creature has been spotted in the town park
4 Many books ..... about life on other planets.
by Mrs Harris, a local resident. ......................................
A have been written B had written
.................................................................................
C have been writing
.................................................................................
................................................................................. 5 Do you think these jeans ..... me?
................................................................................. A get suited B are suited C suit
.................................................................................
6 A man was seen ..... the burning building just
.................................................................................
before it collapsed.
.................................................................................
A to enter B he entered C enter
10 Rewrite the sentences in the active. 12 Complete the sentences using the word in
bold. Use between two and five words.
1 Japan was hit by a huge earthquake in 2011.
A huge earthquake hit Japan in 2011. 1 They didn’t let the children go to the UFO festival.
2 The International Cryptozoology Museum is WERE The children were not allowed to go
owned by Loren Coleman. to the UFO festival.
.......................................................................... 2 People think humans will colonise space one day.
3 The house was believed by many people to be THOUGHT It is .............................................
haunted. colonised by humans one day.
.......................................................................... 3 Jason’s mother gave him a book for his birthday.
4 The existence of aliens has not been proved by TO A book .......................................
experts. .......................... for his birthday.
.......................................................................... 4 According to the witnesses’ reports, the creature
5 Many interesting things can be seen by visitors looked like Bigfoot.
to the museum. RESEMBLED It was .........................................
.......................................................................... ...................................... Bigfoot.
6 Tours around haunted castles are taken by many 5 Did anyone make Liam tell those terrible lies?
tourists. MADE Was ............................................
.......................................................................... ...................... those terrible lies?
7 The recent discovery was being discussed by 6 It is believed that she didn’t write the book
scientists at yesterday’s conference. herself.
.......................................................................... HAVE She is ..........................................
8 People had been warned of a tsunami ........................ the book herself.
approaching the area by the authorities.
..........................................................................
114
4 Grammar Bank
Question tags ñ to emphasise the subject or the object of a sentence.
Cindy drew this picture herself. (Cindy drew the picture. No
ñ Question tags are short questions at the end of one else drew it.)
statements. They are mainly used in speech when we Bob was congratulated by the president himself. (The
want to confirm something (falling intonation) or when president congratulated Bob, not someone else.)
we want to find out if something is true or not (rising
intonation). Notes: ñ We do not normally use reflexive pronouns with
ñ Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and the the verbs concentrate, feel, meet, and relax. If you
appropriate subject pronoun. They take the same don’t feel well, go home. (NOT: If you don’t feel yourself
auxiliary as in the statement, or, if there isn’t an auxiliary well go home.)
in the statement, they take do/does (present simple) or ñ Reflexive pronouns are used with the verbs dress,
did (past simple). Will plays hockey, doesn’t he? wash, and shave when we want to show that
ñ After affirmative statements, we use a negative question someone did something with a lot of effort.
tag and after negative statements, we use a positive Despite having a broken arm, Ron managed to dress
question tag. Andrew is allergic to seafood, isn’t he? They himself.
haven’t given you an answer, have they?
ñ When the sentence contains a word with a negative
meaning such as never, hardly, seldom or rarely, the
question tag is positive. Pam never goes to the opera, does Questions tags
she?
Note: ñ Let’s has the tag shall we? 13 Underline the correct question tag.
Let’s have some coffee, shall we? 1 Don’t sit there, will you/don’t you?
ñ Let me/him has the tag will you/won’t you?
2 Tom has published his book, hasn’t he/didn’t he?
Let me explain, will you/won’t you?
ñ I have (possess) has the tag haven’t I? 3 Ethan hadn’t booked tickets, hadn’t he/had he?
BUT I have (used idiomatically) has the tag 4 The novel is very well-written, is it/isn’t it?
don’t I? 5 That’s your bike, isn’t that/isn't it?
They have a boat, haven’t they?
6 She really thought she saw Bigfoot, didn’t she/
She has dinner with her friends every Saturday, doesn’t
she? doesn’t she?
ñ This/That is has the tag isn’t it? 7 We are having lunch with the Millers tomorrow,
That’s Sam’s bike, isn’t it? aren’t we/haven't we?
ñ I am has the tag aren’t I? I am late, aren’t I?
8 Let’s go on the Ghost Tour, will we/shall we?
ñ A positive imperative has the question tag will/
won’t? Stop complaining, will/won’t you? 9 I am right about this, am I/aren’t I?
ñ A negative imperative has the question tag will 10 Kate has a dog, hasn’t she/doesn’t she?
you? Don’t drive so fast, will you?
Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns
14 Match the sentences to the correct question
I – myself, you – yourself, he – himself, she – herself, it – tag.
itself, we – ourselves, you – yourselves, they – themselves
1 D You can do this, A will you?
We use reflexive pronouns: 2 You don’t believe in ghosts, B wasn’t he?
ñ with verbs such as behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt,
3 James was wrong, C have you?
introduce, kill, look at, teach, etc, or with prepositions
when the subject and the object of the verb are the same 4 They’re leaving soon, D can’t you?
person. 5 You’re not listening to me, E aren’t they?
He (subject) introduced himself (object) to everyone in the 6 He rarely spoke to anyone, F isn’t it?
room.
ñ in the following expressions: enjoy yourself (have a good
7 Let me help you, G did he?
time), behave yourself (be good), help yourself (you are 8 Jenny works here, H are you?
welcome to take something if you want). 9 You haven’t read this, I do you?
Help yourself to some cookies; I’ve made a fresh batch. 10 The museum is closed, J doesn’t she?
We use emphatic pronouns:
ñ with the preposition by when we mean alone/without
company or without help (on one’s own).
He lifted the heavy couch by himself/on his own.
115
Grammar Bank 4
15 Complete the sentences with 17 Fill in the correct reflexive pronoun where necessary.
the correct question tags.
1 A: Wow! That laptop must have cost a lot.
1 The Tower of London tour lasts for B: True, but I wanted to give myself something nice for my
an hour, doesn’t it? birthday!
2 No one agreed to his proposal, 2 A: How come Jane didn’t come with you?
....................................................? B: She isn't feeling ............................................... very well.
3 You wouldn’t like to come to the 3 A: What do you think of your new neighbours?
UFO festival with me, .................? B: Actually, we haven't met .......................................... yet.
4 They insist that they saw an alien 4 A: George is a fantastic guitar player.
spacecraft, ..................................? B: Isn't he? And to think that he taught .............................!
5 I’m going to have to pay extra, 5 A: Did you like the London Ghost tour?
....................................................? B: Yeah! We enjoyed ...................................... so much that
6 Pete has a book on mysterious we’re planning to take it again.
places, .........................................? 6 A: Did you hear what happened in Chile?
7 Stop tapping your foot on the B: Yes, some workers found .................................... trapped
floor, ...........................................? when their mine collapsed.
8 This isn’t the way to Joe’s house,
....................................................? 18 Fill in the correct reflexive/emphatic pronoun.
Blog of MYSTERIES!
Reflexive/emphatic
pronouns
16 Complete the sentences with Have you ever found 1) yourselves in a mysterious situation?
the correct reflexive/emphatic Share your stories with other readers!
pronoun.
Brian, Edinburgh
1 Helen likes living by herself, but it
gets lonely at times. My brother and I were at home by 2) ............................... ,
2 My mum says if you want watching TV. At some point, we heard a strange buzzing sound.
something done right, do it ........ The sound 3) ............................... wasn’t scary, but it wouldn’t
.................................................. . stop and was driving us crazy! After about an hour’s search, we
3 Help ............................................ discovered that there was a swarm of bees helping
to some cake if you want. 4) ............................... to some honey that had somehow
4 Don’t say anything to John, I spilled on the floor behind the kitchen counter. Mystery solved!
want to tell him the good news
.................................................. . Clark, Kent
5 James and Lilly really enjoyed ..... That’s funny, Brian! Unfortunately, my story isn’t so funny. Last
................................ at the party. summer I was in Florida, and I decided to teach 5) ....................
6 Alex banged his head on the how to surf. I was in the water when this strange, huge creature
kitchen cupboard and hurt ......... rose from the water and jumped over my head. I don’t know
.......................................... badly. what it was but it looked like nothing I’d ever seen before. A girl
7 Anne can’t stand looking at surfing nearby saw it too, and she said the same thing
.......................... in photographs. 6) .............................. . Anyway, I was so shocked that I lost
8 Our teacher told us to behave my balance and landed on the surf board, breaking both my
..................................... while we arms in the process. For a month I couldn’t even wash or dress
were at the museum. 7) .................................... . Last I heard, the creature is still out
there.
116
4 Grammar Bank
The Indefinite Article a/an We don’t use the:
ñ with plural nouns when we talk about them in
ñ We use a before singular countable nouns which begin general. Dogs are loving animals.
with a consonant sound (a dog, a uniform). We use an ñ before proper names. Marta is twelve years old.
before singular countable nouns which begin with a ñ before the names of countries (Italy), cities (Tokyo),
vowel sound (an orange, an hour). streets (Wall Street), parks (Hyde Park), mountains (Everest),
The indefinite article is used: islands (Hawaii), lakes (Loch Ness) and continents (Africa).
ñ with singular countable nouns. a pencil, an apple ñ before the names of meals, (dinner, etc) games and
ñ when we talk about things in general. sports (volleyball, football, etc). I love having lunch early. / I
I want to buy an iPad. (any iPad). play tennis at 7 every afternoon.
ñ after the verb to be when we want to say what somebody/ ñ with the words this/that/these/those. This hat is my mum’s.
something is. She’s an engineer. It’s a beautiful day! ñ with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.
ñ with certain phrases to show how often someone does That isn’t your pen. It’s Jake’s.
something. They go shopping twice a month. ñ before titles when the person’s name is mentioned.
Queen Elizabeth, Prince Harry BUT the Queen, the King
The indefinite article is not used:
ñ with the words school, church, bed, hospital, prison or
ñ with uncountable or plural countable nouns. We use
home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.
some instead. some rice, some pasta, some CDs
John goes to school every day. (John is a student.) BUT
ñ before an adjective when there is no noun after it. However,
John’s mum wants to go to the school to ask John’s teacher
when there is a noun after the adjective, we use a for
about his marks. (John’s mum is a visitor, not a student.)
adjectives which begin with a consonant sound and an for
ñ with languages. I speak Turkish. BUT The French language
adjectives which begin with a vowel sound. She a fashion
is difficult.
model. She’s famous. She’s a famous fashion model.
ñ with the names of illnesses. He’s got pneumonia. BUT
flu/the flu, measles/the measles
The Definite Article The
Note: We use the + adjective to refer to a group of people.
We use the:
Examples include: poor, rich, sick, old, blind, young,
ñ with nouns when talking about something specific,
etc.
that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or
The old sometimes feel neglected.
is already known. Are the red gloves yours? (The listener
knows what gloves we’re talking about. The red ones.)
ñ with nouns which are unique (the Moon, the Parthenon,
the London Eye etc).
ñ before the names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the Aegean), The Indefinite Article a/an –
oceans (the Atlantic), mountain ranges (the Alps), The Definite Article the
deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands (the Canary islands),
countries when they include words such as ‘state’, 19 Fill in a, an or some.
‘kingdom’, etc (the United States) and nouns with of (the
Tower of London). 1 Judy is convinced that there was an alien
ñ before the names of musical instruments (the piano, the spacecraft hovering over her house.
guitar) and dances (the tango). 2 There was ................. time when stories about
ñ before the names of hotels (the Ritz Hotel), theatres/ monsters were very popular.
cinemas (the Royal Opera House), ships (the Titanic),
organisations (the UN), newspapers (The Guardian 3 ................. people believe that one day humans
Weekly) and museums (the British Museum). will live on other planets.
ñ before nationalities ending in -sh (the Turkish), -ch (the 4 Brian is watching ................. interesting
Dutch) or -ese (the Portuguese) and families (the Simpsons). documentary about strange creatures.
ñ before titles when the person’s name is not mentioned
(the Prince, the Prime Minister). 5 Experts have proved that the pictures of the
ñ before the words morning, afternoon and evening. She lake monster were ................. hoax.
starts work at 8 o’clock in the afternoon. 6 ................. reporter for the local paper claims to
ñ with adjectives in the superlative form. I’m the oldest have video footage of ................. unidentified
in my family.
ñ with the words station, shop, cinema, village, world etc. object crashing into a nearby field.
She went to the shop to buy new clothes. 7 There is ................. unexpected twist at the end
ñ with historical periods/events. The Middle Ages of the novel.
BUT World War II. 8 The scientists are running ................. tests to
ñ with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives). She
was the first runner to win a medal in the race. determine the age of the dinosaur bones.
117
Grammar Bank 4
20 Fill in the where necessary. 23 Circle the correct item.
1 Lisa stared at the strange creature before her in 1 How many times ..... week does the London
amazement. Ghost tour take place?
2 How long ago did ............. dinosaurs become A the B a C –
extinct?
2 Adam has broken his leg badly and will have to
3 Ben thought he just had a bad case of .............
stay in ..... bed for a few weeks.
flu, but his doctor diagnosed him with .............
A – B the C a
pneumonia.
4 ............. Prince Charles is next in line to become 3 It took us ..... hour to drive to Brighton.
............. King of ............. England. A – B a C an
5 ............. Strait of Gibraltar connects .............
4 Dinosaur fossils have been found in ..... Sahara
Atlantic Ocean to ............. Mediterranean Sea.
desert.
A a B the C –
21 Fill in a, an or the where necessary. 5 Breaking Dawn is ..... fourth book in the Twilight
1 Hundreds of UFO sightings have been reported series.
in the USA over the last few years. A – B a C the
2 Visitors to ............. International Cryptozoology
Museum are greeted by ............. replica of 6 ..... Astor Cinema has a special screening of the
Bigfoot at ............. entrance. Jurassic Park trilogy this weekend.
3 George is in ............. hospital with ............. A The B – C An
broken leg. 7 ..... Griffins are a very nice family.
4 ............. Roswell UFO festival is ............. annual A Some B The C –
event.
5 Pawel is reading ............. book about ............. 8 There are ..... very interesting stories about
origins of ............. English language. mythical beasts in this book.
A the B an C some
22 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.

1 A: Have you ever been to – New Mexico? 24 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.
B: Yes. I was there last year. We stayed at
............. Guadelope Hotel.
2 A: Who’s ............. Ed Stafford? 1) The local community of Collingwood in 2) …..…. Sydney
is abuzz with news of 3) …..…. unusual humming sound
B: ............. first man to walk ............. whole
coming from 4) …..…. Preston Park. 5) …..…. sound was
length of ............. Amazon River.
first noticed by 6) …..…. group of children who were
3 A: There’s ............. woman on TV who says she playing 7) …..…. football at 8) …..…. park. As one of
has video footage of ............. alien spacecraft 9) …..…. children said: “It was 10) …..…. strangest thing
landing. I’ve ever heard. It sounded like someone humming
B: Hmm, I don’t think ............. footage is genuine. 11) …..…. song really, really loudly.” Later in the same
4 A: Did you get ............. today’s paper? week, more visitors to 12) …..…. park heard 13) …..….
mysterious sound. Eventually, the police was called upon
B: Yes, ............. Herald is on ............. my desk.
to investigate 14) …..…. matter. By now, the strange hum
5 A: I really want to learn how to play ............. had become extremely loud and could be heard all over
guitar. I think I’ll take some lessons after 15) …..…. area. “Sometimes it’s worse at 16) …..….
............. school. night,” said Mrs Jacobs, 17) …..…. local resident.
B: But you already play ................ basketball Later in 18) …..…. week, 19) …..…. team of scientists
four times ................ week, and didn’t you will come to Collingwood in 20) …..…. effort to solve
21) …..…. mystery of the humming noise.
also start .............. Spanish lessons recently?
I don't think you have enough time!
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5 Grammar Bank
Reported speech DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We use Present simple → Past simple
quotation marks in direct speech. “I like cooking.” She said (that) she liked cooking.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone Present continuous → Past continuous
said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation “He is reading a book.” He said (that) he was reading a book.
marks in reported speech. The word that can either be used
Present perfect → Past perfect
or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell, etc).
She said (that) she had changed
Say – Tell “I have changed schools.”
schools.
ñ say + no personal object Past simple → Past perfect
Alex said (that) he was tired.
They said (that) they won/had won
ñ say + to + personal object “We won the game.”
the game.
Alex said to me (that) he was tired.
Past continuous → Past Perfect continuous
ñ tell + personal object
Alex told me (that) he was tired. She said (that) she had been surfing
“I was surfing the Net.”
ñ we use say + to-infinitive but never say about. We use the Net.
tell sb, speak/talk about. Will → Would
Adam said to meet him outside the cinema. “I will close the door.” He said (that) he would close the door.
She told us/spoke/talked about her future plans.
ñ Certain words and time expressions change according to
hello, good morning/afternoon, etc, something/ the meaning as follows: now → then, immediately; today
SAY nothing, so, a few words, no more, for certain/sure, → that day; yesterday → the day before, the previous
sorry, etc. day; tomorrow → the next/following day; this week →
that week; last week → the week before, the previous
the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time,
week; next week → the week after, the following week;
the difference, one from another, somebody one’s
TELL name, somebody the way, somebody so, someone’s ago → before; here → there
fortune, etc.
a question, a favour, the price, about somebody, the
ASK time, around, for something/somebody, etc.
Reported speech (Statements)
Reported statements 1 Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the correct
ñ In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and
form.
possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of 1 A: What did our teacher say about the Duke of
the sentence.
Sarah said, “I’ve lost my keys.” (direct statement) Edinburgh’s award?
Sarah said (that) she had lost her keys. (reported statement) B: He .......... us it helps develop character.
ñ We can report someone's words either a long time after 2 A: Ted .......... to me that he was going bowling.
they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time B: Really? That’s not what he .................... me!
after they were said (up-to-date reporting).
He ............ he’d be at the library.
Up-to-date reporting
3 A: Is it true that Adam ........... to Jim that their
The tenses can either change or remain the same in reported
speech. friendship was over?
Direct speech: Tony said, “I went to the theatre.” B: Yes, apparently Jim .......... a lie about Adam to
Reported speech: Tony said that he went/had gone to the their boss.
theatre.
4 A: My parents keep .......... me to study harder.
Out-of-date reporting B: Mine too! I think all parents .......... the same
The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses
change as follows:
things!
5 A: When did you .............. the library books are
due back?
B: Yesterday! Don’t ................. me you haven’t
returned them yet!
6 A: Jane .............. that the guided tour cost í50.
B: I know. But she also .............. me that it was
worth every penny.
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Grammar Bank 5
2 Fill in the gaps with the correct pronouns or 4 Turn the following sentences into reported
possessive adjectives. speech.
1 Jack said: “I am so pleased that you passed your 1 “I’m thinking of enrolling at an online university
finals.” this September,” she said.
Jack said that he was so pleased that .......... had She said she was thinking of enrolling at an online
passed .......... finals. university that September.
2 She said: “My brother wants me to help him fill 2 “My dog was barking all night,” he said.
in the application form.” ..........................................................................
She said that .......... brother wanted .......... to 3 “It takes discipline and patience to master the
help .......... fill in the application form. art of Kung Fu,” said the instructor.
3 Nancy said to me: “I can’t find your calculator ..........................................................................
on your desk.” 4 “I hope I’ll pass my driving test this time,” said
Nancy told me that .......... couldn’t find .......... Janet.
calculator on .......... desk. ..........................................................................
4 Ron said: “We’ve signed up for Kung Fu classes 5 “We’re having a karate class tomorrow,” he said.
at a martial arts centre near our house.” ..........................................................................
Ron said that .......... had signed up for Kung Fu 6 “I don’t understand why some students borrow
classes at a martial arts centre near ......... house. books from the library and don’t return them
on time,” said Fiona.
..........................................................................
3 Underline the correct item. What were the
7 “I haven’t seen Patrick since last week,” she said.
speakers exact words?
..........................................................................
1 A: How is Melody going to finance her studies?
B: She told me she would win/had won a
scholarship. 5 Choose the correct direct speech.
“I have won a scholarship.” 1 He said that he was applying for an online
2 A: Is your brother staying in a hall of residence? course soon.
B: No, he said he would stay/had stayed off a “I was applying for an online course soon.”
campus. b “I’m applying for an online course soon.”
..................................................................... 2 Jane said that she hadn’t visited her grandparents
3 A: Is Jane taking a gap year after graduating since the week before.
from high school? a “I haven’t visited my grandparents since last
B: Yes, she said she travelled/was going to week.”
travel around Europe for a year. b “I didn’t visit my grandparents since the
..................................................................... week before.”
4 A: Did Kevin receive an award for his 3 They told us they had always wanted to see the
participation in the DofE programme? Australian outback.
B: Yes, he told me he was getting/got a silver a “We have always wanted to see the Australian
award. outback.”
..................................................................... b “We always want to see the Australian
5 A: Are you going to help Jake with his project? outback.”
B: No, he told me he hasn’t needed/didn’t 4 We told them we would have to leave early the
need any help. following day.
..................................................................... a “We would have to leave early tomorrow.”
b “We’ll have to leave early tomorrow.”
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5 Grammar Bank
Reported questions offers), must → must/had to (obligation) (*must remains
the same when it expresses possibility or deduction), needn’t
ñ Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs → didn’t need to/didn’t have to (present reference)/
ask, inquire, wonder, or the expression want to know. wouldn’t have to (future reference). Would, could, used
ñ When the direct question begins with a question word to, mustn’t, should, might, ought to or had better
(who, where, how, when, what, etc), the reported remain unchanged in reported speech.
question is introduced with the same question word.
“What did you put in the salad?” he asked. (direct question)
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
He asked what I had put in the salad. (reported question)
He said, “I will call you → He said (that) he would call me
ñ When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be,
later.” later.
do, have) or a modal verb (can, may, etc), then the
He said (that) he couldn’t do that.
reported question is introduced with if or whether. He said, “I can’t do this.” →
“Do you like jazz?” he asked her. (direct question) (present)
He asked her if/whether she liked jazz. (reported question) He said, “I can come next → He said (that) he would be able to
ñ In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative. The week.” come the following week. (future)
question mark and words/expressions such as please, He said, “I may leave early.” → He said (that) he might leave early.
well, oh, etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and He said, “Where shall I put → He asked me where he should put
time expressions change as in statements. this?” that. (information)
“Can you do the dishes, please?” he asked her. (direct question) He said, “Shall I offer to → He asked (me) if he should offer to
He asked her if she could do the dishes. (reported question) help her?” help her. (advice)
He said, “Shall I help you → He offered to help me carry the
Indirect questions carry the bags?” bags. (offer)
He said, “You must be → He said (that) I had to be there at
ñ Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or here at 10.” 10. (obligation)
information. They are introduced with: Could you tell He said, “They must be at → He said (that) they must be at work.
me ...?, Do you know ...?, I wonder ..., I want to know ..., work.” (deduction)
I doubt ..., etc and the verb is in the affirmative. If the
He said, “He had better → He said (that) he had better tell the
indirect question starts with I want to know ..., I wonder ...
tell the truth.” truth.
or I doubt ..., the question mark is omitted.
He said, “You needn’t → He said (that) I didn’t need to/didn’t
Direct question “How far is it to the beach?”
walk the dog today.” have to walk the dog that day.
Indirect question Do you know how far it is to the beach?
He said (that) he wouldn’t have to
He said, “I needn’t go to → go to school the next/following day.
Reported commands/requests/ school tomorrow.”
(future)
suggestions/orders He said, “I should → He said (that) he should apologise
ñ Reported commands/requests/suggestions are apologise to her.” to her.
introduced with a special introductory verb (advise, ask,
beg, suggest, etc) followed by a to-infinitive, an -ing form,
or a that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.
“Put your things over there,” he told us. → He told us to put our
Reported speech (Questions/
things over there. (command) Commands/Requests/Suggestions/Orders)
“Return to your seat, please,” she said. → She asked me to return
to my seat. (request) 6 A judo instructor is having a class. Turn the
“Let’s go to the cinema,” he said. → He suggested going to the following sentences into reported speech.
cinema. (suggestion)
“You’d better wear something warmer,” she said. → She suggested 1 “Let’s do some warm-up exercises!”
that I (should) wear something warmer. (suggestion) The judo instructor suggested doing some warm-up
ñ To report orders or instructions, we use the verbs order exercises.
or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive.
2 “Bow to your partners, please.”
“Stop talking,” she told them. (direct order)
She told them to stop talking. (reported order) ..........................................................................
“Don’t move,” the policeman told the thief. (direct order) 3 “Stand still with your legs bent.”
The policeman ordered the thief not to move. (reported order) ..........................................................................
4 “Now take several deep breaths.”
Modal verbs in reported speech
..........................................................................
Note how the following modal verbs change in reported 5 “Move forward on your hands and knees.”
speech when the reported sentence is out of date. will/shall
→ would, can → could (present reference)/would be able ..........................................................................
to (future reference), may → might/could, shall → should 6 “Let’s take a ten-minute break.”
(asking for advice/asking for information)/offer (expressing ..........................................................................
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Grammar Bank 5
Modal verbs in reported speech
7 Rewrite the following questions in reported
speech.
9 Turn the sentences into reported speech.
1 “Do you want to join a yoga class with me?”
1 “You can work together on this project,” Mrs
Sue asked Kim.
Jameson said to us.
Sue asked Kim if/whether she wanted to join a yoga
Mrs Jameson told us we could work together on that
class with her.
project.
2 “Why is your assignment late?” the teacher
2 “Mark should put more effort into his
asked Paul.
homework,” the English teacher said.
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
3 “Did you have interactive whiteboards in your
3 “Shall I come back later?” Ian asked.
last school?” I asked them.
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
4 “You needn’t book a place for tomorrow’s
4 “What time does our geography class start?”
tour,” the guide told me.
Joan asked me.
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
5 “You needn’t train any more today,” the coach
5 “When will you sign up for the extracurricular
told them.
activities?” Heather asked us.
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
6 “I may win a scholarship,” Jason said.
6 “Have you taken a first-aid class?” the camp
..........................................................................
leader asked them.
7 “Your parents must sign this form,” Mr Halls
..........................................................................
said to his class.
..........................................................................
8 Reporter Francis Fowler interviewed a
8 “Hillary might write a report on illiteracy,” said
student after he won the young scientist
Phillip.
award. Turn the following into indirect
..........................................................................
questions using the verbs in brackets.
1 When did you first become interested in
science? (Could you tell me ...) 10 Turn the following sentences into reported
Could you tell me when you first became interested in speech.
science? 1 “I’m graduating from college this year,” he said.
2 How does it feel to be the winner of the young He said that he was graduating from college that year.
scientist award? (want to know) 2 She said, “Shall we watch the lecture online?”
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
3 How will your invention improve people’s lives? 3 Don’t use your calculators during the maths
(wonder) test!” The teacher said to us.
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
4 How long did it take you to perfect your 4 “Please help me edit my essay,” Melissa said to
invention? (want to know) Jeremy.
.......................................................................... ..........................................................................
5 Did you work on the invention on your own? 5 “Where is the student cafeteria?” she asked.
(Could you tell me…) ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... 6 “Could you lend me that book?” Kim said to Lisa.
6 Who encouraged you to take part in the ..........................................................................
competition? (wonder) 7 “You might be elected class president,” she said
.......................................................................... to me.
7 What will your next invention be? (Do you know) ..........................................................................
..........................................................................
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5 Grammar Bank
SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY VERBS
Introductory Verb Direct Speech Reported Speech
+ to-inf
agree “Yes, I’ll give you a lift.” → He agreed to give me a lift.
demand “Show me some proof!” → He demanded to be shown some proof.
offer “Would you like me to make you some coffee?” → He offered to make me some coffee.
promise “I’ll come on time.” → He promised to come on time.
refuse “No, I won’t play with you.” → He refused to play with me.
threaten “Leave or I’ll call the police.” → He threatened to call the police if I didn’t leave .
claim “I saw her break into the house.” → He claimed to have seen her break into the house.
+ sb + to-inf
advise “You should get more sleep.” → He advised me to get more sleep.
allow “You can stay at your friend’s.” → He allowed me to stay at my friend’s.
ask “Please, turn off the TV.” → He asked me to turn off the TV.
beg “Please, please stop making fun of me.” → He begged me to stop making fun of him.
command “Get out of my office!” → He commanded me to get out of his office.
encourage “Go ahead, try it.” → He encouraged me to try it.
forbid “You mustn’t stay out late.” → He forbade me to stay out late.
instruct “Type in your password.” → He instructed me to type in my password.
invite sb “Would you like to go to the beach with us?” → He invited me to go to the beach with them.
order “Go to your room!” → He ordered me to go to my room.
permit/allow “You may sit here.” → He permitted/allowed me to sit there.
remind “Don’t forget to lock the door.” → He reminded me to lock the door.
urge “Be careful.” → He urged me to be careful.
warn “Don’t run around the pool.” → He warned me not to run around the pool.
want “I’d like you to take extra lessons.” → He wanted me to take extra lessons.
+ -ing form
accuse sb of “You ruined my jacket!” → He accused me of ruining/having ruined his jacket.
apologise for “I’m sorry I was rude.” → He apologised for being/having been rude.
admit (to) “Yes, I broke the vase.” → He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the vase.
boast about “I cook better than all of you.” → He boasted about cooking better than all of us.
complain to sb about “You never take my side.” → He complained to me about my never taking his side.
deny “No, I didn’t lie.” → He denied lying/having lied.
insist on “You must leave now.” → He insisted on me/my leaving immediately.
suggest + -ing form “Let’s have some juice.” → He suggested having some juice.
+ that-clause
agree “Yes, it is a good solution.” → He agreed that it was a good solution.
boast “I’m an excellent driver.” → He boasted that he was an excellent driver.
claim “I came first in the race.” → He claimed that he had come first in the race.
complain “You never do any chores.” → He complained that I never did any chores.
deny “I never said that.” → He denied that he had ever said that.
exclaim “It’s fantastic!” → He exclaimed that it was fantastic.
explain “It is a very easy recipe.” → He explained that it was a very easy recipe.
inform sb “Your request was rejected.” → He informed me that my request had been rejected.
promise “I’ll do the shopping.” → He promised that he would do the shopping.
suggest “You should leave early.” → He suggested that I leave early.
explain to sb + how “This is how you make an espresso.” → He explained to me how to make an espresso.
wonder where/what/why/ He asked himself, “Where is Tom?” → He wondered where Tom was.
how + clause (when the He asked himself, “What is she doing?” → He wondered what she was doing.
subject of the introductory verb He asked himself, “Why are they here?” → He wondered why they were there.
is not the same as the subject He asked himself, “How did she do that?” → He wondered how she had done that.
in the reported question)
wonder + whether + to-inf He asked himself, “Should I hire her?” → He wondered whether to hire her.
or clause
wonder where/what/how + He asked himself, “Where should I go?” → He wondered where to go.
to-inf (when the subject of He asked himself, “What can I eat?” → He wondered what to eat.
the infinitive is the same as He asked himself, “How can I fix this?” → He wondered how to fix that.
the subject of the verb)
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Grammar Bank 5
Reported speech
(Special introductory verbs)
13 Complete the sentences using the
appropriate introductory verb.
11 Complete the gaps with the appropriate 1 “How can I explain this physics problem to
introductory verbs from the list below.
them?” the teacher asked himself.
ñ boast ñ demand ñ agreed ñ refuse ñ allow The teacher wondered how he could explain the
physics problem to them.
1 “Yes, I’ll lend you my lecture notes.” he said.
2 “Your exam results will be announced
He agreed to lend me his lecture notes.
tomorrow.” the head teacher said.
2 “I made the best presentation in class,” she said.
The head teacher ..............................................
She ..................................... that she had made
..........................................................................
the best presentation in class.
3 “I run the fastest of all my team-mates,” Sandy
3 “You can go to Ryan’s party.”
said.
Mum ........................ me to go to Ryan’s party.
Sandy ...............................................................
4 “No, I won’t do your science homework!” my
..........................................................................
brother told me.
4 “Go ahead, sign up for the Duke of Edinburgh’s
My brother ......... to do my science homework.
award!” my friend said.
5 “Give me an explanation for why you haven’t
My friend .........................................................
done your assignment,” the teacher told me.
..........................................................................
The teacher ............................ to be told why I
5 “Don’t forget to feed the dog before you go to
hadn’t done my assignment.
school,” Mum said.
Mum .................................................................
12 Match the sentences (1-5) to the correct ..........................................................................
introductory verb (a-e). Then report the
sentences. 6 “You scratched my DVD!” Tim said to Luke.
Tim ...................................................................
1 b “You need to follow the instructions ..........................................................................
carefully,” the IT teacher said to us. 7 “You should revise more systematically for your
2 “You never clean up after yourselves,” said tests.” Mr Lakes said.
Martha. Mr Lakes ...........................................................
3 “I’d like you to do some more research on ..........................................................................
your projects,” Mr Sykes said to the students. 8 “I’m sorry for interrupting the lesson.” Sarah said.
4 “Please, please give me back my mobile Sarah ................................................................
phone,” Sandra said to me. ..........................................................................
5 “Don’t forget to hand in your essays this 9 “Don’t let Bill bully you!” she said to me.
afternoon,” the teacher said to us. She ...................................................................
a want c complain e beg ..........................................................................
b explain d remind 10 “I didn’t download music from the Internet.”
she said.
1 The IT teacher explained that we needed to follow the She ...................................................................
instructions carefully. ..........................................................................
2 .......................................................................... 11 “Yes, I took your notebook by mistake.” he said.
.......................................................................... He ....................................................................
3 .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... 12 “You must let me pay for the damage I’ve
4 .......................................................................... caused.” Harry said.
.......................................................................... He ....................................................................
5 .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
..........................................................................
124
6 Grammar Bank
Clauses of time Time
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, before, until/till,
ñ Clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as long as, after, since, etc. I’ll leave when I’m ready.
as soon as, before, by the time (= before, not later than),
every time, immediately, just as, once, the moment (that), Place
until/till (= up to the time when), when, while, etc. where, wherever
They waited for three hours before the bus finally arrived. I’d like to live in a place where it’s quiet and remote.
ñ When the verb of the main clause is in a present or Exception
future form, the verb of the time clause is in the present except (for), apart from
form. When the verb of the main clause is in a past Everyone attended the meeting, apart from Dennis.
form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form. We
don’t use will/would in a clause of time. Relatives
I’ll call you as soon as I get home. (NOT: as soon as I will get) who, whom, whose, which, what, that
ñ When the time clause precedes the main clause, a The woman over there is the one who lives across the street.
comma is used. When the time clause follows, no comma Listing Points/Events
is used. To begin: initially, first, at first, firstly, to start/begin
When you see him, tell him to call me. with, first of all, etc. – First, heat the oil.
BUT To continue: secondly, after this/that, second, afterwards,
Tell him to call me when you see him. then, next, etc.
Then, pour the ingredients into the hot oil.
Linking Words To conclude: finally, lastly, in the end, at last, eventually,
etc. – Finally, serve the food.
Linking words show the logical relationship between
sentences or parts of a sentence. Summarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole,
Positive Addition
all in all, altogether, in short, etc.
and, both ... and, too, besides (this/that), moreover,
All in all, I enjoyed the film, although I found the plot hard to follow.
what is more, in addition (to), also, as well (as this/
that), furthermore, etc.
She is both creative and imaginative.
Clauses of Time
Negative Addition
neither ... nor, nor, neither, either
Neither Mum nor Dad can use a computer.
1 Underline the correct item.
Contrast
1 Once/While we’ve saved some money, we can
but, although, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, go on holiday to Spain.
even though, on the other hand, however, yet, still, etc. 2 We’ll throw him a party as/after he graduates.
Beth is hardworking, but not very sociable. 3 I made sure I’d turned off my computer after/
Giving Examples before I went to work.
such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in 4 Wait until/when the language program
particular, etc. – I like all James Bond films, especially ‘Never Say
Never Again’. downloads and then you can install it.
5 Whenever/As Tara is in town, she meets up
Cause/Reason
as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to, with her friends.
so, as a result (of), etc.
They were late because their car broke down.
Condition
form.
if, whether, only if, in case (of), provided (that),
providing (that), unless, as/so long as, otherwise, or 1 We will inform you as soon as we make
(else), on condition (that), etc. (make) the reservation.
I’ll lend you my car provided you drive carefully.
2 Whenever Tina ......................... (not/approve)
Purpose of something, she raises her eyebrows.
to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order
3 ................................ (you/send) me a message
that, etc.
as soon as your rehearsal is over?
I went to bed early so that I wouldn’t be tired during the exam.
4 Do you wrinkle your nose when you ................
Effect/Result
such/so ... that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore, ...................................... (not/like) something?
for this reason, etc. 5 We had dinner after the girls ...........................
It snowed all day, therefore we didn’t go out of the house. (get) home.
125
Grammar Bank 6
Linking Words
tense.
5 Choose the correct item.
1 A: What did you do yesterday afternoon? 1 Gerald took his father’s car in spite/despite/
B: Nothing special. I had to take care of my although his father had told him not to.
sister until my parents came (come) home. 2 Flamenco dancing keeps you fit. Furthermore/
2 A: How do you think Petra looks now that she’s Although/For instance, it’s a great way to
had a facelift? socialise.
B: Nice, but I think she looked beautiful before 3 George has shaved his head, while/since/
she ............................... (have) surgery too. besides Fred has grown a beard.
3 A: As soon as that new girl ............................. 4 Could you call me until/as soon as/while you
........... (arrive) she started making trouble! arrive at the hotel?
B: I know. She’s so aggressive! 5 Drama queens exaggerate everything that
4 A: How did you manage to lose so much happens to them. For example/Because of/Due
weight? to, they may get the flu and act as if they had
B: I went on diet when my doctor ................... severe pneumonia.
.................................. (tell) me I had a back 6 My brother is a know-it-all. Whenever/Whereas/
problem last May. Where a problem comes up, he insists that his
5 A: Diane looked exhausted! solution is the best.
B: Yes, she fell asleep the moment she ...........
................................................... (lie) down.
6 A: Do you drive to your dance class?
B: No, I always walk, especially when the
6 Replace the words in bold with appropriate
synonyms from the list.
weather ....................................... (be) fine.
ñ while ñ as ñ in order to ñ apart from
ñ at last ñ only if ñ at first ñ all in all
1 Initially, local companies funded the dance

4 Underline the appropriate time conjunctions academy.
and put the verbs in brackets into the At first, local companies funded the dance academy.
correct form. 2 She was running because she was late for her
1 Fiona woke up until/the moment the alarm job interview.
clock went off (go off). ..........................................................................
2 The first time/Every time I met her, I .............. 3 Finally, after being stuck in traffic for 2 hours,
............... (realise) she was a big drama queen. they arrived home!
3 It’s important that you see your supervisor as ..........................................................................
soon as/since you ............................................ 4 On the whole, the play was a success.
(come) to the lab tomorrow. ..........................................................................
4 I have to finish this assignment before/when 5 Sally likes to read, whereas Brett doesn’t.
my class ................................................ (start). ..........................................................................
5 Don’t worry about your computer; I’m sure the 6 He sent the company a letter so as to complain
technician ................................................. (fix) about the faulty MP3 player.
it as/by the end of the week. ..........................................................................
6 As/Once she ..................................................... 7 Everyone volunteered for the food drive except
(walk) down the street, she met her old ballet for Helen, who was ill.
teacher. ..........................................................................
8 I’ll do the extra work provided you help me.
..........................................................................
126
6 Grammar Bank
Causative form Study these examples:
ñ We use have + object + past participle to say that we I’m sure she knows him Present She must know him
have arranged for someone to do something for us. Mr well. Infinitive well.
Benson had his house painted. (He didn’t paint it himself.) I’m sure he won’t be late. He can’t be late.
ñ Questions and negations in the causative are formed with I’m certain he’s working Present He must be working
do/does (present simple) or did (past simple) + have + late. continuous late.
object + past participle. When did you have your hair cut? I’m certain she won’t be She can’t be working
The rest of the tenses form questions and negations with Infinitive
working tomorrow. tomorrow.
the appropriate auxilliary verbs. I’m sure she didn’t study Perfect She can’t have studied
ACTIVE CAUSATIVE hard. Infinitive hard.
He has his room I’m sure he has studied He must have studied
Present Simple He paints his room. hard. hard.
painted.
Present He is painting his He is having his I’m certain John hadn’t John can’t have
Continuous room. room painted. studied hard. studied hard.
He had his room I’m certain she was Perfect She must have been
Past Simple He painted his room.
painted. sleeping. continuous sleeping.
He was painting his He was having his I’m sure she hasn’t been She can’t have been
Past Continuous Infinitive
room. room painted. working hard lately. working hard lately.
Present Perfect He has painted his He has had his room I’m sure Jane had been Jane must have been
Simple room. painted. hiding. hiding.
He had painted his He had had his room
Past Perfect
room. painted.
He will paint his He will have his Causative
Simple Future
room. room painted.
Note: ñ We also use the causative form to say that
7 Rewrite the sentences using the causative.
something unpleasant or unexpected happened to 1 Mrs Holmes is making their costumes.

somebody. Steven had his laptop stolen last week. They are having their costumes made by Mrs Holmes.
ñ We can use get instead of have only in informal
2 When will the hairdresser dye Ann’s hair?
conversation. You should get those jeans shortened.
When ..............................................................?
Logical Assumptions/Deductions 3 Would you like somebody to pierce your ears?
(must, may/might, can’t) Would .............................................................?
ñ Must = almost certain that this is/was true This diamond
4 Barbara’s dentist checked her teeth yesterday.
ring must be very expensive. Jim isn’t home; he must have left Barbara ........................................................... .
for football practice. (I’m sure/certain that sth is true.) 5 Andrea has asked the receptionist to reschedule
ñ May/Might/Could = possible that this is/was true her appointment.
I have the day off tomorrow, so I might visit some friends.
He may have sent the invitation to the wrong address; you’d
Andrea ........................................................... .
better check. (It is possible./It is likely./Perhaps.) 6 A plastic surgeon had already fixed Janet’s nose
ñ Can’t/Couldn’t = almost certain that this is/was before her photo shoot.
impossible This can’t be Joe’s car; he sold his a month ago. She Janet .............................................................. .
couldn’t have made this delicious cake; she’s hopeless at
baking. (I’m sure that sth isn’t true, real, etc.)
8 Something bad happened to each of these
people. Make sentences saying what
happened to them. Use the causative.
1 Barry (his arm/burnt) in the fire.

Barry had his arm burnt in the fire.
2 Jo (leg/break) in an accident.
........................................................................ .
3 The hairdresser (her salon/burgle) last night.
........................................................................ .
4 Edward (his car stereo/steal) last week.
........................................................................ .
127
Grammar Bank 6
9 Complete the exchanges with the causative 11 Write the sentences in the causative.
form of the verbs in brackets.
1 The dietician is writing out a diet plan for Sue.
1 A: Your hair’s a lovely colour! Sue is having a diet plan written out.
B: Thanks. I had it dyed (it/dye) by my hairdresser 2 Ms Smith asked her assistant to make reservations
yesterday. for dinner.
2 A: .................................. (your eyes/test) yet? ..........................................................................
B: Yes, I went to the eye specialist yesterday. 3 Will she ask someone to manicure her nails?
3 A: When will we see the photos from the ..........................................................................
performance? 4 Harry had not asked the hotel to reserve a
B: John ............................................................ double room.
(the photos/develop) this week. ..........................................................................
4 A: Has the new fashion catalogue been posted 5 Ben’s telephone service was disconnected because
yet? he hadn’t paid his bill.
B: Yes. We .................... (it/deliver) last week. ..........................................................................
5 A: Do you wash your car by yourself? 6 A beauty therapist was applying cream on Tina’s
B: No, I ............................................. (it/clean) face.
every fortnight. ..........................................................................
6 A: Did you paint your nails today?
B: No, I ....................................... (them/paint) Logical assumptions/deductions
yesterday.
12 Rewrite the sentences using
must, can’t or may.
10 Read the situations, then write sentences 1 I’m sure she is a model.
using the causative form.
She must be a model.
1 A dressmaker will take in Pamela’s dress this
2 I’m sure she isn’t applying
week. What will she do?
her own make-up.
She will have her dress taken in.
She ................................................................. .
2 The manager has asked a psychologist to
3 Perhaps a makeup artist is doing her make-up.
interview the applicants. What has he done?
A make up artist ............................................. .
........................................................................ .
4 I’m sure she didn’t style her own hair.
3 Ken had someone draw a sketch of his dog.
She ................................................................. .
What did he do?
..........................................................................
4 Nichole’s jewellery was stolen yesterday. What
13 Complete the sentences using must or can’t.
happened to her? 1 I’m sure she’s talking about me behind my back.
.......................................................................... She must be talking about me behind my back.
5 A professional will train the Harrisons’ dog. 2 I’m certain Mike lied about the accident.
What will they do? Mike ............................................................... .
.......................................................................... 3 I’m sure Fiona hasn’t had a facelift.
6 A beauty therapist was plucking Helen’s Fiona .............................................................. .
eyebrows at 2:00. What was she doing? 4 I’m sure Shelly didn’t get her nose pierced.
.......................................................................... Sally ................................................................ .
7 A local designer made Mary a stunning outfit. 5 I’m certain she made up an excuse.
What did she do? She ................................................................. .
.......................................................................... 6 I’m sure Fred has stopped bullying his classmates.
8 The manager will ask someone to renovate the Fred ................................................................ .
concert hall. What will he do? 7 I’m certain Clare has been looking for a new job.
.......................................................................... Claire .............................................................. .
128
6 Grammar Bank
Clauses (purpose/result/reason/ Clauses of Result
manner) Clauses of result are used to express result. They are
Clauses of Purpose introduced with the following words/phrases:
ñ as a result/therefore/consequently/as a consequence
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does He was ill. As a result/Therefore/Consequently/As a
something. consequence, he didn’t go to work.
We can express positive purpose using: ñ such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun ... that
ñ to + infinitive He’s studying to be an architect. He’s such a rude person that nobody likes him.
ñ in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) ñ such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun ... that
She left early so as to (be) on time. They lived in such terrible conditions that the local
ñ so that/in order that + can/will (present/future reference) community decided to build them a house.
I’ll write down my PIN so that/in order that I will remember it We were having such bad weather that we decided to
at all times. postpone the picnic.
ñ so that/in order that + could/would (past reference) ñ such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun ... that
I drove my car to work so that/in order that I could be on time There were such a lot of people at the restaurant that we
for the meeting. couldn’t get a table. There was such a lot of snow that he
ñ in case + present tense (present/future reference) couldn’t move his car.
Take some cash with you in case you need it. ñ so + adjective/adverb ... that
ñ in case + past tense (past reference) The book was so boring that I couldn’t keep my eyes open. She
She took on umbrella in case it rained. sings so beautifully that I listen to her for hours.
Note: in case is never used with will or would. ñ so + adjective + a(n) + noun ... that
I’ll pack some juice for the picnic, in case we are thirsty It was so bad a day that we stayed in.
later. (NOT: ... we will be) ñ so much/little + uncountable noun ... that
ñ for + noun (expresses the purpose of an action) He spends so little time studying that he’ll fail his exams.
I’ve bought a new camera for photography class. He had so much luggage that he couldn’t carry it.
ñ for + -ing form (expresses the purpose of something or ñ so many/few + plural noun ... that
its function) There are so many applicants for the job that I don’t think I’ll
This cream is used for polishing silver. get the job.
ñ with a view to + -ing form There are so few tickets left that we’ll be lucky to find any.
They started saving up with a view to buying a car.
We can express negative purpose using: Clauses of Reason
ñ in order not to/so as not to + infinitive
He asked for a ride in order not to/so as not to be late. Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for
Note: We never use not to to express negative purpose. something. They are introduced with the following words/
ñ prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ing form expressions: because, as/since, the reason for/why, because
They put up notices to prevent people (from) walking on the of/on account of/due to, now (that), for, etc.
grass. ñ because I didn’t invite him because I don’t like him.
ñ avoid + -ing form ñ as/since (= because) We can’t visit Stella as/since she’s away
He bought a GPS to avoid getting lost. on holiday.
ñ so that + can’t/won’t (present/future reference) ñ the reason for + noun/-ing form
I’ll call her so that she won’t feel lonely. The reason for his delay/for his being late was the stormy
ñ so that + couldn’t/wouldn’t (past reference) weather.
She took a taxi so that she wouldn’t be late for the meeting. the reason why + clause The accident on the motorway was
Notes: Clauses of Purpose should not be confused with the reason why he was late.
clauses of result. ñ because of/on account of/due to + noun Some power lines
ñ Clauses of Purpose are introduced with so that/in order fell down because of/on account of/due to strong winds.
that ... ñ because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause
He studied hard so that he would pass the exam. (this shows They couldn’t concentrate because of/on account of/due to
purpose) the fact that there was a lot of noise.
ñ Clauses of Result are introduced with so/such ... that ñ now (that) + clause Now (that) we have graduated, we can
It was such nice day that we decided to have a picnic. get a job.
ñ for (= because) (formal written style) A clause of reason
Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of
introduced with for always comes after the main clause.
tenses the same way that Time Clauses do.
She was very quiet all day, for she had a lot on her mind.
I’ll turn the lights on so that I can see clearer.
I took a jacket with me so that I wouldn’t get cold.
129
Grammar Bank 6
Clauses of Manner
15 Rewrite the sentences using the words in
Clauses of manner are introduced with as, how, as if/as brackets.
though, (in) the way (that), (in) the same way (as) and are
used to express the way in which something is done/said, 1 The Maori tribe performed their dance with the
etc. purpose of welcoming their visitors. (in order
ñ We use as if/as though after the verbs act, appear, be,
to)
behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste to say how
somebody or something looks, behaves, etc. The Maori tribe performed their dance in order to
The air is humid. It feels as if/as though it’s going to rain. welcome their visitors.
We also use as if/as though with other verbs to say how 2 They got tattoos on their bodies in the hope of
somebody does something.
looking more ferocious. (so as to)
She sounds as if/as though she’s really hurt by what you said.
ñ We use as if/as though + past tense although we refer ..........................................................................
to the present when we are talking about an unreal ..........................................................................
present situation. Were can be used instead of was in all 3 He went to New Zealand because he wanted to
persons.
learn more about the country’s culture. (so that)
He acts as if/as though he knew everything. (but he doesn’t)
He behaves as if/as though he were a child. (but he isn’t) ..........................................................................
ñ We can also use as in clauses of manner to mean ‘in ..........................................................................
the way that’. 4 They use their dance movements as a way of
Try to do it as I’ve showed you.
frightening others. (to)
Note: We can use like instead of as if/as though in spoken
English. ..........................................................................
You look like you need a holiday. (informal spoken ..........................................................................
English) 5 Ants use their antennae to communicate with
other ants. (so that)
..........................................................................
Clauses of Purpose ..........................................................................
14 Choose the correct item. 16 Underline the correct item.

1 She met up with me to/so that tell me all the
latest gossip. Nileen was not a happy person as she wasn't
2 I didn't argue with the know-it-all so as/so that pleased with the way she looked. She went to a
he would get bored and go away. cosmetic surgeon 1) so that/to he would make
3 She acts like a drama queen in order to/so that her look like the person she wanted to be. First,
attract attention. she had her nose fixed 2) in order to/so make it
4 Ignore her so that/so as she will stop talking smaller and straighter. Then,
about herself. she had a facelift 3) so as
5 He did what she wanted so that/so as not to not to/ because of look
make her even angrier. her age. Finally, she had
6 Take a book with you on the train in case/so her eyebrows lifted
that you get bored. 4) for/in order to
7 He walked away from her in order/so that not make her eyes look
to gossip. larger. In all, Nileen
8 They do the Haka dance so as to/so that scare had 53 cosmetic
off their enemies. surgeries and why?
9 They have put up signs to avoid/prevent people 5) To/So that look like
from entering the building. Queen Nefertiti, the
10 An espresso maker is used for/to making Egyptian ruler!
Italian-style coffee.
130
6 Grammar Bank
Clauses of Result Clauses of Reason
17 Fill in: so, such, such a/an. 19 Underline the correct item.
1 There was such noise in the room that I decided 1 I don’t like him as/due to he’s always lying.
to leave. 2 He asked for directions for/because he was
2 It was ....................... terrible gossip that I told lost.
her to stop talking. 3 Due to/Since the many complaints the company
3 He acts ......................................... aggressively withdrew the faulty product from the market.
that I can’t stand to be around him. 4 No one knows the reason for/the reason why
4 She is ............................................... ambitious people scratch their head when they are confused.
person that she’d do anything to succeed. 5 He was fired from his job on account of/
5 He had ...................................... curious tattoo because his irresponsible behaviour.
on his arm that many people stared at it. 6 The psychologist asked her the question again
6 The cosmetic surgery was ................... difficult because/for he knew she wasn't telling the truth.
that it took three hours to complete. 7 Since/For so many people tell lies, you have to
7 She is ............................ bully that none of the be very careful.
children will play with her. 8 On account of/Now that he has apologised to
8 She had ........................... few worries that she me, we’re friends again.
spent most of her time enjoying herself. 9 The electricity was cut off because of/since the
lightning storm.
10 She blushed, due to/for she was telling a lie.
18 Join the sentences using the words in

brackets.
20 Fill in: on account of, as, for, the reason why, the
1 She is a drama queen. She cries when she stubs reason for, because of, because, now that, since
her toe. (such) or due to. Sometimes more than one answer
She is such a drama queen that she cries when she is possible
stubs her toe. 1 She didn't have any friends on account of/due to
2 They had an argument. They stopped speaking the fact that she was a terrible gossip.
to each other. (as a result) 2 ..................................... his being happy is that
.......................................................................... he has solved her problem.
3 There was a lot to do. I became completely 3 They aren’t inviting him to the party ...............
disorganised. (such a) ........................... he bullies the other children.
.......................................................................... 4 .................................... I don't trust you is that
4 There aren’t many people who like her. She’ll be you have lied to me many times.
lucky to be invited to the party. (so few) 5 ............................................ we're all here, the
.......................................................................... psychologist will begin the test.
5 He kept throwing loud parties. He was asked to 6 He won't believe her .................................. she
vacate the flat. (consequently) never tells the truth.
.......................................................................... 7 I had to drop out of the study ..........................
6 She wore a lot of make-up. I couldn’t see her an illness.
face! (so much) 8 ...................... it was getting cold, Clark turned
.......................................................................... on the heating.
7 There were many people waiting in the queue. I 9 He decided to stay home ........................... the
decided to leave. (so many) fact that he was ill.
.......................................................................... 10 You’d better tell her the truth, ........................
she’ll never trust you again.
131
Grammar Bank 6
21 Combine the sentences using 23 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
the words in brackets.
1 She talks so much that it feels as if my ears are going to fall off!
1 She is a snob. We don’t like her. (as) (fall off)
We don’t like her as she is a snob. 2 He stared at Nileen as though he ...........................................
2 Pamela visited a psychologist. She (never/see) a woman who had had cosmetic surgery before.
had a big problem. (due to) 3 You look wonderful! It looks as if you ...................................
.................................................... (have) a facelift.
3 I can’t tell you my secret. I don’t 4 Look at her face. It’s as if it ................................... (be made)
trust you. (since) of plastic, but it isn’t, of course!
.................................................... 5 She sat in the corner of the room. She looked as if she .........
4 She wants to know why we ..................................... (be) lonely.
argued. She’s a nosy parker. (the 6 What’s the matter? You look as if you ...................................
reason why) (cry).
.................................................... 7 I find that hard to believe. It sounds as if you ........................
5 There were so many dolphins that (not/tell) the truth.
needed help. She made dolphins 8 Melissa isn’t very smart, but she acts as if she .......................
her life’s work. (due to the fact) (be) a genius!
.................................................... 9 Kevin had a big problem. He looked as if he ..........................
6 There was a flock of sheep blocking (not/sleep) for several weeks.
the road. I couldn’t get through. 10 He acted as if he ................................ (meet) a lot of famous
(because of) people, though I know for a fact that he hasn’t.
.................................................... 11 Grant behaves as if he ...................................... (be) the boss
7 The plane didn’t take off. There here, but he’s not.
was a mechanical problem.
(because of)
.................................................... 24 Circle the correct word.
8 The party is over. Now I'm going 1 She had cosmetic surgery ..... look like the famous Egyptian
to clean up. (now that) Queen Nefertiti.
.................................................... A so as to B in order that C so that
Clauses of Manner 2 She loves all creatures. ..... , she has made helping them her
life's work.
22 Fill in: as if/though, as, the same A As the result B As the consequence
way as or the way (that).
C As a consequence
1 Nelly felt as if/though she could
swim for kilometres. 3 There are ..... people who can stand her bossiness that she is
2 We simply love ........................... never invited anywhere.
you’ve devoted your life to helping A so few B so many C so little
dolphins. 4 I don't like having a conversation with her ..... I can never get
3 They danced in ............................ a word in edgeways!
Maoris had danced hundreds of A because of B due to C as
years ago.
4 I feel ............................ I’ve been 5 I went to New Zealand ..... studying the ways of the Maoris.
tricked! A in case B in order to C with a view to
5 Don’t lie to me, just do .............. 6 She knows dolphins ..... well that she can write books about
you’re told and go to your room. them.
6 He acted ................................ he A such B so C so much
were better than the rest of us.
132
6 Grammar Bank
Inversion If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion.
Here he is. (NOT: Here is he.)
modal/auxiliary verb + subject + main verb Off you go. (NOT: Off go you.)
ñ in direct speech when the subject of the introductory
We use inversion:
verb is a noun.
ñ in questions.
“I love comedies,” said Jenny.
Can you come to the meeting?
(or ... Jenny said.)
ñ after the following words or expressions, when they
“Open your notebooks,” said the teacher.
come at the beginning of a sentence:
(or ... the teacher said.)
Seldom Only in this way
BUT “What can I do for you?” she asked.
Rarely Only then
(NOT: asked she, because the subject of the introductory
Little Hardly (ever) ... when
verb is a pronoun.)
Barely No sooner ... than
Nowhere (else) Not only ... but (also)
Never (before) Not until
Not (even) once In no way Inversion
On no account In/Under no circumstances
Only by So/Such 25 Fill in the gaps, as in the example.
Not since, etc.
1 I am having my hair cut tomorrow.
Never (before) have I watched such an interesting film.
Not only did I write the report but I (also) sent it to the
So am I. My fringe’s getting very long.
manager. 2 I didn’t go shopping last week.
Seldom does this restaurant get so crowded. Nor ................. I. I didn’t have any money to
BUT spare.
This restaurant seldom gets so crowded. (There is no inversion
because the word seldom does not come at the beginning
3 I’ve got some great news!
of the sentence.) So ................ I. I’ve been accepted at university.
Note: When the expressions only after, only by, only if, only 4 I have never won an award.
when, not until/till come at the beginning of a Neither ................. I. It’s a little disappointing.
sentence, the inversion is in the main clause. 5 I’d like to help out at the homeless shelter this
Only after I waved to him did he speak to me. week.
Only if you speak English will he understand you.
So ................. I. Could we go together?
ñ with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.
6 We’ll be visiting the Natural History Museum
“I love fresh fruits.” “So do I.” (We use ‘so’ to agree with an
affirmative statement.) this week.
She was an excellent singer, as was her mother/and so was So ................. we. We’re going on a field trip
her mother. for our science lesson.
“Neither/Nor” (We use “neither/nor” to agree with a
7 I don’t have a dance class tonight.
negative statement.)
“I don’t speak Spanish well. ”Neither/Nor do I.” Nor ................. I. Our dance instructor is ill.
ñ with should, were, had when they come at the beginning 8 I’m not friends with Kylie anymore.
of an if-clause instead of ‘if’. Neither ................. we. She’s a bit of a snob.
Type 1: Should he call, tell him to come here. (= If he should
9 I liked that documentary on reviving dinosaurs.
call …)
Type 2: Were I you, I would go to the doctor. (= If I were you …) So ................. I. It was very interesting.
Type 3: Had I been invited, I would have gone to the wedding 10 I’ll send Kate a message.
reception. (= If I had been invited …) So ................. I. I hope she can come to my
main verb + subject party this weekend.
11 I need to see a dentist.
It is used in the following cases:
ñ after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place So ................. George. He had a bad toothache
when they come at the beginning of a sentence. yesterday.
Inside the house ran the little boy. 12 I wasn’t expecting to see you here.
On the sofa slept the cat.
Neither ................. I. I’m so glad you came,
Here comes the bride.
There goes the last bus. though.
133
Grammar Bank 6
26 Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the 28 Rewrite the sentences using the words/
words/phrases in bold. phrases given.
1 The snow came down. 1 I have seldom seen such a stunning performance.
Down came the snow. Seldom have I seen such a stunning performance.
2 My school is opposite my house. 2 She had no sooner left the house than she
........................................................................ . realised that she’d left her notes at home.
3 The dancers came onto the stage. No sooner ....................................................... .
........................................................................ . 3 We not only saw a bottlenose dolphin, but we
4 The Shaolin monk climbed up the wall. also got to swim with one.
........................................................................ . Not only ......................................................... .
5 The dolphin jumped through the hoop. 4 I have never heard such a frightening story
........................................................................ . before.
6 The bee flew from one flower to another. Never .............................................................. .
........................................................................ . 5 We realised only then that the house was
7 The town crier would walk down the street. haunted.
........................................................................ . Only then ....................................................... .
8 The robbers ran out of the bank. 6 There have seldom been so many homeless in
........................................................................ . this city.
9 The balloon flew away. Seldom ........................................................... .
........................................................................ . 7 Harry has not once donated to charity.
10 Your chance to let her know how you feel is now. Not once ......................................................... .
........................................................................ . 8 You should not enter the laboratory under any
circumstances.
27 Fay Davis is an animal trainer. She is talking Under no circumstances ...................................
to trainee students about training dolphins. ........................................................................ .
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 9 I understood what the lecture was about only
form. after I had listened to it several times.
is to
The most important part of dolphin training Only after .........................................................
er.
establish trust between the animal and the train ........................................................................ .
mber:
Here are a few important things to reme 10 Jane didn’t know that she had won the first
r
Dolphins should be taught to look above the wate prize.
teach
at a trainer. Only in this way 1) can we Little ............................................................... .
ds
(we/can/teach) them to respond to certain soun 11 I haven’t been to the theatre since last month.
for
or hand signals. Not until they’ve been trained Not since ........................................................ .
ll/be
months 2) ......................................... (they/wi 12 If I had known about Anna’s graduation, I
nces
able) to perform tricks. Under no circumsta would have gone.
with
3) .......................... (you/must/be) aggressive Had ................................................................. .
sh)
the dolphins. Never 4) ........................ (we/puni 13 We haven’t seen such natural beauty anywhere
when
the animals; instead we give them treats else.
, not
they perform well. As you have already seen Nowhere ......................................................... .
ire)
only 5) ......................... (dolphin training/requ 14 If I were you, I’d apply to lots of universities.
patience but determination as well. Were ............................................................... .
15 He had barely entered his house when the
earth started shaking violently.
Barely ...............................................................
........................................................................ .
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Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Carol found it difficult at first to drive on the 13 Tanya was released from the hospital yesterday.
right hand side of the road. LET Tanya was ......................................
USED It took Carol a while ...................... .................. the hospital yesterday.
................................... on the right 14 It would be a good idea not to make the dog
hand side of the road. angry.
2 The film society has given Carol Berkley an award BETTER You ................................................
for her work. ............................... the dog angry.
PRESENTED Carol Berkley ................................. 15 Amy doesn’t fancy going out for pizza tonight.
....................................... an award PREFER Amy would ....................................
for her work by the film society. .................... out for pizza tonight.
3 I don’t think he’ll manage to get that promotion 16 ‘Whose camera is this?’ she demanded angrily.
he wants. TO ‘Who .............................................
SUCCEED I’m not sure he’ll ........................... ................?‘ she demanded angrily.
............. that promotion he wants. 17 I dislike the way you treat the staff.
4 You waited too long to get the concert tickets, APPROVE I .....................................................
which is why we don’t have them now. .......... the way you treat the staff.
HAD If you ............................................. 18 It’s a pity Daisy lost my favourite book.
............................. long, we would HAD If ....................................................
have the concert tickets now. ................. lost my favourite book.
5 Frank prefers reading books to watching TV. 19 Your book report should describe the plot very
RATHER Frank ............................................. well.
....................................... watch TV. FULL Your book report should ...............
6 The trip was cancelled because of bad weather. .................................... of the plot.
CALLED The trip was .................................. 20 They say he bakes the best cakes in Lancashire.
............................. to bad weather. SAID He ..................................................
7 Sally doesn’t intend to leave her job. ......... the best cakes in Lancashire.
INTENTION Sally has ........................................ 21 Her doctor advised her to get more exercise.
.......................................... her job. WERE ‘If I .................................................
8 This is the best match I’ve ever seen. ........................ get more exercise,’
BETTER I’ve ................................................ advised her doctor.
........................... match than that. 22 Please don’t put your feet on the table.
9 ‘What are you doing for Easter, John?’ asked Lisa. MIND Would ............................................
KNOW Lisa ................................................ .................. your feet on the table.
... what John was doing for Easter. 23 This spring’s fashions have not changed since last
10 I arranged for a courier to deliver your books year.
today. SAME This spring’s fashions .....................
HAVING I’m ................................................. ..................................... last year’s.
............................. a courier today. 24 She left university before graduating.
11 It’s been three years since I last saw Bea. DROPPED She ................................................
SEEN I ..................................................... ........................... university before
................................... three years. graduating.
12 It was wrong of Mr Fearne to shout at you like 25 The manager believes the team can win the cup.
that. CAPABLE The manager believes the team ....
SHOULD Mr Fearne ...................................... ......................................... the cup.
............................. at you like that.
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Key Word Transformations

26 The number of unemployed has increased steadily 39 It isn’t very sensible to allow the children to stay
in the past few years. up so late
RISE There has been .............................. SHOULD We .................................................
............................... the number of ...... the children to stay up so late.
unemployed in the past few years. 40 Louise booked her ticket online to make sure she
27 Peter won’t win the race because he is slow. got a good seat.
TOO Peter .............................................. ORDER Louise booked her ticket online ....
........................................ the race. .................................. a good seat.
28 Becky isn’t friends with Stacy anymore. 41 My grandfather likes to go for a walk every
LONGER Becky ............................................. morning.
..................................... with Stacy. HABIT My grandfather is ..........................
29 That’s the most gorgeous dress I’ve ever seen. ............. for a walk every morning.
NEVER I’ve ................................................ 42 Nobody, apart from Chris, had remembered to
............. gorgeous dress than that. bring a map for the journey.
30 Pamela said that she was sorry that she had hurt ONE Chris was .......................................
Bill’s feelings. ..... to bring a map for the journey.
APOLOGISED Pamela ........................................... 43 Paula isn’t trying to pass her exams at all.
................................. Bill’s feelings. EFFORT Paula .............................................
31 The price of the holiday includes three meals a day. ............................. pass her exams.
ARE Three meals a day .......................... 44 It’s too dark to read in here.
................ the price of the holiday. LIGHT There’s ...........................................
32 You should jump at the opportunity to go to .............................. to read in here.
Rome. 45 I don’t want to go into the town centre today.
ADVANTAGE You should .................................... FEEL I don’t ............................................
............................. the opportunity .......... into the town centre today.
to go to Rome. 46 “I know you’ve taken cash from the till, Lola,”
33 This bag is the same as that one. said Mr Reilly.
DIFFERENCE There ............................................. ACCUSED Mr Reilly ........................................
................................ the two bags. .......................... cash from the till.
34 Peter went to the cricket game rather than the 47 It’s been more than five years since I last saw
cinema. James.
INSTEAD Peter went to the cricket game ..... SEEN I .....................................................
.................................... the cinema. ..................... more than five years.
35 Listening to very loud music caused him to go 48 John had never visited an art gallery before.
deaf. TIME It ....................................................
RESULT He went deaf ................................. ...... John had visited an art gallery.
......... listening to very loud music. 49 Even though Tom can’t speak Greek, he is very
36 Tony wants you to give him a call this afternoon. interested in Greek culture.
TOUCH Tony wants you to ......................... UNABLE Despite ..........................................
........................ him this afternoon. .................................... Greek, Tom
37 We haven’t been out to dinner in a long time. is very interested in Greek culture.
AGES It’s ................................................. 50 The band decided not to play at the concert at
................................ out to dinner. the last moment.
38 Ben hasn’t been successful as a lawyer. BACKED The band .......................................
NO Ben ................................................ ................................ the concert at
.................................... as a lawyer. the last moment.
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Phrasal Verbs
1 Choose the correct particle. 3 Choose the correct particle.
1 Why don’t you drop by/out for a 1 Ed picked out/up the newspaper and read it.
coffee this morning? 2 Most of the neighbourhood joined up/in the search for the
2 These days computer skills are missing boy.
necessary to get ahead/across in 3 The bodyguard kept the screaming fans away/on from the
most jobs. film star.
3 Kelly did up/over her living room 4 Jack’s parents felt let out/down when he lied about his
with antique furniture. grades.
4 George never backs over/down 5 Mark is a bully and picks on/out younger children.
from a fight. 6 Mary loves to spend her weekends hanging on/out with her
5 I’ll be there to back you up/away friends.
if you need any help. 7 I was let out/down of the hospital this morning.
6 Sam carried out/on running 8 Tracy doesn’t get ahead/along with her co-workers and
despite feeling exhausted. often causes problems at work.
7 They called back/off the concert 9 Alex kept on/off trying until he finally fixed his computer.
due to rain.
8 Once you’ve signed the contract,
you can’t back up/out of the deal.
4 Fill in the correct particle.
9 Rick didn’t like his science project
1 Stacy couldn’t pass ................... the chance to go shopping.
so he did it up/over again.
2 A bus picks ........................ passengers for the airport every
15 minutes .
2 Fill in the correct particle(s). 3 She felt dizzy and passed .................... from the gas fumes.
1 You haven’t handed ..................... 4 Why don’t you stick .............................. for the show later?
your assignment yet. 5 Tom needs some time to think the offer ............................ .
2 They signed ............................. at 6 Mike found the course difficult but stuck ......................... it
the new health club down the until he passed.
street. 7 She walks so fast that nobody can keep ............... with her.
3 They were handing ...................... 8 She picked .................... several dresses she wanted to buy.
programmes as we entered the 9 Please keep ..................................... the pavement until the
theatre. cement dries.
4 Please back .............................. from
the train doors to allow passengers
to exit. 5 Choose the correct particle.
5 The doctor needs to run some 1 Please fill out/up this application form.
tests ......................... the patient. 2 She is on the other line; could you please hang out/on for a
6 Fred forgot to back ...................... moment?
his files on his computer and lost 3 Sadly, she passed up/away in the hospital last night.
all of them. 4 Lea tried on/out the coat but it was too small.
7 Shelly dropped ............................. 5 Masked men held up/on the jewellery shop last night.
of the course because she didn’t 6 We need to think over/up a great theme for the spring dance.
like the teacher. 7 Would you like to try on/out this laptop to see if you like it?
8 He tried to get his point .............. 8 Jane filled up/out her car at the petrol station.
.................... but nobody would 9 John tried out/on for the swim team at school.
listen.
9 The bank robber handed the
money .................... to the police.
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Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

abide by (v) advice on/against (n) anxious about sth (adj) ask about/for (v) (BUT ask sb a
absent from (adj) afraid of (adj) (be) anxious for sth to happen question)
abstain from (v) agree to/on sth (v) (adj) assure (sb) of (v)
accompanied by (adj) agree with sb (v) apologise to sb for sth (v) astonished at/by (adj)
according to (prep) ahead of (prep) appeal to/against (v) attached to (adj)
account for (v) aim at (v) (make an) appeal to sb for sth (n) attack on (n)
accuse sb of (v) allergic to (adj) apply in writing (v) attack sb for sth (v)
A accustomed to (adj) amazed at/by (adj) apply to sb for sth (v) attend to (v)
acquainted with (adj) amount to (v) approve of (v) available to (adj)
addicted to (adj) amused at/with (adj) argue with sb about sth (v) (un)aware of (adj)
adequate for (adj) angry at what sb does (adj) arrange for sb to do sth (v)
adjacent to (adj) angry with sb about sth (adj) arrest sb for sth (v)
advantage of (n) (BUT there’s an angry with sb for doing sth (adj) arrive at (a small place) (v)
advantage in – (have) an annoyed with sb about sth (adj) arrive in (a town) (v)
advantage over sb) (in) answer to (n) ashamed of (adj)
bad at (adj) (BUT He was very begin by/with (v) (put the) blame on sb (n) brilliant at (adj)
bad to me.) believe in (v) blame sb for sth (v) bump into (v)
ban sb from sth (v) belong to (v) blame sth on sb (v) busy with (adj)
B
base on (v) benefit from (v) boast about/of (v)
basis for (n) bet on (v) bored with/of (adj)
beg for (v) beware of (v) borrow sth from sb (v)
call at/on (phr v) cling to sb/sth (v) compliment sb on (v) contrary to (adj)
campaign against/for (v) close to (adj) comply with (v) contrast with (v)
capable of (adj) coax sb into (v) conceal sth from sb (v) contribute to (v)
care about (v) coincide with (v) concentrate on (v) convert to/into (v)
care for sb (v) (= like) collaborate with (v) (have) confidence in sb (n) cope with (v)
care for sth (v) (= like to do sth) collide with (v) confident in (adj) correspond to/with (v)
(take) care of (n) comment on (v) confine to (v) count against/towards (v)
careful about/of/with (adj) communicate with (v) confused about/by (adj) count on sb (phr v)
careless about/with (adj) compare to (v) (show the likeness confusion over (n) covered in/with (adj)
C cause of (n) between sb/sth and sb/sth congratulate sb on sth (v) cover in/with (v)
certain of (adj) else) connection between (n) (BUT in crash into/through (v)
change into (v) compare with (v) (how people connection with) (have) a craving for sth (n)
characteristic of (n/adj) and things are alike and how connect to/with (v) crazy about (adj)
charge for (v) they are different) conscious of (adj) crowded with (adj)
charge sb with (v) comparison between (n) consider sb for sth (v) cruel to (adj)
check for (v) compete against/for/with (v) consist of (v) cruelty towards/to (n)
choice between/of (n) complain of (v) (= suffer from) contact between (n) (BUT in cure for (n)
clever at (adj) (BUT It was very complain to sb about sth (v) (= be contact with) curious about (adj)
clever of you to buy it.) annoyed at) content with (adj)
damage to (n) demand from (v) differ from (v) disqualified from (adj)
date back to (v) depart from (v) different from (adj) dissatisfied with (adj)
date from (v) departure from (n) difficulty in/with (n) distinguish between (v)
deal with (v) dependent on (adj) disadvantage of (n) (BUT there’s divide between/among (v)
dear to (adj) depend on/upon (v) a disadvantage in doing sth) divide into/by (v)
decide on/against (v) deputise for (v) disagree with (v) donate sth to sb/sth (v)
decrease in (n) descended from (adj) disappointed with/about/by (adj) do sth about (v)
D doubtful about (adj)
dedicate to (v) describe as (v) disapprove of (v)
deficient in (adj) describe sb/sth to sb else (v) discharge sb from (v) dream about (v)
definition of (n) description of (n) discouraged from (adj) dream of (v) (= imagine)
delay in (n) die from/of (v) discussion about/on (n) dressed in (adj)
delighted with (adj) die in an accident (v) disgusted by/at (adj)
delight in (v) (have) difference between/of/in dismiss from (v)
demand for (n) (n) dispose of (v)
eager for (adj) equal to (adj) exchange sth for sth else (v) expert at/in (sth/doing sth) (n)
economise on (v) escape from/to (v) excited about (adj) (= person good at)
efficient at (adj) example of (n) exclaim at (v) expert on (n) (= person
(put) effort into sth (n) excellent at (adj) excuse for (n) knowledgeable about a
E emphasis on (n) exception to (n) (make an excuse sb for (v) subject)
engaged to sb/in sth (adj) exception of sth/sb = treat exempt from (adj) expert with sth (n) (= good at
engagement to sb (n) sth/sb as a special case – take expel from (v) using sth)
enthusiastic about (adj) exception to sth = object to experienced in/at (adj)
envious of (adj) sth) experiment on/with (v)
face up to (phr v) familiar to sb (adj) (= known finish with (v) free from/of/for (adj)
fail in an attempt (v) to/by sb) fire at (v) friendly with/to (adj)
fail to do sth (v) familiar with (adj) (= have flee from (v) frightened of (adj)
F failure in (an exam) (n) knowledge of) fond of (adj) full of (adj)
failure to (do sth) (n) famous for (adj) forget about (v) furious with sb about/at sth (adj)
faithful to (adj) fed up with (adj) forgive sb for (v)
fall in (n) fill sth with sth else (v) fortunate in (adj)
generosity to/towards (n) glare at (v) grateful to sb for sth (adj) guilty of (adj) (BUT He felt guilty
G genius at (n) good at (adj) (BUT He was very grudge against (n) about his crime.)
glance at (v) good to me.) guess at (v)
happen to (v) hear about (v) (= be told) heir to (n) hope for (v)
happy about/with/for (adj) hear from (v) (= receive a letter) hinder from (v) hopeless at (adj)
H (no) hope of (n)
harmful to (adj) hear of (v) (= learn that sth or sb hint to sb about sth (v) (BUT hint
head for (v) exists) at sth) hope to do sth (v)
138

idea of (n) incapable of (adj) inject sth into sb/sth (v) interest in (n)
identical to (adj) include in (v) inoculate against (v) interfere with/in (v)
ignorant of/about (adj) increase in (n) insist on (v) interpretation of (n)
ill with (adj) independent of/from (adj) instead of (prep) invasion of (n)
I impact on (n) indifferent to (adj) insure against (v) invest in (v)
important to sb (adj) indulge in (v) intelligent at (adj) invitation to (n)
impressed by/with (adj) inferior to (adj) (have no) intention of (n) invite sb to (v)
(make an) impression on sb (n) information about/on (n) intent on (adj) involve in (v)
improvement in/on (n) (be) informed about (adj) interested in (adj) irritated by (adj)
J jealous of (adj) join in (v) joke about (v)
keen on sth (adj) key to (n) knock at/on (v) knowledge of (n)
K
keen to do sth (adj) kind to (adj) know about/of (v)
(be) lacking in sth (adj) lean on/against (v) listen to (v) look for (v) (= search for)
lack of (n) learn about/by (v) live on (v)
L
laugh at (v) leave for (v) (= head for) long for (v)
lead to (v) lend sth to sb (v) look at (v)
married to (adj) mean to (adj) mistake sb for (v)
M
marvel at (v) mention to (v) mix with (v)
name after (v) neglect of (n) nice to (adj) notorious for doing sth (adj)
N necessary for (adj) nervous about (adj) nominate sb (for/as sth) (v)
need for (n) new to (adj) (take) (no) notice of (n)
obedient to (adj) obliged to sb for sth (adj) occur to (v) opinion of/on (n)
O objection to (n) obsessed with (adj) (take) offence at (n) opposite of/to (n)
object to (v) obvious to (adj) operate on (v) optimistic about sth (adj)
packed with (adj) pity for (n) pray for sb/sth (v) prohibit sb from doing sth (v)
part with (v) (take) pity on sb (exp) (have a) preference for (n) prone to (adj)
patient with (adj) pleasant to (adj) prefer sth to sth else (v) protect against/from (v)
pay by (cheque) (v) pleased with (adj) prepare for (v) protection against/from (n)
pay for (v) (BUT pay a bill) (take) pleasure in (n) present sb with (v) protest about/against (v)
P proud of (adj)
pay in (cash) (v) (have the) pleasure of (n) prevent sb/sth from (v)
peculiar to (adj) point at/to/towards (v) (take) pride in (n) provide sb with (v)
persist in (v) (BUT insist on) (im)polite to (adj) pride oneself on sth/on doing sth provide sth for sb (v)
(take a) photograph of (n) popular with (adj) (v) punish sb for (v)
picture of (n) praise sb for (v) profit from (v) puzzled about/by (adj)
qualified for (adj) quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n) quotation from (n)
Q qualify as/in (v) quick at (adj)
rave about (v) refer to (v) reply to (n/v) resulting from (adj)
reaction to (n) refrain from (v) report on (n/v) result of (n)
react to (v) regard as (v) reputation for/of (n) rhyme with (v)
ready for (adj) regardless of (prep) research on/into (n) rich in (adj)
reason for (n) related to (adj) respected for (adj) (get) rid of (phr)
reason with (v) relationship between (n) (BUT a respect for (n) rise in (n)
R rebel against (v) relationship with sb) respond to (v) (make) room for (n)
receive from (v) relevant to (adj) responsibility for (n) roll across (v)
(keep) a record of (n) rely on (v) responsible for (adj) rude to (adj)
recover from (v) remind sb of/about (v) result from/in (v) (= be the
reduction in (n) remove from (v) consequence of)
(in/with) reference to (n) replace sth with sth else (v) result in (v) (= cause)
safe from (adj) shocked at/by (adj) (BUT I’m sorry for doing sth) succeed in (v)
same as (adj) shoot at (v) speak to/with sb about (v) suffer from (v)
satisfied with/by (adj) short of/on (adj) specialise in (v) sufficient for sth/sb (adj)
save sb from (v) shout at (v) specialist in (n) suitable for (adj)
save sth for sb (v) shy of (adj) spend money on sth (v) superior to (adj)
scared of (adj) sick of (adj) spend time in/doing sth (v) sure of/about (adj)
search for (v/n) silly to do sth (adj) (BUT it was split into/in (v) surprised at/by (adj)
(be in) search of (n) silly of him) spy on (v) surrender to (v)
S sensible of sth (adj) (= aware of sth) similar to (adj) stare at (v) surrounded by (adj)
sensitive to (adj) skillful/skilled at (adj) strain on (n) survive on (v)
sentence sb to (v) slam into (v) stranded on/in/by (adj) suspect sb of (v)
separate from (v) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) study for (v) suspicious of (adj)
serious about (adj) smell of (n/v) subject to (adj/v) sweep sb/sth away (v)
settle for/on (v) smile at (v) submit to (v) (BUT submit sth for sympathetic to/towards (adj)
share in/of sth (n) solution to (n) publication) sympathise with (v)
shelter from (v) sorry about (adj) (= feel sorry for sb) subscribe to (v)
take sth to sb/sth (v) terrified of (adj) throw at (v) (in order to hit) trip over (v)
talent for sth (n) thankful for (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch) trouble with (n)
talk to sb about sth (v) thank sb for (v) tired of (adj) (= fed up with) turn into/to (v)
T (have) taste in (n) think about/of (v) tire of (v) typical of (adj)
taste of (v) threaten sb with sth (v) translate from ... into (v)
terrible at (adj) threat to sb/to sth/of sth (n) tread on (v)
unaware of (adj) uneasy about (adj) used to (adj) (make) use of (n)
U understanding of (n) upset about/over sth (adj) useful for/to (adj)
valid for (length of time) (adj) value sth at (v) vouch for (v)
V valid in (places) (adj) vote against/for (v)
wait for (v) weak in/at (adj) work as/in/at sth (v) write about (v)
W warn sb against/about/of (v) wink at (v) worry about (v) write to sb (v)
waste (time/money) on (v) wonder about (v) worthy of (adj) wrong about (adj)
139

1 Fill in the correct preposition. 3 Fill in the correct preposition.
1 All incomplete assignments will count ............ 1 The council nominated him ............ the new
your final mark for the course. position.
2 The story is based ............ an actual event. 2 Tim has an interest ............ politics.
3 Martin is very efficient ............ cutting costs and 3 He was unfairly dismissed ............ his job.
saving money. 4 Paul is quite capable ............ doing the work
4 Anna doesn’t really care ............ ice-skating; himself.
she prefers skiing instead. 5 There was an attack ............ the small village
5 How did the murderer dispose ............ the by enemy soldiers.
evidence? 6 Sarah was exempt ............ taking the exam
6 None of the employees at the bank could due to her recent illness.
account ............ the missing money. 7 Carol didn’t get the job due to her lack ............
7 They congratulated me ............ my win. experience.
8 Tanya really delights ............ gossiping about 8 Peter was irritated .......... the noise in the library.
others. 9 Mr Foster donated his collection of rare books
9 Two students were caught cheating and were ............ the school library.
expelled ............ school. 10 Max is hopeless ............ cooking; he doesn’t
10 Beware ............ snakes while walking in the know how to make anything.
desert.
4 Choose the correct preposition.
1 The government promised a reduction in/of
1 Carbon emissions are harmful to/at the public spending.
environment. 2 Jerry couldn’t part with/from his old bike so he
2 My professor was really impressed by/from my decided to keep it.
knowledge of the subject. 3 Mary dreams of/at becoming a famous actress
3 It’s the manager’s job to deal with/about any someday.
problems customers may have. 4 Mike’s parents were ashamed of/from his
4 Are you acquainted with/about the shop’s behaviour during dinner.
returns policy? 5 The group’s work concentrates mainly on/at
5 Elaine is a genius at/on maths. stopping deforestation.
6 Mike is very faithful to/by his friends and would 6 The boys are obsessed over/with playing
never betray them. computer games.
7 He has an extensive knowledge of/on dinosaurs. 7 The stranger mistook me for/with a friend and
8 During the sales, the shops are crowded with/ started talking to me.
from frantic shoppers. 8 Can I exchange this blouse to/for one in a larger
9 She needs some advice on/for how to study size?
more effectively. 9 The waste from the factory has a terrible
10 The conference began with/from a speech by impact over/on the environment.
the president. 10 More money is necessary for/to the shelter,
otherwise it will have to close.
140

5 Fill in the correct preposition. 7 Fill in the correct preposition.
1 They were stranded ............ the road after 1 Terry is angry with Jan ............ using her laptop.
their car had broken down. 2 The shelter provides homeless people ............
2 Paul is terrified ............ spiders. food.
3 I am responsible ............ booking our flights. 3 The judge sentenced the thief ............ ten years
4 Barry couldn’t distinguish ............ the original in prison.
painting and the copy. 4 There has been no contact ............ the two
5 A poor diet contributes ............ heart disease. brothers since they were children.
6 The dog sat next to the table and begged ............ 5 Tracy is optimistic ............ being accepted at
food. the university.
7 Kyle feels uneasy ............ flying. 6 Gary is a specialist ............ cosmetic surgery.
8 The tsunami swept ............ the coastal village. 7 Carla didn’t get the job; she wasn’t qualified
9 We decided ............ buying a car until we have ............ the position.
more money. 8 Kyle bumped ............ an old classmate at the
10 James insisted ............ paying for our dinner. supermarket.
9 My friends are jealous ............ my new car.
10 I was wrong ............ Kay; she is actually a very
good person.
1 I completely agree on/to/with Jack about the 11 Do you know the solution ............ the problem?
changes at work. 12 Her books are popular ............ teenagers.
2 Joel is an expert with/at/of fixing computer 13 Tony can rely ............ his friends for help anytime.
problems. 14 They succeeded ............ collecting enough clothes
3 You will get a better price if you pay by/in/for for the homeless shelter.
cash. 15 The students were prohibited ....................
4 What was his reason over/with/for being late? demonstrating on the university campus.
5 The boy threw a rock at/to/in the window 16 The lawyer refused to comment ............ the
trying to break it. case and quickly left the courthouse.
6 Ian blamed Fred on/for/with the mistakes in 17 Nobody laughed ............ any of Bob’s jokes.
the report. 18 The children have grown accustomed ............
7 She died in/by/from a heart attack. going to bed late at night.
8 Sheila felt guilty about/of/to taking the money. 19 When Stacy was sick, her mother arranged
9 The boy looked familiar with/to/for David; he ............ her to see a doctor.
knew he had seen him somewhere before. 20 Jason is confident ............ his ability to ski and
10 This coupon is valid only in/on/to certain hopes to win the competition tomorrow.
supermarkets. 21 After Rosie recovered from surgery, she was
11 Alex survived only from/with/on water for three discharged ............ the hospital.
days. 22 Darren dislikes reading and gets bored ............
12 Phillip takes pleasure at/in/of helping others. it very easily.
13 We are all confused about/for/with the time 23 Instead of dieting, Jenny prefers to indulge
of the meeting. ............ eating chocolate!
14 The customer complained to the manager of/ 24 James is not very keen ............ going shopping.
for/about the poor service. 25 Sally suspects Tom ............ lying.
15 Have you heard of/from/about Mina recently? 26 Harry is enthusiastic ............ his new job.
16 There is a huge demand for/from/against the 27 Ken disagreed ............ Tom’s statement.
software program; everyone is buying it. 28 Janet isn’t fond ............ doing housework.
17 Fortunately, Daniel’s part-time job doesn’t
interfere on/with/ at his studies.
141

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Time expressions used with the present continuous:

1 Paul has been in Amsterdam for just two days, so

1 A Watch your spending or you will fall into debt.

12 Fill in the correct comparative/superlative

1 He is very creative. 1 a John forgot to stop (stop) by the post office

3 I would rather ..... organic goods.

INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS Future Perfect – Future Perfect

2 Rewrite the sentences using the modals in

Subject Verb Agent

1 people/trap/2010 mining disaster/Chile/33? 1 Our science teacher showed us a film.

22 Fill in a, an or the where necessary.

1 Initially, local companies funded the dance

something unpleasant or unexpected happened to 1 Mrs Holmes is making their costumes.

1 Barry (his arm/burnt) in the fire.

14 Choose the correct item. 16 Underline the correct item.

18 Join the sentences using the words in

Key Word Transformations

Key Word Transformations

Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions

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