Module 7

ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
CHAPTER 7
RESEARCH ETHICS
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, the students are expected to:
1. define ethics
2. name and discuss some ethical issues
3. explain the three components of research ethics
4. enumerate the seven forms of fraud or misconduct in research
Time frame: 1 week
Research Ethics
Introduction
Ethical issues are present in any kind of research.The research process
creates tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the
good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains
to doing good and avoiding harm.
Ethics delves into every way of human existence, man’s actions, problems
and destiny. Ethics in research is to conform to accepted professional practices.
It may be interesting to note that these practices to which researchers have been
known and passed on by word of mouth, there has been a general attempt to
modify and clarify these standards in print.
Lesson Proper
Ethics - is the practical science of the morality of human conduct It refers to

question of right or wrong.
Page | 1
Course Code: Res 101
Descriptive Title: Research Writing 1
Instructor: Perlita F. Tomas, Ed. D.
ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
Importance of Ethics in Research ( Resnik 2007 )
1. Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth and credibility. It also fosters
values that are essential to collaborative work.
2. Many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers are held accountable to the
public.
3. Adherence to ethical principles helps build public support for research.
Components of Ethics in Research

a) Truthfulness- honesty is of utmost importance
*Fraud and misconduct in research consist of the following:
1) Fabricating data
2) Describing results of experiments that were never performed
3) Listing clinical observations of test subjects who do not exist
4) Changing or falsifying existing data in order to achieve some
predetermined goal. (manipulation or massaging of data)
5) Data trimming (deleting data that do not fit in with the desired
result)
6) Data cooking (selectively reporting observations so as to
make the data appear more convincing)
7) Plagiarism- knowingly stealing someone else published work
and presenting it without attribution to source.
**There are committed mistakes, but not misconduct

b) Courtesy- in dealing with informants or respondents.
**Following good manners to get the cooperation and support of informants or

research subjects and may spell the success or failure of his collection of
data.
c) Respect for Human Rights- ethical implications of eliciting information from
respondents.
**Researcher cannot get information against the respondent’s will, especially
for sensitive questions.
Research involving human subjects raises ethical concerns about the subject’s right
to privacy, and experimental research, the possible harm or discomfort caused by
experimental procedures and the use of deception.
American Psychological Association recommends that researchers should:

1) Tell prospective subjects what they will experience so they can give informed
consent to participate
2) Instruct subject that they may withdraw from the study at any time
3) Minimize all harm and discomfort
4) Keep that subjects’ responses and behaviors confidential
5) Debrief subjects who were deceived in some way by fully explaining the
researcher after they have participated.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
1. Honesty - data should never be fabricated, falsified or misrepresented.
2. Objectivity - Biases should be avoided.
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ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
3. Integrity - consistency of thought and action is the foundation of credibility of any

research work. Promises and agreements should be kept and all actions should be
made with a sincere purpose.
4. Care - careless errors and negligence should be avoided. All works should be
critically examine. Records should be kept in good condition and order.
5. Openness - researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas. Results
should be op[en to the public.
6. Respect for intellectual property. Proper acknowledgment should be given to all
authors cited and sources used in research. Patents and copyrights should be
recognized.
7. Confidentiality - Confidential communications and documents should be
protected.
8. Responsible publication - study should be done with the purpose of advancing
research and scholarship.
9. Responsible mentoring - the research should seek to educate, mentor and
advise.
10. Respect for colleagues - all peers should be treated fairly.
11. Social responsibility - social good should be promoted and social harm should
be avoided.
12. Non discrimination - all those eligible to participate should be allowed to do so.
13. Competence- professional competence and expertise should be maintained and
improved with the research.
14. Legality - researcher should know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
government policies.
15. Human subject protection - harm and risks to human lives should be
minimized. Human dignity, privacy and autonomy should be among the primary
considerations of the research.
Rights of Research Participants

The main purpose of research is to produce results that would benefit the
stakeholders in the study. Likewise the participants are the crucial elements of the
research and they have the same rights as the research beneficiaries.
1. Voluntary participation - any person should not be coerced to participate in any
research undertaking.
2. Informed consent - participants must be fully informed about the procedures and
risks involved in the research.
3. Risk of harm - participants should be protected from physical, financial or
psychological harm.
4. Confidentiality - participants must be assured that their identity and other
personal information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly
involved in research.
5. Anonymity - participants must remain anonymous throughout the study even to
the researchers themselves.
Ethical Standards in Research Writing

The following reminder must be taken into consideration for ethical research writing
( Logan university,2016 )
1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty.
Page | 3
ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation and misleading claims must be

avoided.
3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other people’s work
4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowledging all content belonging to
others.
Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, words, processes and
results without giving due credit.
The following are acts of plagiarism:

1. Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by another person.
2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it- without acknowledging the author.
3. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation taken directly from a
source.
4. Giving incorrect information about the source of quotation.
5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence structure so that the
selection or quotes still bears a resemblance to the original source.
6. Using so many words and ideas from the original source that it makes up a large
portion of your work, even you acknowledge the original author.Plagiarism should
not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original ideas and works constitute a
violation of intellectual property rights.
Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind: invention, literary and artistic
works and symbols, names and images used in commerce (WIPO, 20024).
Two categories:
1. Industry property - which includes patents, trademarks and industrial designs
2. Copyright - which includes published works such as literary works, textbooks,
reference books and other artistic works such as creative design, film, music, radio
broadcasts and performance art.
Fair Use
The law however, recognizes certain situations where the use of copyrighted
content is acceptable and constitutes fair use of intellectual property.
The following are acceptable use of intellectual property:
1. Use of works in the public domain. Once the rights of the author have lapsed after
a period defined by law.
2. Use of copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching and
classroom use, scholarship and research, and other similar purposes.
3. Reproduction of works as part of reports on current news which is broadcast to the
public .
4. Use of works and material from the government and its various branches
departments and offices, provided that permission for use is acquired.
Page | 4
ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
Form your group with 6 members. Each group will conduct a mock
television talk show that air an episode with the theme,” No Plagiarism Please”.
Video it and place in a cd.
References
Alicay, Calixto. Research Methods and Techniques. Quezon City. Great Books
Publishing, 2014
Practical Research
https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/researchmethods/ethics
remember
summary
assessment
research
there is an intended learning activity to accomplish
study guide for you to work upon
Page | 5
ILOCOS SUR
POLYTECHNIC STATE
Candon Campus
COLLEGE
MODULE 7
Page | 6

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ILOCOS SUR

Time frame: 1 week

Ethics - is the practical science of the morality of human conduct It refers to

Components of Ethics in Research

**There are committed mistakes, but not misconduct

**Following good manners to get the cooperation and support of informants or

American Psychological Association recommends that researchers should:

3. Integrity - consistency of thought and action is the foundation of credibility of any

Rights of Research Participants

Ethical Standards in Research Writing

2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation and misleading claims must be

Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

The following are acts of plagiarism:

there is an intended learning activity to accomplish

study guide for you to work upon

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