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Math 013
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Prepared by: Lara O. Rolan

 01 02
Real Number System Properties of Real Numbers

03
Fundamental Operations on
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Real Numbers
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be
able to:
1. Gain knowledge of various types of numbers.
2. Explore relation between various types of
numbers
3. Learn to add, subtract, multiply and divide
real numbers.
4. Appreciate and develops interest in
mathematics.
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 a quantity or amount

arithmetic value
NUMBER 5
used in counting
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 consist of different parts

group of similar buildings

or facilities
COMPLEX 5
union of real and
imaginary
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 a set of things working
together

set principles /
procedures according to
which something is done.
SYSTEM 5

organized framework
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 optimistic

a certain condition is
present or exists. POSITIVE 5

no possibility of doubt
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 characteristic of
something

A thing belonging to
someone
PROPERTY 5

it can be tangible
items
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 01
Real Number System
The real number system is fundamental in the study of algebra. This
system consists of the set of ℝ of elements called real numbers and
two operations addition and multiplication denoted by the symbols +
and ⋅ respectively.
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 Complex Numbers
R
I
Q Real Number
Rational Number Imaginary
Z
Number
Integers
𝑍" 𝑍!
N
Positive Integers Negative Integers
Counting Number

W
F Whole Number
C
Fractions
Q’
Irrational Number
Complex
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Number
 Complex Numbers
R
I
Q

𝑍" 𝑍!
N

W
F
C
Q’
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 SUBSETS OF THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS
Subset Description
1. Set of Positive Integers (ℤ" , ℕ) {1, 2, 3, 4,….}
2. Set of Negative Integers (ℤ! ) {..…, -4, -3, -2, -1}
3. Set of Whole Numbers (𝕎) {0, 1, 2, 3, ,4,……}
4. Set of Fractions (𝐅) { ¼, ½ ….. }
5. Set of Integers (ℤ) {….-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…..}
{𝑥|𝑥 is a number which can be expressed
#
6. Set of Rational Numbers (ℚ) in the form $ , where p and q are both
integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0.}
{𝑥|𝑥 is a number which cannot be
7. Set of Irrational Numbers (ℚ′)
expressed as a quotient of two integers.}
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A rational number is An irrational number is

either terminating or a a non-repeating, non-
non-terminating but terminating decimal.
repeating decimal.
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“ A positive mindset brings

positive vibe.”
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 02
Properties of Real Numbers
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 The real number system can be represented
geometrically by means of a number line (or a
The Number Line number scale).

Every real number is associated with a point on the

horizontal line called a real axis with a point called
the origin representing the number 0. Every point
on the axis is associated with a unique real number.

A one-to-one correspondence exists between the

real number system and the points on the number
line. That is, there is exactly one point on the
number line corresponding to any given real
number, and there is exactly one real number
corresponding to any given point on the number
line.
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Number Line
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 Basic Properties of Real Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. The following basic properties of real numbers
hold for the operations addition and multiplication.
Property Addition Multiplication
1. Closure 𝑎+𝑏 ∈ℝ 𝑎⋅𝑏 ∈ℝ
2. Commutative 𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 𝑎⋅𝑏 =𝑏⋅𝑎
3. Associative 𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎⋅ 𝑏⋅𝑐 = 𝑎⋅𝑏 ⋅𝑐
= 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐
4. Distributive 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
5. Identity 𝑎+0=𝑎 𝑎⋅1=𝑎
6. Inverse 𝑎 + −𝑎 = 0 1
𝑎⋅ =1
𝑎
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 When you add/multiply two real numbers the sum or product is
also a real number.

Example: 3 + 2 = 5 𝑜𝑟 5×2 = 10
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 Example:
3+2=2+3=5
𝑜𝑟
5×2 = 2×5 = 10
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 Example:
3 + (2 + 4) = (3 + 2) + 4 = 9
𝑜𝑟
5× 2×3 = 5×2 ×3 = 5×3 ×2 = 30
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 Example:
3 2 + 4 = 3 2 + 3 4 = 18
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 Example:
8+0=8
3×1 = 3
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 Example:
6 + (−6) = 0
1
5× = 1
5
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 Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ. The following operations are defined as follows:
● Subtraction: 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (−𝑏)

!
● Division: 𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = 𝑎 ⋅ , 𝑏 ≠ 0
"

Example:
● Subtraction: 5 − 3 = 5 + (−3)

!
● Division: 4 ÷ 2 = 4 ⋅ , 𝑏 ≠ 0
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#
 Properties of Negative of Real Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.
Property Illustration
1. – 𝑎 = −𝑎 − 3 = −3
2. – −𝑎 = 𝑎 − −2 = 2
3. −𝑎 𝑏 = − 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎(−𝑏) −2 4 = − 2 ⋅ 4 = 2 −4 = −8
4. −𝑎 −𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 −3 −5 = 3 ⋅ 5 = 15
5. – 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −𝑎 + (−𝑏) − 3 + 2 = −3 + −2 = −5
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 Properties of Equality of Real Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. Then the following properties of equality hold.
Property
1. Reflexive Property 𝑎=𝑎
2. Symmetric Property If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑏 = 𝑎
3. Transitive Property If 𝑎 = 𝑏 and 𝑏 = 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑐
4. Substitution Property If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 can be replaced by
𝑏 in any statement involving 𝑎.
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 Two important consequences of the substitution
(replacement) property are the following:
1. If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
2. If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐

The converses of these two rules called the

cancellation laws for addition and multiplication,
respectively.
1. If 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
2. If 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
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 Properties of Order (Inequality) of Real Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. Then the following properties of inequality hold.
Property
1. Trichotomy Property Among 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑏 < 𝑎, and 𝑎 = 𝑏, only one is true
2. Transitive Property If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 < 𝑐
3. Addition Property If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
4. Multiplication Property If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0, then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 < 0, then 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
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 Among 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑏 < 𝑎, and 𝑎 = 𝑏, only one is true

Example:
2 < 3, 3 > 2 , 2 = 2 𝑜𝑟 3 = 3
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 ● If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 < 𝑐
Example:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 5
𝑜𝑟 2 < 5
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 < 𝑐
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 ● If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
Example:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 5
𝑜𝑟 2 + 5 < 4 + 5
7<9
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
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 ● If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0, then ● If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 < 0, then
𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 5 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −5
𝑜𝑟 2 5 < 4(5) 𝑜𝑟 2 −5 > 4(−5)
10 < 20 -10 > −20
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
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 1

If a number contains 𝜋 then it is a

real number.
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 2

If a number is an integer then it is

a rational number.
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 3

If a number is even then it is an

irrational number.
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 4

If a number is a real number then

it is a whole number.
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 5

If a number is a repeating decimal

then it is an irrational number.
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 6

If a number is negative then it is

an integer.
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 6

If a number contains decimals

then it is an integer.
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 7

If a number is a natural number

then it is a whole number.
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 8

If a number is a real number then

it is a rational number.
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 FUNDAMENTAL

03
OPERATIONS
ON REAL
NUMBERS
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The absolute value of a real number 𝑎, denoted by 𝑎 , is a nonnegative

number defined by
𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0
𝑎 =8
−𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 0

Example:
𝟑 > 𝟎. Therefore, 𝟑 = 𝟑 − 𝟎 = 𝟑
−𝟑 < 𝟎. Therefore, −𝟑 = 𝟎 − (−𝟑) = 𝟑
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

● To add real numbers with like

signs, get the sum of their
Addition of Signed Numbers
absolute values and prefix the
common sign.
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

2+3= 2 + 3 =5
−2 + −3 = −5
Addition of Signed Numbers
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

● To subtract two signed

numbers, change the sign of the
Subtraction of Signed Numbers
subtrahend and proceed to
algebraic addition.
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

2 − 3 = 2 + −3 = −1
4 − 3 = 4 + −3 = 1
Subtraction of Signed Numbers
−3 − −2 = −3 + 2 = −1
3 − −2 = 3 + 2 = 5
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

● The product of two or more

signed numbers is either
Multiplication of Signed Numbers positive or negative depending
on whether the number of
negative factors is even or odd,
respectively.
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

2 3 =6
2 −4 = −8
Multiplication of Signed Numbers −3 −5 = 15
−4 3 = −12
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

● The quotient of two numbers

with like signs is positive while
Division of Signed Numbers the quotient of two numbers
with unlike signs is negative.
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 Operations on Signed Numbers

2÷ 2 =1
4 ÷ −2 = −2
Division of Signed Numbers −15 ÷ −3 = 5
−12 ÷ 3 = −4
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Thank you!
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