Securing

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Hochschule Bremen

University of Applied Science


Project and Heavy cargo Transport
Definitions
ISSC
Project and
Lashing
g of Cargo
g
Heavy cargo
Transport means the application of portable devices to a cargo unit to secure onto the
deck against vessel motions

Sea-fastening of cargo
Cargo
Securing
g means the application of welded devices to a cargo unit to secure onto the deck
against vessel motions

Fixed securing devices


means a device that is permanent fixed and is part of the general arrangement
of the vessel

Portable securing devices


means a device that is not fixed and is not part of the general arrangement of
the vessel
Definitions
ISSC BL = Breaking load
Project and The load which,
which if placed upon a structure or test piece,
piece is just great
Heavy cargo
Transport enough to break it.

SF = Safety Factor
Cargo The ratio between the breaking load on a member, appliance, or
hoisting rope and the safe permissible load on it.
Securing
g
MSL = Max Securing Load
The maximum load that can be applied to a securing device. ( safe
permissible load )

Proof Load
Test load
g load
Minimum breaking
Definitions
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport
Kilo Newton (kN)?
Simple answer:
Cargo Kilo Newton is a measure of force
Securing
g
1 Kilo Newton = 0.101 ts = 101 kg
1 Metric ton = 9
9.80665
80665 kN
Defining a kilo Newton (kN)

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo There are four
Th f fundamentals
f d t l in
i the
th
Transport
science of mechanics – 3 are defined as:

Cargo Mass is defined as how much of


Securing
g something there is.
Length is defined as the distance between
two points.
Time is defined as the interval between
two
oeevents.
e s
These three absolutes are common to
b th systems.
both t
Defining a kilo Newton (kN)

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Where the two systems differ
differ, is
Transport
how they look at the fourth
fundamental - force.
force
Cargo
Securing
g Force is not an absolute
fundamental like the other three -
rather it is derived from the first
rather,
three fundamentals.

International System uses Newtons


Fixed cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport ISO container foundations

Cargo
Securing
g
Fixed cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo D-rings
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Fixed cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Padeyes
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Portable cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Twistlocks
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Portable cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Lashing Rods
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Portable cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Bridge fittings
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Portable cargo securing devices

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Lashing chain – 8 t MSL Lashing belt – 2 t MSL
Transport

Turnbuckle Wire clips


Cargo
Securing
g Shackle 8.5 t WLL

Lashing wire – 16 mm

Chain Tensioner

6xS(19)+FC 6xS(19)+IWRC
TYPICAL CHAIN AND WIRE LASHING

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
TYPICAL CHAIN LASHING

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Portable cargo securing devices
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g

Lashing Grommet System


Sea-fastening
Sea fastening devices
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g TYPICAL F TYPE SEAFASTENING
SEAFASTENING WORK

1: Good welding equipment


ISSC 2: Good welding standards
Project and 3 W
3: Welds
ld tto b
be prepared
d andd
Heavy cargo
Transport
checked for integrity and correct
values

Cargo
Securing
g
Sea fastening devices
Sea-fastening
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Sea fastening devices
Sea-fastening
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Sea-fastening
g devices
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g TYPICAL STANCHION TYPE SEAFASTENING
Wire rope basics

ISSC 1. As with all lashing systems, each individual item


Project and included in the system must be designed for lashing
Heavy cargo and should be matched with regards to strength.
Transport
The weakest item in the system determines the
g of the entire system.
strength y

Cargo 2. Most used standard wire rope for lashing cargo is


Securing
g p 16 mm dia. Fiber core 16x19
Galvanized rope
construction – new rope
= MBL 16.7 mt ( 167 kn )
= MSL 8.35 mt ( 83.5 kn )

3. Wire rope shall be pulled from the center of the coil and
p p
seized with tape prior to cutting.
g

4. The size of the clip must match the diameter of the


p
wire rope.
Wire rope basics

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo 5. The U-bolt must rest on the dead end of the wire rope.
Transport The saddle is tightened down on the working end of the
wire rope.

Cargo 6. The distance between the clips must be 6 times the


Securing
g diameter of the wire rope – clips on a 16mm wire rope
must be approximately 96cm.

7
7. The nuts on the clips should be greased and tightened
so that the wire rope is visibly dented in by the U-bolt.

8. Turnbuckles should be opened completely to allow


maximum take-up.
Once opened grease should be applied before
tightening.
Chain lashings basics

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo 1 B
1. Beluga
l STANDARD llashing
hi chain
h i iis
Transport type

Cargo
Securing
g

2. The breaking strength (BS) is 20 ts


(200kn)
3. The safety factor is 2
4. The MSL is 8 ts ((80 kn))
Timber dunnaging, blocking and
bracing basics
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Beluga standard wood on board is
Transport

Hardwood blocks
Cargo
20 x 20 x L and 30 x 30 x L
Securing
g used for load spreading purposes

Soft wood dunnage


10 x 10 x L and 5 x 5 x L
used for friction and light load spread

Plywood sheets – various dims and thickness


Used for friction
Lashing Grommet System

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
EXAMPLES OF LASHING
LARGE UNITS WITH LASHING
GROMMET SYSTEM
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Defining MAXIMUM SECURING LOAD (MSL)

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g General Cargo Lashing materials
Defining MAXIMUM SECURING LOAD (MSL)
Heavy cargo Lashing Materials
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Defining MAXIMUM SECURING LOAD (MSL)
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo A chain with a breaking strength of 200kN has a
Transport
maximum securing load of 100kN. What can it
hold?
Cargo
Securing
g
As we learned you determine how much mass
(metric tons) the chain can support dividing kilo
Newtons by gravity, which is approximately 10
mt/s2.

Therefore, a chain with a breaking strength of


200kN can secure 10 metric tons of mass.
The Cargo Securing Manual (CSM)
contains two methods for determining how
ISSC
Project and to secure a non-standardized
non standardized cargo unit.
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
1. ``Rule-of-Thumb´´ Method

2 Advanced C
2. Calculation
Method
``Rule-of-Thumb´´ Method

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo The total of the MSL values of the
Transport
securing devices on each side of a unit of
cargo (port as well as starboard) should
Cargo
Securing
g
equal the weight of the unit. The weight
of the unit should be taken in kilo
Newtons (kN).
``Rule-of-Thumb´´ Method

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo This method,
Thi th d which
hi h iimplies
li a ttransverse
Transport acceleration of 1 g (9.81 m/s2) applies to
nearly any size of ship, regardless of the
Cargo
location of stowage, stability and loading
Securing
g
condition, and season area of operation.

The method, however, takes into account


neither the adverse effects of lashing
angles and non-homogeneous
distribution of forces among the securing
devices nor the favorable effect of
friction.
``Rule-of-Thumb´´ Method

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo Transverse lashing
T l hi anglesl tto th
the d
deck k
Transport
shall not be greater than 60° and it is
important that adequate friction is
Cargo provided by the use of suitable material.
Securing
g

Additional lashings at angles of greater


than 60°
60 may be desirable to prevent
tipping, but are not to be counted in the
number of lashings under the rule-of-
rule of
thumb.
Advanced Calculation Method
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport In order to apply the correct number and
type of lashings required to secure a non-
Cargo standardized unit of cargo a seamen
Securing
g must first determine what forces
(accelerations) will be acting on a piece
of cargo during an ocean voyage
voyage.

If unchecked these forces will cause a


unit to move
Advanced Calculation Method

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo The Cargo
Th C S
Securing
i M Manuall gives
i iinstructions
t ti
Transport on how to calculate seaway accelerations.

Once the accelerations are known then cargo


Cargo can be lashed to withstand the forces.
Securing
g
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
developed the calculations and methods.

It is called the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo


Stowage g and Securing g ((CSS Code)) Annex 13.
AKA: Advance Calculation Method.
Advanced Calculation Method

ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

In addition to the long-hand


long hand calculation
Cargo method described in the Cargo Securing
Securing
g Manual each Beluga ship has a
computer program created by DET
NORSKE VERITAS (DnV) called
LASHCON version 9.1.
The program was designed in
accordance with the method developed
by the IMO
IMO.
Inspection and maintenance of fixed
and portable securing devices.
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo During
D i securing
i andd un-securing
i operations
ti
Transport equipment found broken/damaged or in need of
maintenance must be separated
p from stock.
Cargo
Securing
g Defective equipment
q p must be repaired
p or
condemned under the guidance of the Master or
a designated crew member. Any condemned
equipment must be recorded on the
inventory.

Freeing and greasing of securing gear is a


continual operation.
Inspection and maintenance of fixed
and portable securing devices.
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo IIn order
d tot reduce
d maintenance
i t andd
Transport
corrosion securing gear must be stored in
the appropriate bins and all effort must be
Cargo made to protect the equipment from the
Securing
g elements
elements.

In addition gear should be inspected for


proper application, tension and condition
while underway.
underway Especially,
Especially during
periods of poor weather and heavy
weather conditions.
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g

Wrong bedding !!!


Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g

Wrong chocking + lashing !!!


Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g
Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport No wood chocking between
bundles !!!!!!

Cargo
Securing
g
Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g

Only wood chocking


between heavy trafo and
wood boxes ……are
are u crazy
???
Masterpieces

LEARN FROM YOUR MISTAKES !!!!!!!!


ISSC
Project and
Heavy cargo
Transport

Cargo
Securing
g

3 week old lashings left on


deck !!!!!!

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