Unity – achieved when a composition contains one focused idea

COHERENCE
o Refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT both the main point of sentences and the main point of each
paragraph. A coherent passage focuses the reader’s
o A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized, attention on the main ideas and the specific people, things,
coherent, and are all related to a single topic. For a and events you are writing about.
paragraph, or for any composition, to be effective, it must
always consider the Properties of a Well-Written Text. COHESION
These properties are Organization, Coherence and o It is also a very important aspect of academic writing
Cohesion, Unity, Language Use, and Mechanics. because it immediately affects the tone of your writing.
o Must capitalize the first word in each sentence and end each Cohesive writing does not mean just “grammatically
sentence with a punctuation mark, most often a period (.) correct” sentences; cohesive writing refers to the
connection of your ideas both at the sentence level and at
Parts of Paragraph the paragraph level.
o Cohesion is important because it allows writers to make
multiple references to people, things, and events without
Introduction. The first section of a paragraph; it should include reintroducing them at each turn. If we had to repeat every
the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the time, we wanted to refer to them, the text would be very
paragraph that give background information or provide a tedious to read.
transition.
Techniques to improve paragraph cohesion:
Body. Follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea,
using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, or other information.
A. Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to
link sentences with particular logical relationships.
Conclusion. The final section: summarizes the connections
between the information discussed in the body of the paragraphs
and the paragraph's controlling idea. - To Specify Sequence > again, also, and, and then, besides,
finally,
first . . . second . . . third, furthermore, last, moreover, next, still,
Types of Sentences in a Paragraph too

Topic Sentence. This states the main topic of the paragraph

and the controlling idea. When writing the topic sentence, try - To Specify Time > after a few days, after a while, afterward, as
to state the main point of the paragraph ad clearly and as long as, as soon as, at last, at that time, before, earlier,
accurately as possible. Do not make the topic sentence too immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later,
general or too specific. jobs. meanwhile, now, presently,
simultaneously, since, so far, soon, then, thereafter, until, when

Supporting Sentences. These develop the topic sentence.

Supporting details should be drawn from a variety of sources and - To Specify Place > above, adjacent to, below, beyond, closer to
based on research, experiences, etc. plus the writer's own elsewhere, far, farther on, here, near, nearby, opposite to, there,
analysis. Using a combination of different supports is the most to the left, to the right
common and effective way to strengthen the paragraph.

Concluding Sentence. This signals the end of the paragraph and - To Specify Comparison > again, also, in the same way,
leaves the reader with important points to remember but is often likewise, once more, similarly
unnecessary.

- To Specify Contrast > although, but, despite, even though,

ORGANIZATION however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless,
o arrangement, is achieved when ideas are logically and nonetheless, on the contrary,
accurately arranged with focus on the arrangement of on the one hand . . . on the other hand, regardless, still, though,
ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in yet
a paragraph, essay, or speech.

7. Cause and Effect - To Specify Examples > after all, for example, for instance,
1. Chronological Order
8. Comparison & Contrast
indeed, in fact, of course, specifically, such as, the following
example, to illustrate
2. Order of Importance
9. Listing
3. Spatial Order
10. Clarification - To Specify Cause and Effect > accordingly, as a result,
4. Definition Order
11. Summary because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if . . . then, since,
so, then,
5. Classification
12. Example therefore, thereupon, thus, to this end
6. Process
13. Addition
- To Specify Concession > although it is true that, granted that, I
Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual admit that it may appear that, naturally, of course
level
Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence level
 - To Specify Summary, Repetition, or Conclusion > as a result, wordiness, and highfalutin 3. Use precise
vocabulary. Be accurate. Condensed. 4. Be
as has been noted, as I have said, as mentioned earlier, as we
consistent in pronoun POV
have seen, in any event, in conclusion, in other words, in short,
on the whole, therefore, to summarize 5. Avoid sexist language.
6. Use appropriate level of formality.
B. Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a
synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is
MECHANICS
called 'elegant variation.'
o focuses on the technicalities of the structure. It determines
errors on subject- verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the
C. Antonym. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations and
create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms acronyms, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and
actually share more elements of meaning than you might the punctuation marks.
imagine.

D. Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form

- Spelling
to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. - Capitalization
- Abbreviation and Acronyms Numbers
E. Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly - Punctuation Marks
probable word to connect one sentence to another.
- Grammar

F. Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight

CONJUNCTION OR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
the connection between ideas. This system has many
o A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases and
advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise
completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, clauses.
and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion. o Common examples of conjunctions include and, but and or,
although there are many other possibilities including
G. Parallelism- Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is although
the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant
method of creating cohesion. Three types of conjunction
- coordinating conjunction
H. UNITY- is achieved when a composition is focused on one
idea. - correlative conjunction
- Unity is the idea that all parts of the writing work to achieve the - subordinating conjunction
same goal: proving the thesis. Just as the content of a Coordinating conjunctions
paragraph should focus on a topic sentence, the content of an o are the most popular category of conjunctions. Simply put,
essay must focus on the thesis. they bring equally important ideas together. They can join
- The introduction paragraph introduces the thesis, the body words, phrases and clauses of equal importance and
paragraphs each have a proof point (topic sentence) with grammatical rank.
content that proves the thesis, and the concluding paragraph  
sums up the proof and restates the thesis. The English language has seven coordinating conjunctions.
- Extraneous information in any part of the essay They're easy to remember if you can just remember the acronym
which is not related to the thesis is distracting and takes away FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet So.
from the strength of proving the thesis. In a unified text, all
supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought. Without Correlative conjunctions
unity, text will be confusing. o join words and phrases that have fairly equivalent weight in
a sentence. They appear in pairs, such as either/or,
Use of Language neither/nor, and not only/but also. 
o is one of the clearest indicators of a well written text. It  
enables writers to effectively communicate ideas without Here's an example:
confusing the reader. An effective language is: Specific, I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.
Concise, Familiar, Correct, and Appropriate
Subordinating conjunctions
join independent clauses to dependent clauses and indicate which
Levels of in Language Use
is the main clause and which is subordinate. Examples include
after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since then, that,
1. Informal/ Personal - slang, local expressions, text messaging. though, till, until, when, where, whether, while and yet.
 
2. Standard/Academic - widely accepted words and phrases Here's an example:
found in books, magazines, and newspapers As Sherri blew out the candles atop her birthday cake, she caught
3. Business/Technical - scientific terms, jargons, and special her hair on fire.
expressions Psychiatrist’s report: “Dissociative rage order is
not indicated by the ER assessment.” A conjunctive adverb
o connects two independent clauses or sentences. Typically,
Principles in Language Use adverbs modify other words (verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs). Conjunctive adverbs, however, are used to modify
two independent clauses and join them together, behaving
1. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about more like coordinating conjunctions. A conjunctive adverb,
18 words long. 2. Avoid redundancies, cliches
 which can also be called an adverbial conjunction, brings
together two complete thoughts like a conjunction. Falling action: Now things start to wind down. You (or your
o It can help to group conjunctive adverbs according to their characters) come away from the climactic experience changed -at
specific function: addition, cause and effect, clarification, the very least, you are wiser for having had that experience.
comparison, concession, contrast, emphasis, sequence,
summary, and time. Take a look at the examples below to Resolution: Also known as dénouement, this is where all the
see how you can use conjunctive adverbs in a sentence  loose ends get tied up. The central conflict has been resolved, and
everything is back to normal, but perhaps a bit different.
EXAMPLE
WHAT SPECIFIC SKILLS ARE INVOLVED IN
ADDING IDEAS: additionally, also, besides, furthermore, in NARRATIVE WRITING?
addition, moreover, too, finally
Authors of successful narratives are well-versed in the following
CAUSE AND EFFECT: accordingly, consequently, hence, then, skills:
therefore, thus
Organization
CLARIFYING A POINT: for example, for instance, namely, o they understand the shape that a narrative story takes as
that is, notably well as the salient characteristics of this kind of writing
crafting entertaining beginnings
COMPARING TWO IDEAS: also, likewise, similarly, o authors must understand the function of a story beginning -
alternatively, equally, comparatively to grab the reader's attention and introduce the reader to the
story world. They also need to recognize the specific
CONCEDING A POINT: nevertheless, yet still, after all, of strategies and techniques authors use to accomplish this.
course
Elaborative detail
CONTRASTING IDEAS: however, instead, nevertheless, o involves so much more than assigning adjectives to
rather, regardless, still, if not, otherwise, conversely nouns! - the author needs to know why to elaborate (to
allow the reader to experience story critical characters,
EMPHASIZING A POINT: again, certainly, indeed, moreover, settings, and objects through the five senses of the main
of course, definitely, naturally character.), where elaboration is appropriate, and how to
create it. 
SEQUENCING EVENTS: first, next, finally, furthermore, in
addition, moreover Suspense story tension
o is what keeps the reader reading. Young authors must
SUMMARIZING AN ARGUMENT: all in all, in conclusion, in understand the need for suspense/tension and some
summary, briefly, merely, quickly specific techniques for building this into their plots. 

SHOW TIME: beforehand, meanwhile, lately, now, since fully elaborated main events
o every short story has a single significant main event
Narration o what the story is all about. This main event needs to be
o is a rhetorical style that basically just tells a story. told through a mix of action, description, dialogue,
o Being able to convey events in a clear, descriptive, thoughts, and feelings. It needs to be stretched out to
chronological order is important in many fields. Many reflect its relative importance to the story.
times, in college, your professors will ask you to write
paragraphs or entire essays using a narrative style. satisfying extended story endings
o Most of the time, in introductory writing classes, students after the main event concludes the author needs to allow the main
write narration essays that discuss personal stories; character to reflect on memories, feelings, hopes, wishes, and
however, in different disciplines, you may be asked to tell a decisions brought about by the main event
story about another person’s experience or an event. The
reason we use narrative is because storytelling is the most
natural way for us humans to communicate. Not unlike PRO-FORMS
ethnography, it’s both a way we find of relating to one o Pro-forms are a word or phrase that can take the place of
another and a way we learn to understand our differences another word (or word group) in a sentence.

Telling A Story o The process of substituting pro-forms for other words is

called pro-formation.
Story Sequencing: The order of the events and the amount of
time you give to each event TYPES OF PRO-FORMS

The typical components include: Pro-noun

Exposition: Here, you're setting the scene, introducing Pro-verb - A proverb is a short sentence that people often quote,
characters, and preparing the reader for the journey which gives advice or tells you something about life.
Example: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Rising action: In this part, things start to happen. You (or your
characters) encounter conflict, set out on a journey, meet people, Pro-adverb- A term that is not an adverb but serves the same
etc. purpose, as this way in "You should do it this way".

Climax: This is the peak of the action, the main showdown, the Pro-adjective- A pro-adjective is a pro-form that substitutes for
central event toward which your story has been building. an adjective or adjective phrase.
A term that is not an adjective but serves the same purpose
NOUN+ VERB
Pro-sentence- A pro-sentence is a sentence where the subject
pronoun has been dropped and therefore the sentence has a null o Examples: lions roar, economy booms, etc.
subject. A pro-sentence is a kind of pro-form and is therefore o The lions roar in the zoo.
anaphoric. In response to the question "Does Mars have two o The economy boomed in 1990s.
moons?", the sentence "Yes" can be understood to abbreviate
"Mars does have two moons." VERB + EXPRESSION WITH PREPOSITION

Interrogative Pro-form- An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form o Examples: burst into tears, swelling with pride, etc.
that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned. o When he saw his exam results, Rooney burst into tears.
o Swelling with pride, Stanley watched his daughter pick up
COLLOCATION
her violin and play.
 Collocations are combinations of words which
frequently occur together. For example, 'solve a Enumeration
problem' and 'highly successful' are collocations. o Enumeration is a rhetorical device used for listing details,
 Collocations reveal restrictions on which words can or a process of mentioning words or phrases step by step.
go together and which words do not. Collocations are o Writers use enumeration to elucidate a topic, to make it
not like grammar rules; they depend on probability
understandable for the readers.
rather than being absolute and fixed.
o It also helps avoid ambiguity in the minds of the readers.
 They are examples of how languages normally or
o Transition or signal words used to show enumeration are in
typically put words together.
many ways, such as, first or one, second. and so on.
LEXICAL COLLOCATION- is a type of construction where a
PARALLELISM
verb, noun, adjective, or adverb forms a predictable connection
o In English grammar, parallelism (also called parallel
with another word.
structure or parallel construction) is the repetition of the
GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATION- is a type of construction same grammatical form in two or more parts of a sentence.
where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a o It provides a phrase with balance and clarity
particular form of the verb. o It serves to give phrases a pattern and rhythm

TYPES OF COLLOCATIONS PARALLEL WORDS

o On the word level, a noun should be grouped with other
ADVERB + ADJECTIVE nouns, an adjective with other adjectives, and so on.
o Examples: fully aware, happily married, etc.
FOR EXAMPLE:
o I am fully aware that it is impossible to finish the task in a
week. - The company is looking for a candidate who is friendly,
o The sweet couple are happily married organized, meticulous, and is going to arrive to work on time. X

ADJECTIVE +NOUN - The company for a candidate who is friendly, organized,

o Examples: major problem, brief chat, etc. meticulous, and punctual. ✓
o Unemployment is a major problem for the government at
the moment.
o The lecturers had a brief chat about the student’s field When a series is composed of verbs, do not mix forms. For
work at the administration. example, mixing an infinitive (a verb beginning with to) with a
gerund (a verb form ending in Ing) breaks parallel structure.
NOUN + NOUN
FOR EXAMPLE:
o Examples: a sense of pride, a pang of nostalgia, etc.
The participants in the workshop learned how to communicate,
o If people have a sense of pride in their town, they are more
negotiate, and working collaboratively for the most effective
likely to behave well there. outcome. X
o Older people feel a pang of nostalgia as they think back on The participants in the workshop learned how to communicate,
their schooldays negotiate, and work collaboratively for the most effective
outcome. ✓
VERB + NOUN The participants in the workshop learned about communicating,
negotiating, and working collaboratively for the most effective
o Examples: launch the product, pose a problem, etc. outcome. ✓
o The increase in oil prices certainly pose a problem for us.
o We are going to launch a new automatic motor in
December. PARALLEL Phrases
o Parallel structure should be used to balance a series of
phrases with the same grammatical structure. For example,
VERB + ADVERB avoid mixing noun phrases with verb phrases.

o Examples: smiled happily, whispered softly, etc. -Initial trials showed that exposure to the chemical caused
memory problems, intermittent dizziness, and deters sleep. X
o Nadia smiled happily as she watched the children playing
in the garden. -Initial trials showed that exposure to the chemical caused
o My mother whispered softly in my ear that she would memory problems, intermittent dizziness, and Insomnia. ✓
always love me.
 - His paper argues that the distinctive divergence in the two
As with a series of verbs, a series of verb phrases should use artists’ styles was shaped not only by their mutual rivalry but also
parallel forms. Do not mix phrases based on infinitive with by the idiosyncratic tastes of patrons. ✓
phrases based on -inga verbs.
The same rule applies to pairs connected by a word of
–Her main duties were answering phone calls, filing records, and comparison, such as over, than or as.
to conduct visitor surveys.
- He prefers movie nights at home over going to loud house
-Her main duties were answering phone calls, filing records, and parties. X
conducting visitor surveys. ✓
- He prefers movie nights at home over loud house parties. ✓

PARALLEL CLAUSES - He prefers hosting movie nights at home over going to loud
o Parallelism is also applicable to a series of clauses in a house parties. ✓
sentence.
Definition Writing
-The report card stated that the student often talked in class, that
he bullied other students, and rarely finished his homework. X
o “Appassionato” by Barbara C. Gonzales
-The report card stated that the student often talked in class, that o Appassionato is the past participle of a Latin word that
he bullied other students, and that he rarely finished his means “to impassion.”
homework. ✓ o Passion comes from the Latin word for “suffering,” hence
the Passion of Christ. It implies suffering for a cause
-The report card stated that the student often talked in class, deemed noble.
bullied other students, and rarely finished his homework. ✓
NATURE AND PROCESS
LIST AFTER COLON
o A list that follows a colon should always have parallel o DEFINING
elements.
- is understanding the essence of a word, an idea, a concept,
- Mainstream economists have attributed the recession to several or an expression. It should be done clearly or through
key causes: deregulation policies, spike in interest rates, specific terms so that even the most abstract concepts (e.g.,
manufacturing orders declining, and the emergence of asset love, happiness, passion, lust, justice, globalization) can
bubbles. X easily be understood and relatable to the human perception.
The main purpose of defining tends to not argue and not
persuade. It simply informs. It is also one way of clarifying
- Mainstream economists have attributed the recession to several
misinterpretation or misuse of
key causes: the enactment of deregulation policies, the spike in
conventional understanding of words.
interest rates, the decline in manufacturing orders, and the
emergence of asset bubbles. ✓ o Two very important concepts most often associated with
defining are denotation and connotation.
- Mainstream economists have attributed the recession to several
key causes: deregulation policies, high interest rates, low
o DENOTATION
manufacturing orders, and asset bubbles. ✓
- is the primary, explicit, or literal definition of a word.
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION IN PAIRS One can say that denotation is also the meaning of a
o Use parallel construction when a sentence contains a pair of word based on the dictionary.
connected ideas.
o Pairs can be connected by coordinating conjunctions, which o CONNOTATION
include and, nor, but, or and yet. - on the other hand, is the secondary meaning of a
word. It is necessarily included the dictionary; rather,
FOR EXAMPLE: it is how people understand word based on their own
personal or consensual experiences, and not based on
- She planned to collect data by either using an online survey or a dictionary.
phone interviews. X
Other Techniques to Use in Writing a Definition Essay
- She planned to collect data by either using an online survey or
conducting phone interviews. ✓ 1.Analysis is the process of breaking down a concept into its
constituent parts.
- She planned to collect data through either online surveys or
phone interviews. ✓ Example: The guitar is a musical instrument that produces sound
primarily through strumming its strings. Its sound is modified or
manipulated through the interaction of the strings with the other
Use parallel structure when a pair of ideas are linked by a parts of the guitar, which are the headstock or simply the head,
correlative conjunction, such as not only…but also, either…or, the tuners, the nut, the neck, the sound hole, the body, and the
and neither…nor. bridge.

2.Comparison is associating the word or expression you are

- His paper argues that the distinctive divergence in the two trying to define with something else not necessarily synonymous
artists’ styles was not only shaped by their mutual rivalry but also with it. It is used to make abstract concepts more understandable
because of the idiosyncratic tastes of patrons. X by using comparison to appeal to the human senses of sight,
sound, smell, taste, and touch
Example: “Groping for imagery I find myself thinking of... evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, using
passion as hot, strong, almost thick coffee... Coffee unleashes examples, and quoting experts.
energy, has a full-bloodied flavor, a touch of bitterness unpleasant
to others, but delicious to the drinker.
When you write a persuasive essay you must
3.Contrasting is understanding how at least two dissimilar
concepts are different from each other. o Introduce the topic of the paper and the thesis statement.
Example: “Love is softness; passion is smolder. Love might be (The thesis statement is almost always at the end of the
contentment, but passion is adventure. It must be free, untethered. introduction.)
It must explore, drive beyond the boundaries, break molds.
Passion discovers, unearths, examines, magnifies, reveals in o State the facts of the case.
detail. Love rolls up details into a coherent whole. Love is o Prove the thesis with your arguments.
passive, passion hyperactive. Where love is melancholic, passion
is pain.” o Disprove your opponent's arguments.
o End the essay.
4.Etymology is the history of a word. It explains the evolution of
a word or how it has come to be.
Explain the important points of your topic so that the
Example: “Appassionato is the past participle of a Latin word that audience can understand the paper’s position.
means “to impassion.” It is found in music sheets, where the Remember that there are many parts of any argument. The topic
composer wants us to interpret a passage with passion. If passion of your paper should give information about the specific aspects
is good, then why do many fears it. Because by its etymology of the issue that you plan to address.
(from the Latin word “passus,” past participle of “Pati” meaning
to suffer) it brings pain. Give facts that support YOUR side of the argument.
Facts can consist of statistics, researched information, and other
5.Function –another way of understanding what a word or materials that are found in scholarly journals, government
concept means is to know its purpose. It answers the questions: publications, and other academic or professional fields.
What is it used for? Remember to cite all information.
Example: Whether it may be an ancient sundial, a classy pocket
Present the facts in a manner or sequence that builds the
watch, a Rolex or Swatch wristwatch, an antique grandfather’s
argument from least important to most.
clock, or the mighty Big Ben of London, a clock, first and
foremost, is a mechanical device or technology whose primary The presentation of facts for the argument should follow the same
purpose is to measure time. organization presented when clarifying the important points. The
first issue stated in the thesis should be the first topic approached
6.Negation is a technique that you can use to define a word or a in the persuasion/ argument section of the paper. And they should
concept by explaining what it is not always build to your most important point.

Example: “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does Form and state conclusions.
not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self- The conclusion should never be thought of as just a summary of
seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. the essay. Answer the question, “Why am I writing this paper to
Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. this audience?” By doing this, you can create a stronger
conclusion that does what it was intended to do, persuade
PERSUASIVE WRITING

The Art of Persuasive Writing When planning a persuasive essay, follow these steps:
o The author’s main goal here is to convince you. An author
may use a lot of factual information as tools to persuade the 1. Choose your position. Which side of the issue or problem are
reader, but the main goal is to really persuade and not just you going to write about, and what solution will you offer? Know
to inform the reader. the purpose of your essay.
o Two (2) main goals of convincing a person: (1) to make you
change your mind on something; (2) to make you do a 2. Analyze your audience. Decide if your audience agrees with
certain action. you, is neutral, or disagrees with your position.

Forms of Persuasive Essay 3. Research your topic. A persuasive essay must provide specific
o Advertisements and convincing evidence. Often it is necessary to go beyond your
own knowledge and experience. You might need to go to the
o Editorials
library or interview people who are experts on your topic.
o Speeches
4. Structure your essay. Figure out what evidence you will
o Propaganda
include Andin what order you will present the evidence.
o Reviews
o Blogs Remember to consider your purpose, your audience, and your
topic.
o Persuasive Essays
The following criteria are essential if you want to produce an
Elements of Persuasive effective argument:

o Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, uses Be well informed about your topic. To add to your knowledge
logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate of a topic, read thoroughly about it, using legitimate sources.
than another. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a Take notes.
certain point of view or to take a particular action. The
argument must always use sound reasoning and solid
Test your claim. Your thesis or claim, i.e., argument or
proposition, must be part of a larger issue that has at least two
opposing points. It must be debatable. If you can write down a
claim that directly opposes your own, you will ensure that your
own argument is debatable.

Disprove the opposing claim (REFUTATION). Understand the

opposite viewpoint of your position and then counter it by
providing contrasting evidence or by finding mistakes and
inconsistencies in the logic of the opposing argument.

Support your position with evidence. Remember that your

evidence must appeal to reason. The following are different ways
to support your argument:
o Using facts is a powerful means of convincing. Facts can
come from your reading, observation, or personal
experience.
Note: Do not confuse facts with truths. A "truth" is an idea
believed by many people, but it cannot be proven.

o Using statistics can provide excellent support to your

argument. Be sure your statistics come from responsible
sources. Always cite your sources.

o Using quotes from leading experts that support your

position is an invaluable tool.

o Using examples enhances you’re meaning and makes your

ideas concrete. They are the proof.