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MATH 4-6

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
In any expression that has more than one operation:
1. Do what is within the parenthesis first. (or braces/brackets, exponents)
2. Then, do multiplication or division operations in order from left to right.
3. Finally, do addition or subtraction in order from left to right.
Example 1. 12 + 4 x 3 = 12 + 4 x 3
= 12 + 12
= 24
Example 2. 15 – 8 ÷ 2 = 15 – 8 ÷ 2
= 15 – 4
= 11
Example 3. 42 ÷ 6 – 3 x 2 = 42 ÷ 6 – 3 x 2
=7–6
=1
Example 4. (32 – 8 x 3) + 10 ÷ 5 = (32 – 8 x 3) + 10 ÷ 5
= (32 – 24) + 10 ÷ 5
= 8 + 10 ÷ 5
=8+2
= 10
Example 5. 2 x (15 – 3 + 6) ÷ (15 + 3 – 6)
= 2 x (15 – 3 + 6) ÷ (15 + 3 – 6)
= 2 x (12 + 6) ÷ (18 – 6)
= 2 x 18 ÷ 12
= 36 ÷12
=3

AVERAGE
To find the average of a set of numbers, simply get the sum of all the numbers and then divide the
sum by the number of the addends.

Example 1.
If your grades in Mathematics for first, second, third, and fourth grading are 86, 88, 90, and 92
respectively. What is your average grade in mathematics?

Solution:
356
Sum: 86 + 88 + 90 + 92 = 356 Average grade =
4

= 89
Example 2.
Your average grade in 4 major subjects is 90. What is your grade in Mathematics if your
grades in Filipino, English, and Science are 84, 88, and 92 respectively?

Solution: Average x 4 = sum of grades in 4 subjects

90 x 4 = 360

Mathematics + Filipino + English + Science = 360

Mathematics + 84 + 88 + 92 = 360
Mathematics + 264 = 360
Mathematics = 360 - 264
Mathematics = 96

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POWERS AND EXPONENTS
Exponent tells how many times the factor (base) is to be multiplied by itself.
Example 1.
3⁴ =3x3x3x3 = 81
Example 2.
2⁴ + 4⁴ = (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) + (4 x 4) = 16 + 16 = 32
Example 3.
5 cube plus 6 square = 53 + 62 = (5 x 5 x 5) + (6 x 6) = 125 + 36 = 161

Exponent Form Factor Form Standard Form

8³ 8x8x8 512

MULTIPLES
The multiple of a number is obtained by multiplying the number by another whole number other
than 0.

Example
Question 1: What is the 8th multiple of 15?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 15 x 8 = 120

Question 2: Is 117 a multiple of 13?

Solution: 117 ÷ 13 = 9, remainder 0. Answer: Yes

FACTORS
Factors are integers that can be exactly divided into another integer.
Factors are numbers (letters also) to be multiplied to get a product.
Question 1: What are the factors of 12?
Solution:
1 x 12
2x6
3x4
Factors = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
Question 2: What is the sum of all the factors of 24?
Solution:
1 x 24
2 x 12
3x8
4x6
Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24
Sum: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 24 = 60

DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility by
when the ones digit of a number is an even number or 0
2
Examples: 20, 32, 44, 56, 68
when the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 3
3 Question: Is 243 divisible by 3?
Solution: 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 9 ÷ 3 = 3 remainder 0 Answer: Yes!
- when the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
- when the last two digits are both 0
4
Question: Is 436 divisible by 4?
Solution: 436 36 ÷ 4 = 9 remainder 0 Answer: Yes!
when the ones digit of a number is 0 or 5
5
Examples: 10, 15, 205, 1000
when the number is divisible by both 2 and 3
6 Question: Is 282 divisible by 6?
Solution 1: by 2? --- 282 ends with an even number therefore it’s divisible.

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 Solution 2: by 3? --- 2 + 8 + 2 = 12, 12 ÷ 3 = 4 remainder 0, therefore it’s
divisible
Final solution: Since 282 is divisible by 2 and 3, therefore it is also divisible
by 6.
when the difference between the doubled last digit of a number and the
number formed by the remaining digits results in a multiple of 7
7 Question: Is 182 divisible by 7?
Solution: 182 = 18 - 2(2)
= 18 - 4 = 14 is a multiple of 7 Answer: Yes!
- when the last three digits are all 0
- when the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8
8
Question: Is 5,720 divisible by 8?
Solution: 5720 ----- 720 ÷ 8 = 90 remainder 0 Answer: Yes!
when the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9
Question: Is 3,132 divisible by 9?
9
Solution: 3,132 ----- 3 + 1 + 3 + 2 = 9 ----- 9 ÷ 9 = 1, remainder 0
Answer: Yes!
10 when the ones digit of a number is 0
when the difference between the sum of the digits in the odd places and the
sum of the digits in the even places is either 0 or a multiple of 11
Question: Is 497,596 divisible by 11?
Solution: odd places = 4, 7, and 9 even places = 9, 5,
11 and 6
=4+7+9=9+5+6 = 20
= 20
20 – 20 = 0
Answer: Yes!

PRIME NUMBERS – numbers with only 2 factors; 1 and itself.

Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, ...

COMPOSITE NUMBERS – numbers with 3 more factors.

All even numbers are composite numbers except for number 2.

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF) - the largest common/same factor of two or more numbers.
Example 1. Find the GCF of 24 and 32.
Solution: 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
32: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
GCF of 24 and 32 is 8

Example 2. Find the GCF of 36 and 54.

Solution:

↓
2 x 3 x 3 = 18 (GCF)

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) - smallest number that is divisible by each of two or more
numbers.
Find the LCM of 15, 20, and 30.
Solution 1: 15: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, ...
20: 20, 40, 60, 80, ...
30: 30, 60, 90, ...
LCM of 15, 20, and 30 is 60

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 Solution 2:

→ 5 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 = 60 (LCM)

Mixed
Proper Improper
Number
FRACTIONS – part of a whole.
– contains 3 parts; numerator, denominator, and fraction bar

Improper fraction – numerator is greater than denominator

Proper fraction – numerator is less than denominator
Mixed number – combination of a fraction and a whole number
Equivalent fraction – different fraction but the same or equal in value.
2 6 4 12 60 8 4 2
Examples: a. = b. 7 = = c. = =
5 15 21 105 12 6 3

Comparing Fractions
6 7 6 7 7
Question: Which is greater, or ? Solution: Answer:
15 12 15 12 12
(6)(12) (7)(15)
72 < 105
Addition And Subtraction of Similar Fractions

Addition And Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions

3 1
a. + (Get the LCD) Solution: 2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... 5: 5,
5 2
10, 15, ...
3 1 6+5 11 1
+ = = or 1
10
5 2 10 10

4 3 16 + 15 1
b. – = =
5 4 20 20
Multiplication of Fractions
- Multiply the numerators - Multiply the denominators - Make it in simplest
form

Division of Fractions
- Get the reciprocal of the divisor and change division into multiplication
- Follow the steps in multiplication of fractions

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PERIMETER
Perimeter - distance around the polygon.
Polygon - closed plane figure bounded by straight sides

Question 1: What is the perimeter of a triangle whose sides measure 4 cm, 7cm, and 9cm?
Formula: a + b + c
Solution: Perimeter = 4cm + 7cm + 9cm a c
= 20 cm

Question 2: What is the perimeter of the square below?

Formula: 4s
Solution: Perimeter = 4 (10cm)
= 40 cm

Question 3: What is the perimeter of a rectangle if its length and width is 12 cm and 8 cm?
Formula: 2L + 2W
Solution: Perimeter = 2L + 2W
= 2 (12 cm) + 2 (8 cm)
= 24 cm + 16 cm
= 40 cm
Question 4: What is the perimeter of an octagon if each of its sides measures 7 m?
Formula: 8s
Solution: = 8 (7 m)
= 56 m

AREA
Area - total space taken up by a flat surface or shape of an object

Question: What is the area of a square with sides of 5 inches?

Formula: s²
Solution: = 5 in²
= 25 in²

Question: What is the area of the figure below?

1
Formula: (2) (𝑏₁ + 𝑏₂) (ℎ)

1
Solution: = (5cm + 12cm) (4cm)
2
1
= (17cm) (4cm)
2
1
= (17cm) (4cm)
2
= 34 cm²

Question: What is the area of a circle given that its radius is 14 meters?
Formula: πr²
Solution: = (3.14) (14 m) ²
= (3.14) 196 m²
= 615.44 m²

RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ratio - comparison of two quantities
Proportion - is equality between two ratios.

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Kinds of Proportion
Direct Proportion – the change in one quantity produces a change in the other quantity in the
same direction.
Partitive Proportion – the number is partitioned into different parts to solve the given problem.
Inverse Proportion – a change in one quantity produces a change in another quantity in a different
direction.

Means and Extremes – these are the terms of a proportion.

Example 1. Direct Proportion

Question: If 2 notebooks cost ₱90, how much would 10 notebooks cost?

Steps 1. Multiply the extremes

2. Multiply the means
3. Equate the product of the extremes by the product of the means
4. Find the unknown

Solution: 2 : ₱90 = 10 : N N is the cost of 10 apples

2×N = 10 × 90
2N = 900 → 2N = 900 → 𝑁 = 450
2 2

Example 2. Partitive Proportion

Question: 30 candies have to be divided between group A and group B in the ratio 3 : 7. How
many candies will each group receive?

Solution:
Steps 1. Get the sum of the terms: 3+7 = 10
2. Get the number of each share
Let x be the same number of shares 3x + 7x = 30
3. Add the shares of the 2 groups 10x = 30
10𝑥 30
4. Solve for x – x=3
10 10
5. Find for the share of each group using x = 3
Group A = 3x Group B = 7x
= 3 (3) = 7 (3)
= 9 candies = 21 candies

Example 3. Inverse Proportion

Question: 5 people can finish cleaning a room in 2 hours. In how many hours can 3 people finish
cleaning the same room?
Given: A = 5 persons B = 2 hours C = 3 persons D=x
x – is the unknown number of hours

Solution:
A:B=C:D
10 3𝑥 1
AxB=CxD 10 = 3x = 𝑥 = 33
3 3

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 Answer: x = 3 hours and 20 minutes

SIGNED NUMBERS – refers to positive and negative numbers

Negative: -4°C, -10
Positive: 35°C, 100

Comparing Signed Numbers

Zero is neither positive nor negative.
As you move to the right, the number gets bigger.
As you move to the left, the number gets smaller.

Example 1: -5 < 1

Example 2: 3 > -4

Example 3: 0 < -1

STATISTICS
– collection, organization, and analysis of information in the form of numbers

Frequency Table – lists a set of values and how often each one appears
Bar Graph – graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to illustrate frequencies
Pictograph – uses symbols and pictures to represent basic units of data
Pie Graph / Circle Graph – uses pie slices to show relative sizes of data
Line Graph – used to show how something changes over time

MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE

Mean – the sum of all the number divided by the addends
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Example: Find the mean of the scores Rona obtained from her 5 subjects: 90, 91, 94, 92, 90.
Solution: Add all the grades - 90 + 91 + 94 + 92 + 90 = 457
Divide the sum by the number of addends - 457 ÷ 5 = 91.4

Answer: The average of Rona’s score is 91.40.

Median – the middle number when the numbers are arranged in order
Example 1: Find the median of the scores 12, 15, 17, 36, 20, 12, 13.
Solution: Arrange the numbers in ascending order - 12, 12, 13, 15,17, 20, 36

Answer: 15 is the median of the scores.

Example 2: Find the median of the scores 20, 10, 30, 40, 50, 30, 60, 80.
Solution: Arrange the numbers in ascending order - 10, 20, 30, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80
Get the average of two middles - (30 + 40) ÷ 2
- 70 ÷ 2 = 35
Answer: The median of the scores is 35.

Mode – the number that appear most often

Example 1: Find the mode of the numbers 10, 11, 23, 23, 25, 34, 45.
Solution: 10, 11, 23, 23, 25, 34, 45

Answer: The number 23 appeared twice. Therefore, the mode of the numbers is 23.

Example 2: Find the mode of the numbers 90, 91, 91, 91, 92, 92, 94, 94, 94.
Solution: 90, 91, 91, 91, 92, 92, 94, 94, 94

Answer: The numbers 91 and 94 appeared thrice. Therefore, the modes of the numbers are 91
and 94.

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