𝑅𝑅1𝑅𝑅2 1 1 1 1 1

1a. Rt = 2b. = + + +
𝑅𝑅2+ 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 20 30 40 50

8𝑥𝑥12 1
Rt = 12+8 = 0.05 + 0.033 + 0.025 + 0.02
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

1
Rt = 4.8Ω, ans. = 0.128
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Rt = 7.81 Ω
1b. 𝑅𝑅= R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 4.8 Ω 1 1 1 1
2c. = + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 20 30 40000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
= 0.05 + 0.033 + 0.000025
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 6
= 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
= 0.0830025
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅
Rt =
6 Rt = 12.05 Ω
4.8
Rt = = 0.8Ω
6

3.
20𝑥𝑥4000
1c. Rt =
20+ 4000

80000
Rt = 4020
=19.9 Ω,ans

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
1000000𝑥𝑥1500000 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 5 15 10 20
1d. Rt =
1000000+15000000
1
= 0.2 + 0.067 + 0.1+ 0.05
1.5𝑥𝑥1012 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Rt = 2.5𝑥𝑥106
= 600000Ω
1
= 0.417
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Rt = 2.4 Ω

1 1 1 1
2a. = + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 20 30 40
1 1 1
4. = +
1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
= 0.05 + 0.033 + 0.025
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 1 1
= +
1 12 20 𝑅𝑅
= 0.108
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 1 1
= - = 0.083 – 0.05 = 0.033
𝑅𝑅 12 20
Rt = 9.23 Ω
1
R = 0.033 = 30 Ω
5. 𝑅𝑅= R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 120K Ω 8.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 16 24 32

Rt = 7.38 Ω
1 6
=
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 120𝐾𝐾Ω Et = It x Rt
120𝐾𝐾Ω
Rt = = 20𝐾𝐾 Ω @ 10% tolerance, Et = 5.2A x 7.41 Ω
6

6pcs, @ 120K Ω, ans. Et = E = 38.4 V, ans.

38.4𝑉𝑉
I1 = =2.4 Amps.,ans.
16Ω

6. 38.4𝑉𝑉
I2= =1.6 Amps.,ans.
24Ω

38.4𝑉𝑉
I3= =1.2 Amps.,ans.
32Ω

9.
It = I1 + I2

I1 = I2 + I3

3 = 1 + I3

I3 = 3 – 1
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 500 200 100 50
I3 = 2 Amps. ,ans.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rt = 27.03 Ω
7. = + + + + + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅5 𝑅𝑅6 𝑅𝑅7
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
It =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

120𝑉𝑉
It = = 4.44 Amps. ,ans.
27.03 Ω

120𝑉𝑉
I1 =500 Ω = 0.24 Amps. ,ans.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + 120𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
I2 = = 0.6 Amps. ,ans.
200 Ω
1
= 0.05 + 0.033 + 0.025 + 0.02 +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 120𝑉𝑉
0.016 + 0.0125 + 0.01 I3= = 1.2 Amps. ,ans.
100 Ω

120𝑉𝑉
Rt = 6 Ω ,ans I4= = 2.4 Amps. ,ans.
50 Ω
10. 11b. solve the circuits shown for the
unknowns:
Given:

Solution:

ET = E1 = E2 = E4
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
It = ET = E4 = I4R4
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

120𝑉𝑉 ET = 3 A x 100 Ω
It = =0.8 Amps.
100Ω+50Ω ET = 300 V, ans.

Eout = It x R2 I1 =
𝐸𝐸1
=
300𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅1 300Ω

Eout = 0.8 Ax 50Ω = 40 V @ SW open, ans.

I1 = 1 A, ans.
1
R23= 1 1 =25 Ω
+
50 50
IT = I1 + I2+ I4
120𝑉𝑉
It = =0.96 Amps. IT = 1 A + 2 A+ 3 A
100Ω+25

Eout = It x R23 IT = 6 A, ans.

Eout = 0.96 Ax 25Ω = 24 V @ SW closed, ans.

𝐸𝐸2 300𝑉𝑉
R2= =
𝐼𝐼2 2𝐴𝐴

R2= 150 Ω, ans.

11a. solve the circuits shown for the
unknowns:
1
Given: RT = 1 1 1 = 50 Ω, ans.
+ +
300 150 100

OR
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 300𝑉𝑉
RT= = = 50 Ω, ans.
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 6𝐴𝐴

11c.
Solution:

1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 75 200 50 100 120

Rt = 17.65 Ω, ans.

120𝑉𝑉 11a 11b

IT = =6.8 Amps.,ans.
17.65Ω
12. Three resistors are connected in parallel as shown in the given figure. Calculate: Line voltage,
line current, current drawn across R3, resistance of R2 and total resistance.

Given:
I2 = 2 A
I1 = 3 A
R1 = 100 Ω
R3 = 300 Ω

Required:
ET
IT
I3
R2
RT

Solution:

ET = E1 = E2 = E3

ET = E1 = I1R1

ET = 3 A x 100 Ω
ET = 300 V, ans.
𝐸𝐸3 300𝑉𝑉
I3 = =
𝑅𝑅3 300Ω

I3 = 1 A, ans.

IT = I1 + I2+ I3

IT = 3 A + 2 A+ 1 A

IT = 6 A, ans.

𝐸𝐸2 300𝑉𝑉
R2= =
𝐼𝐼2 2𝐴𝐴

R2= 150 Ω, ans.

1
RT = 1 1 1 = 50 Ω, ans.
+ +
100 150 300

OR
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 300𝑉𝑉
RT= = = 50 Ω, ans.
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 6𝐴𝐴
13. Three resistors A, B and C are connected in parallel and take a total of 7.9 Amp.
Resistor A takes 300 V.A. And has a resistance of 48Ω, the current through B is twice as
much as that through C. Calculate: Line voltage, IA, IB, Ic, RB and RC.

Given:
IT = 7.9 A
PA = 300 V.A.
RA = 48Ω
IB = 2IC

Required:
Line voltage
IA
IB
Ic
RB
RC.

Solution:

ET = EA = EB = EC

EA = IARA

But,
PA = 300 V.A.
PA = IA 2RA
300 = IA 248
IA = 2.5 A, ans

EA = 2.5A(48Ω)
EA = 120V, ans.

IT = IA + IB + IC
7.9=2.5+2IC+IC
120
IC =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

120
7.9=2.5+3
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

RC = 66.67Ω, ans.
120𝑉𝑉
IC =
66.67Ω

IC = 1.8A, ans

IB = 2IC
IB = 2(1.8A)
IB = 3.6A, ans.
120𝑉𝑉
RB =
3.6𝐴𝐴
RB = 33.33Ω, ans.
14. Solve for RT if RA is 8Ω resistor, RB has 4 Amp. Current draw, RC has 42.67 V.A. of power while
they are connected side by side and the whole circuit is consuming 138.67 V.A.

Given:
RA = 8Ω
IB = 4 A
PC = 42.67 V.A.

Required:
RT = ?

Solution:

IT = IA + IB + IC
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
It =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

138.67 𝑉𝑉.𝐴𝐴.
IT =
E

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
IA =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
IA =
8Ω

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
IC =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

42.67 𝑉𝑉.𝐴𝐴.
IC =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

138.67 𝑉𝑉.𝐴𝐴. 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 42.67 𝑉𝑉.𝐴𝐴.

= + 4A +
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 8Ω 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

But, ET = EA = EB = EC and by multiplying the equation both side by 8E

E2 + 32 E - 768 = 0

( E – 16 ) ( E + 48 ) = 0

If E = 16 V If E = -48 V
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
RB = 4𝐴𝐴
RB = 4𝐴𝐴

16𝑉𝑉 −48𝑉𝑉
RB = 4𝐴𝐴
= 4 Omhs RB = 4𝐴𝐴
= -12 Omhs

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸² 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸²
RC = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
RC = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

16²𝑉𝑉 −48²𝑉𝑉
RC = 42.67 V.A.
= 6 Omhs RC = 42.67 V.A.
= 54 Omhs

1 1
RT = 1 1 1 = 1.84 Omhs, ans. RT = 1 1 1 = 16.62 Omhs, ans.
+ + − +
8 4 6 8 12 54
 DC SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS

15. Solve for RT, IT, E1, E2, E3, I2 , I3 16. Solve for RT, IT, I1 , I2, E2, E3

100 Ω 200 Ω
12V 100 Ω
12 V
300 Ω
200 Ω 300 Ω

Solution:
Solution:
𝑅𝑅1{𝑅𝑅2+𝑅𝑅3}
𝑅𝑅2{𝑅𝑅3} RT =
RT = R1 + 𝑅𝑅2+𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1+{𝑅𝑅2+𝑅𝑅3}

100{200+300}
RT = 100 + 200+300
200{300} RT = 100+{200+300}

RT = 220 Ω, ans. RT = 83.33 Ω, ans.

12𝑉𝑉
IT =
12𝑉𝑉 IT = 83.33Ω
220Ω

IT = 54.55 mA, ans. IT = 144 mA, ans.

𝐸𝐸
I1 =
E1 = IT R1 𝑅𝑅1
12𝑉𝑉
E1 = 54.55x10-3(100) I1 = 100Ω

E1 = 5.45 V, ans. I1 = 120 mA, ans.

E2 = E3 = E23 = ET - E1
𝐸𝐸
I2 = I3 = I23 = 𝑅𝑅2+𝑅𝑅3
E23 = 12 - 5.45
12𝑉𝑉
E23 = 6.55 V, ans. I23 = {200+300}Ω

I23 = 24 mA, ans.

𝐸𝐸2
I2 = 𝑅𝑅2

I2 =
6.55𝑉𝑉 E2 = I23 R2
200Ω
E2 = 24x10-3(200)
I2 = 32.75 mA, ans.
E2 = 4.8 V, ans.
𝐸𝐸3
I3 = 𝑅𝑅3
E3 = I23 R3
6.55𝑉𝑉
I3 = 300Ω E3 = 24x10-3(300)
I3 = 21.83 mA, ans. E3 = 7.2 V, ans.
17. Solve for RT, voltage drop of each resistor and the total current flowing in the circuit.

Solution:

𝑅𝑅2{𝑅𝑅3+𝑅𝑅4}
RT = R1 + 𝑅𝑅2+{ 𝑅𝑅3+𝑅𝑅4}

130{120+100}
RT = 470 + 130+{ 120+100}

RT = 551.7 Ω, ans.

12𝑉𝑉
IT = 551.7Ω

IT = 21.75 mA, ans.

E1 = IT R1

E1 = 21.75x10-3(470)

E1 = 10.22 V, ans.

E2 = E34 = ET - E1

E2 = 12- 10.22

E2 = 1.78 V, ans.

𝐸𝐸2
I3 = I4 = I34 = 𝑅𝑅3+𝑅𝑅4

1.78𝑉𝑉
I34 = 120Ω+100Ω

I34 = 8.09 mA

E3 = I3 R3

E3 = 8.09x10-3(120)

E3 = 0.97 V, ans.

KVL Ohm’s Law

E4 = E2 – E3 E4 = I4 R4

E4 = 1.78 - 0.97 E4 = 8.09x10-3(100)

E4 = 0.81 V, ans. E4 = 0.81 V, ans.

 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅₁ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅₂ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅₃ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
 𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂) 𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂)
Ra + Rc = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ - Rc

𝑅𝑅₁(𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃) 𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁)
Ra + Rb = 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃ But, Rc = 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ - Rb

𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁) 𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂) 𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁)

Rb + Rc = 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ - { 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ - Rb}

𝑅𝑅₁(𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃)
Rb = 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃ - Ra

𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂) 𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁) 𝑅𝑅₁(𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃)

Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ - { 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ - ( 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃ - Ra)}

𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂) 𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁) 𝑅𝑅₁(𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃)

Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ - 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ + ( 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃ - Ra)

𝑅𝑅₃(𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂) 𝑅𝑅₂(𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁) 𝑅𝑅₁(𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃)

2Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ - 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁ + 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃

𝑅𝑅₃𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₃𝑅𝑅₂ 𝑅𝑅₂𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₂𝑅𝑅₁ 𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₃

2Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂
- 𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁
+ 𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₃

𝑅𝑅₃𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₃𝑅𝑅₂−𝑅𝑅₂𝑅𝑅₃−𝑅𝑅₂𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₂+𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₃
2Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂

2(𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₃)
2Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂

𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₃ 𝑅𝑅₁𝑅𝑅₂ 𝑅𝑅₂𝑅𝑅₃

Ra = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ Rb = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂ Rc = 𝑅𝑅₃+𝑅𝑅₁+𝑅𝑅₂

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

R₁ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
R₂ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
R₃ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅