36 12 ...

Notes and specifications for tyre / wheel exchange

General:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be the same on one axle
To meet the BMW standards, the vehicle should be equipped with tyres from the same manufacturer and with
the same tyre tread (tyres approved by BMW) on all 4 wheels
The difference in tyre tread depth on one axle must not exceed 2 mm (control quality of suspension control
systems and wheel alignment requirement)
The tyres with the higher tread depths must be mounted on the rear axle
The DOT age difference must not exceed 4 years
The tyre pressure must be adjusted when the tyres are exchanged
Wheel exchange between the axles
The wheels may be exchanged between axles to achieve even abrasion. However, BMW does not
recommend switching the front wheels to the rear or vice-versa.
The wheel exchange may lead to the following customer complaints:
complaints regarding acoustics
Risk of increased lane groove sensitivity
Compliance with the following requirements is required when exchanging wheels between the axles:
Assess the wear pattern
The tread difference between the front and rear wheels must not exceed a maximum of 2-3 mm
Exchange the wheels between the axles every 5000 Km

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Additionally for all-wheel drive vehicles:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be identical on all wheels; different tyre sizes between front and
rear axles are only permissible if mixed tyres are fitted.
The tyre tread difference between tyres in all wheel positions must not exceed 2 mm (normal quality of the
wheel control systems and wheel alignment requirement)
36 10 300 Remove or install front or rear wheel

WARNING
Vehicle may slip off the vehicle hoist if the vehicle hoist is handled incorrectly.

Danger! Life-threatening injuries!

Observe safety information on raising the vehicle using a vehicle hoist.
For additional information see: 00 ... Raising the vehicle using a vehicle hoist.

1 – Removing the wheel

If several wheels are removed simultaneously: Use a piece of chalk to mark on
each tyre the axle and side on which the corresponding wheel is fitted.
Unscrew the wheel bolts (arrows) and remove the wheel.
Use the matching adapter from tool set (wheel bolt adapter set) to loosen and
tighten down the wheel bolt with security code.

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2 – Mounting the wheel

▶ Clean the contact surfaces between the brake disc and the wheel rim

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The contact surface between the brake disc and the wheel rim must be clean
and free from oil and grease. There is otherwise a risk of the wheel
becoming loose at a later time.

Remove dirt, grease residues and corrosion from the contact surface with a drill
and the special tool 2 344 011.
Do not operate special tool 2 344 011 with an impact screwdriver.
Degrease the contact surfaces with the universal cleaner (see BMW Group
Parts).
In the event of grease residue in the area of the wheel bolt holes, remove and
clean the brake disc.
Remove dirt, grease residues and corrosion from the contact surface with a drill
and the special tool 2 344 011.
Do not operate special tool 2 344 011 with an impact screwdriver.
Degrease the contact surfaces with the universal cleaner (see BMW Group
Parts).
 Renew mounting bolt (1).
Parts: Mounting bolt
Check that the mounting bolt (1) for the brake disc is securely seated.
The mounting bolt (1) for the brake disc may not protrude under any
circumstances on the contact surface (2) between the brake disc and the wheel
rim.
Brake disc to rear wheel hub
M8 Renew screw. Tightening torque 16 Nm

Brake disc to front wheel hub

M8 Renew screw. Tightening torque 16 Nm

Lightly grease the wheel centring (1) in the wheel rim; refer to additional
information for grease for the wheel centring (1).

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Never use impact screwdrivers or electric screwdrivers to screw in and
tighten the wheel bolts.
The wheel rim must rest uniformly against the brake disc.
In the case of non-original BMW wheel bolts/wheel rims, it may be necessary
to retighten the wheel bolts on account of setting properties (refer to the
documentation from the manufacturer).
Do not apply oil to new wheel bolts.

Renew corroded wheel bolts.

Parts: Wheel bolts
Clean the wheel bolts.
Check the wheel bolts and threads for damage, renew the wheel bolts if
necessary.
Join and tighten the wheel bolts (arrows).
Wheel bolts
M 14/AF 17 Screw in wheel bolts and Tightening torque 140 Nm
evenly tighten crosswise by
hand in order to centre the
wheel rim.
Tighten wheel bolts to the
prescribed tightening torque
with a calibrated torque
wrench in a crosswise Check 140 Nm
sequence.
Check all the wheel bolts in
the same order or retighten to
the prescribed tightening
torque again.
3 – Resetting the RDC

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The tyre pressure control monitors the tyre pressure in all four wheels.
Each tyre incorporates a wheel electronics module, which constantly monitors the tyre pressure.
The system signals when the tyre pressure drops in one or more tyres.
The reset must be carried out in each case immediately after tyre pressure has been corrected, after tyres/wheels have been
changed and after repairs to the air spring system.
Please refer to the corresponding motor vehicle's Owner's Handbook for details on the reset procedure.

Reset the RDC.

Additional Information

Overview of Tightening Torques

Brake disc to rear wheel hub Used in step 2

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M8 Renew screw. Tightening torque 16 Nm

Brake disc to front wheel hub Used in step 2

M8 Renew screw. Tightening torque 16 Nm

Wheel bolts Used in step 2

M 14/AF 17 Screw in wheel bolts and evenly tighten Tightening torque 140 Nm
crosswise by hand in order to centre the wheel
rim.
Tighten wheel bolts to the prescribed tightening
torque with a calibrated torque wrench in a
crosswise sequence. Check 140 Nm
Check all the wheel bolts in the same order or
retighten to the prescribed tightening torque
again.

Overview of Special Tools

2 344 011 Tool
Common Used in step 2

Tool (wheel hub grinder) for cleaning the connection of the

Usage
wheel rim (wheel contact face) to the wheel hub.
Included in the tool or
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number 08 08 12 (872)

Replacement tools:
0 495 221 (36 1 323) Wheel stud
Common Used in step 1

(Code 30) Code 39 available separately, (see EPC)

Usage under 36 13 1 181 259
Included in the tool or
0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 224 (36 1 326) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

Usage (Code 33) With centring bore available separately, (see

EPC) under 36 13 6 765 546

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Included in the tool or 0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 225 (36 1 327) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

Usage (Code 34) With centring bore available separately (see

EPC) under 36 13 6 765 547
Included in the tool or
0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 226 (36 1 328) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

Usage (Code 35) With centring bore available separately, (see

EPC) under 36 13 6 762 340
Included in the tool or 0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number
0 495 227 (36 1 329) Wheel stud
Common Used in step 1

(Code 36) With centring bore available separately (see

Usage
EPC) under 36 13 6 762 341
Included in the tool or
0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 228 (36 1 331) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

(Code 37) With centring bore available separately (see

Usage
EPC) under 36 13 6 762 342
Included in the tool or
0 492 518
work

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Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 229 (36 1 332) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

Usage (Code 38) With centring bore available separately (see

EPC) under 36 13 6 762 343
Included in the tool or
0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

0 495 230 (36 1 333) Wheel stud

Common Used in step 1

Usage (Code 40) With centring bore available separately (see

EPC) under 36 13 6 762 344
Included in the tool or 0 492 518
work
Storage location
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number

Links
Operating materials Used in step
2.0 Grease for wheel centring 2

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36 10 300 Remove or install front or rear wheel

Special tools required:

36 2 020
81 25 2 344 011
0 492 518

Attention!
The wheel is balanced electronically.
Observe safety information on raising the vehicle.
Observe the instructions on initialisation of the Run Flat Indicator.
During the installation of all four wheels (e.g. when changing from
summer to winter wheels), the tyre pressure must be checked!
Observe the notes on tolerance compensation for the tyre pressure
control!
To avoid tyre damage, advise the customer to check the tyre pressure
on a regular basis (see Owner's Handbook)!

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Follow instructions on initialisation of the Run Flat Indicator.

Observe the following procedure to prevent clamping error and imbalance:

Loosen the wheel studs.
The wheel is positioned such that the valve is pointing to the bottom.
If several wheels are removed simultaneously, mark each tyre with a
piece of chalk to show the axle and side on which the corresponding
wheel is fitted.
Mark the alignment of the wheel with respect to the wheel hub.
Mark the position of the lockable wheel bolt.
Loosen the wheel bolts and remove the wheel.

Attention!
Contact surfaces between:
Brake disc and wheel rim
Brake disc and wheel hub must be clean and free from oil and
grease.

Remove dirt, grease residues and corrosion from contact surface with a drill
and special tool81 25 2 344 011 .Attention!
Do not operate special tool 81 25 2 344 011 with an impact
screwdriver!

Note:
Degrease the contact surfaces using universal cleaner, refer to BMW Group
Parts department.
The brake disc must be removed and cleaned if grease residue is found in
the area of the bore holes for the wheel stud holes.
Remove dirt, grease residues and corrosion from contact surface with a drill
and special tool 81 25 2 344 011 .Attention!
Do not operate special tool 81 25 2 344 011 with an impact
screwdriver!

Note:
Degrease contact surface with universal cleaner, refer to BMW Group Parts.

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Check for firm fit of the brake discs retaining screw (1). Attention!
On no account must the mounting bolt (1) protrude over contact
surface (2) between brake disc and wheel rim.
Front axle:
Tightening torque 34 11 1AZ.
Rear axle:
Tightening torque 34 21 1AZ.

Grease wheel centring (1) in the wheel rim.

Refer to BMW Operating Fluids, Main Group 36.
Front and rear wheel hub in the area (1) is coated with thin layer of grease for
the protection against corrosion.
Refer to BMW Operating Fluids, Main Group 36.

Note:
User matching adapter from tool set 0 492 518 (wheel stud adapter set) to
release and tighten down the wheel stud with security code.

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Attention!
Under no circumstances use pneumatic or electric screwdrivers to
screw in and tighten the wheel bolts.
Do not apply oil to new wheel bolts.

Installation note:
Clean wheel bolts and check threads for damage, renew if necessary.
Renew corroded wheel bolts.

Attention!
The wheel rim must rest uniformly against the brake disc.
In the case of non-original BMW wheel studs/rims it may be necessary
to retighten the wheel studs on account of setting properties (refer to
manufacturer's documents).

Tightening specifications:
1. Screw in wheel bolts and evenly tighten crosswise by hand in order to
centre the wheel rim.
2. Tighten down wheel studs in crosswise sequence with a calibrated
torque wrench to prescribed tightening torque 36 10 1AZ.
3. Check all the wheel bolts in the same order or retighten to the
prescribed tightening torque again.
36 10 108 Stationary wheel balancing
Prerequisite
Wheel removed.

PRELIMINARY WORK

MAIN WORK

1 – Stationary wheel balancing

Procedure for stationary wheel balancing must be taken from the
relevant operating instructions issued by the balancing machine
manufacturer!
On light-alloy rims with distinctive J-shape rim flange, proceed as follows.
Gently push off tyre sidewall from rim flange at the appropriate point using
special tool 0 492 516 (36 1 020).
Insert retaining clip (1).
Remove special tool 0 492 516 (36 1 020).

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Procedure for aluminium rim.
Lift retaining clip using special tool 2 451 684.
Slide balance weight underneath and allow it to engage.

Procedure for steel rims.

Lift retaining clip using special tool 2 451 684.
Slide balance weight underneath and allow it to engage.

When using adhesive weights, proceed as follows.

Carefully remove any adhesive weights.
Do not damage rim when doing so.
Select suitable bonding surface on the wheel rim.
Thoroughly clean bonding surface.

Additional Information

Overview of Special Tools

Overview of Special Tools
0 492 516 (36 1 020) Pliers
Common Used in step 1

Usage (tyre clamp) For compressing the tyre sidewalls during

fitting or removal of the retaining spring
Included in the tool or
work
Storage location Individual
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number 01 01 96 (034)

2 451 684 Fitting aid

Common Used in step 1

For lifting the retaining spring during the installation of the

Usage balance weight. Suitable for light-alloy rim with distinctive
rim flange and steel rims.
Included in the tool or
work

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Storage location Individual
Replaced by
In connection with
SI-Number 07 02 17 (495)
36 10 508 Stationary wheel balancing

Special tools required:

36 1 010
36 1 020

Necessary preliminary tasks:

Remove wheel

Important!
Use only BMW-approved balance weights.

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Remove any fitted balancing weights, stones in tread pattern and larger dirt
contaminations.
Check tyre pressure and tyre for condition, damage, flat spots (irregularities
caused by e.g. parking of vehicle with tyres which have run hot). If necessary,
check wheel and tyre for radial and lateral runout.

Use BMW-approved wheel centring elements of relevant balancing machine

manufacturers.
1. Basic flange
2. Wheel centring element
3. Type flange
4. Clamping nut
Also refer to section on Workshop Equipment.

Important!
To avoid clamping errors, it will be necessary to fit the wheel on the
balancing machine in the same way (e.g. valve facing down) as it is then
fitted on the vehicle. Balance wheel in accordance with operating
instructions of relevant balancing machine.
On light-alloy rims with distinctive J-shape rim flange, proceed as follows:
1. Gently force off tyre sidewall with special tool 36 1 020 at appropriate
point from rim flange.
2. Install retaining clip (1).
3. Remove special tool 36 1 020 .

Raise retaining clip with special tool .36 1 010 Slide balance weight
underneath and allow it to snap into place.

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Arrangement of balance weights for light-alloy rims with distinctive J-shape
rim flanges.
1. Retaining spring
2. Balance weight
Adhesive weights must be used on all other light-alloy rims.
Max. imbalance per wheel.

Note:
When using adhesive weights, proceed as follows:
1. Carefully remove any adhesive weights. Do not damage wheel rim
when doing so.
2. Select suitable location for fitting.
3. Clean adhesive area thoroughly.
36 11 503 RDC resetting

Note:
RDC monitors the tyre pressure in the four wheels.
Each tyre incorporates an Wheel electronics module, which constantly
monitors the tyre pressure.
The system signals when the tyre pressure drops in one or more tyres.
Resetting must be carried out in each case immediately after tyre pressures
have been corrected, after tyres/wheels have been replaced and after repairs
to the air spring system.

Please refer to the relevant Owner's Handbook for details of the

resetting procedure.

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36 11 105 Removing and installing RDC (Tyre Pressure Control) control unit

Note:
The function of the RDC control unit is integrated in the DSC control unit!
The procedure is described in Removing and installing/replacing DSC
control unit.

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36 11 535 Removing and installing/replacing wheel electronics (RDCi)

Attention!
Before removing and refitting, check which generation of wheel
electronics is fitted! (See BMW Electronic Parts Catalogue)
If the wheel electronics have been removed, the complete valve must be
replaced.

Note:
The wheel electronics RDCi is installed as from 2013 and as from I01.

If a tyre sealant has been used, replace the wheel electronics.

When a tyre has been removed, do not clean the rim with installed wheel
electronics with high-pressure cleaning equipment.

Before the installation of new wheel electronics with valve, thoroughly clean
the valve bore of the wheel rim.
Do not treat wheel electronics with solvents, cleaning agents etc. If dirt
contaminationy, wipe with a clean cloth only.

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Do not clean wheel electronics with compressed air.

When tyre sealant is used, the installed wheel electronics must necessarily
be replaced.

Necessary preliminary tasks:

Remove tyre

Labelling of wheel electronics (RDCi)

1. FCC ID = radio authorisation
2. Pressure sensor
3. Data Matrixcode
4. Production date of wheel electronics
5. Transmission frequency
6. Wheel electronics ID
7. BMW part number

Note:
The following graphics only show removal and refitting of the RDCi wheel
electronics.
Removal:

Removing wheel electronics

Release union nut (1).

Remove wheel electronics and valve (1) from valve hole.

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Detach sealing ring (1) in the direction of the arrow.

Feed valve insert (1) in the direction of the arrow out of wheel electronics.
Installation:

Attention!
The valve must be renewed!
Failure to replace the part leads to leaks!
Before the installation of new wheel electronics with valve, thoroughly
clean the valve bore of the wheel rim!
Also make sure that the valve bore has been deburred.

Insert valve insert (1) in the direction of the arrow into wheel electronics.

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Fit sealing ring (1) in the direction of the arrow.

Insert valve insert with wheel electronics (1) into cleaned valve bore.
Both outer feet on the underside of the wheel electronics module must be
resting against the rim wall.
Screw on union nut (1) by hand as far as it will go.
Tighten union nut (1).
Tightening torque 36 11 1AZ.
Attention!
Fixing must not under any circumstances be retightened!
The wheel electronics should still be resting evenly against the wheel
rim after tightening.

Required follow-up work:

Fit tyre.

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36 11 003 Resetting the RDC
1 – Resetting the RDC

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
The tyre pressure control monitors the tyre pressure in all four wheels.
Each tyre incorporates a wheel electronics module, which constantly monitors the tyre pressure.
The system signals when the tyre pressure drops in one or more tyres.
The reset must be carried out in each case immediately after tyre pressure has been corrected, after tyres/wheels have been
changed and after repairs to the air spring system.
Please refer to the corresponding motor vehicle's Owner's Handbook for details on the reset procedure.

Reset the RDC.

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36 12 ... Notes and specifications for tyre / wheel exchange
General:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be the same on one axle
To meet the BMW standards, the vehicle should be equipped with tyres from the same manufacturer and with
the same tyre tread (tyres approved by BMW) on all 4 wheels
The difference in tyre tread depth on one axle must not exceed 2 mm (control quality of suspension control
systems and wheel alignment requirement)
The tyres with the higher tread depths must be mounted on the rear axle
The DOT age difference must not exceed 4 years
The tyre pressure must be adjusted when the tyres are exchanged
Wheel exchange between the axles
The wheels may be exchanged between axles to achieve even abrasion. However, BMW does not
recommend switching the front wheels to the rear or vice-versa.
The wheel exchange may lead to the following customer complaints:
complaints regarding acoustics
Risk of increased lane groove sensitivity
Compliance with the following requirements is required when exchanging wheels between the axles:
Assess the wear pattern
The tread difference between the front and rear wheels must not exceed a maximum of 2-3 mm
Exchange the wheels between the axles every 5000 Km

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Additionally for all-wheel drive vehicles:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be identical on all wheels; different tyre sizes between front and
rear axles are only permissible if mixed tyres are fitted.
The tyre tread difference between tyres in all wheel positions must not exceed 2 mm (normal quality of the
wheel control systems and wheel alignment requirement)
36 12 005 Replacing a run-flat technology or UHP tyres

Note:
Follow the tyre fitting machine manufacturer's operating instructions.
It is absolutely essential to ensure that the equipment is in proper working
condition and that there is no damage to the disc wheel and tyre.
Balance wheels after completing work.
UHP tyre = Ultra High Performance tyre
UHP tyres are tyres with an aspect ratio (H:B) ≤ 45% or tyres with a speed
index ≥”V”.

Attention!
For installation and removal work on run-flat tyres and/or UHP
tyres on certified and approved tyre fitting machines, the
following successful training for the "Certified BMW tyre fitter" is
required. (See BMW training programme)
.
For the installation run-flat tyres and/or UHP tyres, only tyre
fitting machines approved and certified by WDK

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(Wirtschaftsverband der deutschen Kautschukindustrie)
(German rubber industry) may be used.
Please refer to the operating instructions of the respective tyre
fitting machine for details of the exact fitting procedure.
.
Use only BMW-approved plastic-covered mounting levers!
.
Use only BMW-approved tyre-fitting paste.
.
For approved wheel and tyre combinations, tyre makes and
optional equipment, refer to KSD CD.
.
When tyre sealant is used, the installed wheel electronics must
necessarily be replaced.

Attention!
Pirelli tyres can happen to have two little holes in the tread pattern!
These two holes are production-related!
The presence of these two little holes in the tread pattern does
not represent a fault and does not affect the performance and the
efficiency of the tyres in any way!
Note:
Pay attention to different tyre markings:
Position (1) identification of BMW-approved tyres. Ensure that only
BMW-approved tyres are fitted.
Position (2) RSC is the abbreviation for Run-flat System Component
(runflat tyres).
Position (3) Outside means outer side. The tyre must be fitted so that
the wording Outside is always situated on the outside of the rim.

Attention!
Many tyres are directional!
The arrow on the tyre must point in the ”Forward” direction of rotation!

Attention!
Before removal:
Maintain tyre air temperature of approx. +23°C. Refer to
Recommendation for heating.
Clean wheel/tyre unit

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Remove valve insert (deflate tyre)
Remove present balance weight

Observe before installation:

Maintain tyre air temperature of approx. +23°C. Refer to
Recommendation for heating
Clean wheel/tyre
Check wheel rim for burrs, wear and other damage
Clean the tyre beads and check for evidence of damage.
Check the wheel electronics for damage.
The aluminium screw valve must be renewed at the disassembly of the
wheel electronics.
Filling/inflating tyre:
Remove all fitting aids.
Attention!
Possibilities for safely mounting the wheel or incorporation in inflation
apparatus should be utilised.
Observe instructions/conditions of trade association.
Observe national regulations!

Inflate with air (without valve insert).

Increase pressure up to 3.3 bar in stages (fitting pressure).
If the tyre bead does not slip fully past the rim edge all round, do not
under any circumstance increase the pressure.
If necessary, release air and force off tyre bead again.
Coat the rim edge and the tyre with tyre paste once again.
Inflate tyre again up to 3.3 bar.
When tyre beads are resting perfectly on rim shoulders, increase tyre
pressure to maximum 4.0 bar (settling pressure) to "settle" the tyre.
Screw in valve insert and correct the tyre pressure.

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Optimise the tyre bead (1) fit on the inside and the outer side after inflating
the tyre.
The tyre bead must lie flush against the wheel rim without air pockets. This
optimises the smooth running of the tyre.
Gently press in the tyre sidewall and the wheel rim with the unseating roller
(2).
Rotate the wheel, the air between the tyre and wheel rim escapes.
Balance the tyres.

Observe the notes on the initialisation of the tyre pressure control

(RDC).Attention!
Advise the customer to avoid heavy acceleration and heavy braking in
the initial period.
The assembly paste can cause the tyre to turn on the wheel rim and give
rise to imbalance.
36 12 ... Notes and specifications for tyre / wheel exchange
General:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be the same on one axle
To meet the BMW standards, the vehicle should be equipped with tyres from the same manufacturer and with
the same tyre tread (tyres approved by BMW) on all 4 wheels
The difference in tyre tread depth on one axle must not exceed 2 mm (control quality of suspension control
systems and wheel alignment requirement)
The tyres with the higher tread depths must be mounted on the rear axle
The DOT age difference must not exceed 4 years
The tyre pressure must be adjusted when the tyres are exchanged
Wheel exchange between the axles
The wheels may be exchanged between axles to achieve even abrasion. However, BMW does not
recommend switching the front wheels to the rear or vice-versa.
The wheel exchange may lead to the following customer complaints:
complaints regarding acoustics
Risk of increased lane groove sensitivity
Compliance with the following requirements is required when exchanging wheels between the axles:
Assess the wear pattern
The tread difference between the front and rear wheels must not exceed a maximum of 2-3 mm
Exchange the wheels between the axles every 5000 Km

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Additionally for all-wheel drive vehicles:
The tyre size, manufacturer and tyre tread must be identical on all wheels; different tyre sizes between front and
rear axles are only permissible if mixed tyres are fitted.
The tyre tread difference between tyres in all wheel positions must not exceed 2 mm (normal quality of the
wheel control systems and wheel alignment requirement)
36 00 ... Recommendation for heating tyres before removing or
installing
Recommendation for heating cold tyres to minimum installation temperature +15 °C:
To ensure injury-free tyre fitting, in particular the upper side wall and the upper tyre bead must have a temperature of
at least 15 °C on the inside.
To ensure easier tyre installation, a temperature of 20° to 25° C is recommended.
This internal temperature is called the core temperature.
Rubber is a poor conductor of heat. For this reason, a cold tyre must rest for a sufficient length of time in a warmed-
up environment until the inner rubber layers have warmed up to at least 15 °C.
The surface temperature of the tyre during the warm-up phase is not a measure of the internal temperature!
The room temperature is normally measured and read off at eye level. At 19 °C at eye level the temperature on the
floor is approx. 16 °C. In other words, do not lay tyres directly on a cold floor to warm up; instead, lay them at least on
an insulating surface, such as a pallet, or even higher.
To ensure that cold tyres absorb the heat from the ambient air as quickly as possible, they should not be stacked but
rather stored individually so that they are thoroughly ”immersed” in the warm ambient air.
Do not under any circumstances place tyres in front of a radiant heater or a hot air blower as harmful surface
temperatures are very quickly reached in this situation. Apart from heating with warm water or with warm recirculated

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air (max. 50 °C, no hotter), there is no other way of heating a tyre without damaging the tyre!
If a cold tyre (under 0 °C) is introduced into a warm environment (over 0 °C), a layer of frost will form immediately on
the tyre surface. This frost layer shows that the tyre is absorbing heat intensively from its surroundings through
condensation of the moisture in the air. When the frost layer has melted, condensation water forms; dry off this water
with a cloth so that the subsequent warming-up process is not slowed down by latent heat.
Summary:
Starting from a min. room temperature of 19°C:
Tyres at initial temperature of 0 °C and higher: store for at least 2 hours
Tyres at initial temperature below 0 °C: store for at least 2.5 hours
Recommendations for heating:
Store on an insulating surface - a pallet or similar ‐ at as high a level as possible
”Upper” bead facing upwards
Position tyres individually so that they can be thoroughly ”immersed” in warm air
Wipe off condensation water
Do not point heaters at tyres