Integrating Factors
Integrating Factors
Integrating Factors
INTEGRATING FACTORS
-introduced into a given differential equation to make an expression an exact
differential
Some exact differentials:
1. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) 8.
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 −𝑦
2 = 𝑑 ( 1
2
𝑙𝑛
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥−𝑦 )
1 2 2
2. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑑(𝑥 + 𝑦) 9.
( )
2 2
2𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
2 = 𝑑 𝑥
𝑥
3.
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦
2 = 𝑑 ( ) 𝑥
𝑦
10.
( )
2 2
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2 = 𝑑 𝑦
𝑦
4.
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
= 𝑑 ( ) 𝑦
𝑥
𝑑(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦
5. 2 2 = 𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑(𝑙𝑛 )
𝑥𝑑𝑦 −𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦
6. 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥
𝑝−1 𝑞−1 𝑝 𝑞
7. 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑝𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 𝑦 )
Examples:
3
1. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solution
3
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3 = 3 3
(𝑥𝑦) 𝑥𝑦
−3 −2
(𝑥𝑦) 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 −1
(𝑥𝑦) 𝑥 𝐶
−2
= −1
+ −2
−2 −2 −1
𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 −2 2
𝑀𝑥 : 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
3
2. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) 𝑥𝑦3
𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
3
𝑦 𝐶
ln 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) = 3
+ 3
3
3 ln 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 + 𝐶
2 2 3
3. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
Solution
2 2 2 2 3
1
2
𝑑 𝑥 ( + 𝑦 ) = (
𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
2 2
1
∙ (
𝑑 𝑥 +𝑦 ) =
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 3+1 2
𝑥 +𝑦
2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2 −4
1
2 (𝑥 2
+ 𝑦 ) ∙𝑑 𝑥 ( 2
+ 𝑦
2
) (
= 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
𝑥 )
2 2 −3
1 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) 𝑦 𝐶
2
∙ −3
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
+ −6
2 2 −3
(
𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 𝐶 − 6 arctan 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑦
𝑥
2
4. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 ( − 3 𝑑𝑦 )
Solution
2
𝑥𝑑𝑦 −𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦 − 3)
𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 ln 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = (𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
−
3
𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦 𝑦 𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑥
= 2
− 3 ln 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 2
𝑦 2
2𝑙𝑛 𝑥
= 𝑦 − 6 ln 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝐶
4 −1
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑝−1 𝑞−1 −4 0 −4
𝑝 = − 3; 𝑞 = 1; 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥
−4 −4
∴ 𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦𝑑𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑥4𝑦−1)𝑑𝑥
−3 −3 −3
𝑥 𝑦∙𝑑 𝑥 𝑦 ( ) = 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
2
(𝑥−3𝑦) =
𝑥
−2
+
𝐶
2 −2 2
−6 2 −2
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐶 − 𝑥
2 2 4
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 − 𝑥
2 −3
6. 3𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 5𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑝−1 𝑞−1 2 3
𝑝 = 3; 𝑞 = 4; 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥 𝑦
2 3 2 −3
∴ 𝑥 𝑦 (3𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 5𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥2𝑦3)𝑑𝑥
3 4 4
𝑑 𝑥𝑦( ) = 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 4 5
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2 −3
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
3 2
7. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 ( )
− 3 𝑑𝑦
Solution
3 2
𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑦 − 3)
𝑥
∙ 2 = 3 ∙ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
∙𝑑 ( ) = (𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
3
− 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 )
𝑦 2
( ) 𝑥
=
𝑦
4
−
3𝑦
2
+
𝐶
2 4 2 4
( )= 𝑦
2
𝑦 4 2
2 2 − 6𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑥
2 −2 2 −2
𝐷𝑦 : 2𝑥 = 𝑦 − 6 + 𝐶𝑦