Physics Exemplar - pdf11

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) – 2005 initiated a new phase

of curriculum revision. First, new syllabi for Science and Mathematics
for all stages of school education were developed. Based on these syllabi,
new textbooks were developed. As a part of this effort, Physics textbooks
for Classes XI and XII were published in 2006 and 2007, respectively.
One of the major concerns expressed in NCF–2005 is regarding
Examination Reform.
According to NCF–2005, “A good evaluation and examination
system can become an integral part of the learning process and
benefit both the learners themselves and the educational system
by giving credible feedback”.
It further notes that,
“Education is concerned with preparing citizens for a
meaningful and productive life, and evaluation should be a way
of providing credible feedback on the extent to which we have
been successful in imparting such an education. Seen from this
perspective, current processes of evaluation, which measure and
assess a very limited range of faculties, are highly inadequate and
do not provide a complete picture of an individual’s abilitiy or
progress towards fulfilling the aims of education”.
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Exemplar Problems–Physics
The purpose of assessment is to determine the extent to which learning

has taken, on the one hand and to improve the teaching-learning process
and instructional materials, on the other. It should inter alia be able to
review the objectives that have been identified for different school stages
by gauging the extent to which the capabilities of learners have been
developed. Tests should be so designed that we must be able to gauge
what children have learnt, and their ability to use this knowledge for
problem-solving and application in the real world. In addition, they must
also be able to test the processes of thinking to gauge if the learner has
also learnt where to find information, how to use new information, and to
analyse and evaluate the same. The types of questions that are set for
assessment need to go beyond what is given in the book. Often children’s
learning is restricted as teachers do not accept their answers if they are
different from what is presented in the guidebooks. Designing good test
items and questions is an art, and teachers should spend time thinking
about and devising such questions.
Observing on the current practices of the different boards of school
education in the country, the National Focus Group paper on
Examination Reform says:
“...Because the quality of question papers is low, they usually
call for rote memorisation and fail to test higher-order skills like
reasoning and analysis, let alone lateral thinking, creativity and
judgement”.
It further advocates the inclusion of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)-
a type of question that has great untapped potential. It also notes the
limitation of testing through MCQ’s only. “While MCQ can more deeply
probe the level of conceptual understanding of students and gauge a
student’s mastery of subtleties, it cannot be the only kind of question in
any examination. MCQs work best in conjunction with some open-ended
essay questions in the second part of the paper, which tests expression
and the ability to formulate an argument using relevant facts.”
In order to address to the problem, the Department of Education in
Science and Mathematics undertook a programme, Development of
Exemplar Problems in Physics for Class XI during 2007-08. Problems
based on different chapters in textbook of Physics for Class XI published
by the NCERT has been developed. Problems have been classified broadly
into five categories:
1. Multiple Choice Questions I (MCQ I): only one correct answer.
2. Multiple Choice Questions II (MCQII): may have one or more than
one correct answer.
3. Very Short Answer Questions (VSA): may be answered in one/two
sentences.
4. Short Answer Questions (SA): require some analytical/numerical
work.
5. Long Answer Questions (LA): require detailed analytical/numerical
solution.
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Introduction
Though most of the questions given in a particular chapter are based

on concepts covered in that chapter, some questions have been developed
which are based on concepts covered in more than one chapter.
One of the major objectives of involving learners in solving problems
in teaching-learning process is to promote a more active learning
environment, improve student learning and also support young teachers
in their professional development during their early formative teaching
experiences. For this to be achieved, problem-solving based on good
question should form an integral part of teaching-learning process. Good
questions engage students in progressively deeper levels of thinking and
reasoning. It is envisaged that the questions presented through this book
would motivate teachers to design good questions. What makes a question
good? According to Robyn L. Miller et al. 1
Some characteristics of a good question are:
• stimulates students’ interest and curiosity.
• helps students monitor their understanding.
• offers students frequent opportunities to make conjectures and argue
about their validity.
• draws on students’ prior knowledge, understanding, and/or
misunderstanding.
• provides teachers a tool for frequent formative assessments of what
their students are learning.
• supports teachers’ efforts to foster an active learning environment.
A NOTE TO STUDENTS
A good number of problems have been provided in this book. Some are
easy, some are of average difficult level, some difficult and some problems
will challenge even the best amongst you. It is advised that you first
master the concepts covered in your textbook, solve the examples and
exercises provided in your textbook and then attempt to solve the
problems given in this book. There is no single prescription which can
help you in solving each and every problem in physics but still researches
in physics education show that most of the problems can be attempted
if you follow certain steps in a sequence. The following prescription due
to Dan Styer2 presents one such set of steps :
1. Strategy design
(a) Classify the problem by its method of solution.
(b) Summarise the situation with a diagram.
(c) Keep the goal in sight (perhaps by writing it down).
2. Execution tactics
(a) Work with symbols.
(b) Keep packets of related variables together.
1
http://www. math.cornell.edu/~ maria/mathfest_education preprint.pdf
2
http://www.oberlin.edu/physics/dstyer/SolvingProblems.html
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(c) Be neat and organised.

(d) Keep it simple.
3. Answer checking
(a) Dimensionally consistent?
(b) Numerically reasonable (including sign)?
(c) Algebraically possible? (Example: no imaginary or infinite
answers)
(d) Functionally reasonable? (Example: greater range with greater
initial speed)
(e) Check special cases and symmetry.
(f ) Report numbers with units specified and with reasonable
significant figures.
We would like to emphasise that the problems in this book should be
used to improve the quality of teaching-learning process of physics. Some
can be directly adopted for evaluation purpose but most of them should
be suitably adapted according to the time/marks assigned. Most of the
problems included under SA and LA can be used to generate more
problems of VSA or SA categories, respectively.
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Chapter Two
UNITS AND
MEASUREMENTS
MCQ I
2.1 The number of significant figures in 0.06900 is
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
2.2 The sum of the numbers 436.32, 227.2 and 0.301 in appropriate
significant figures is
(a) 663.821
(b) 664
(c) 663.8
(d) 663.82
2.3 The mass and volume of a body are 4.237 g and 2.5 cm3,
respectively. The density of the material of the body in correct
significant figures is
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(a) 1.6048 g cm–3

(b) 1.69 g cm–3
(c) 1.7 g cm–3
(d) 1.695 g cm–3
2.4 The numbers 2.745 and 2.735 on rounding off to 3 significant
figures will give
(a) 2.75 and 2.74
(b) 2.74 and 2.73
(c) 2.75 and 2.73
(d) 2.74 and 2.74
2.5 The length and breadth of a rectangular sheet are 16.2 cm and
10.1cm, respectively. The area of the sheet in appropriate significant
figures and error is
(a) 164 ± 3 cm2
(b) 163.62 ± 2.6 cm2
(c) 163.6 ± 2.6 cm2
(d) 163.62 ± 3 cm2
2.6 Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have
same dimensional formula?
(a) Work and torque.
(b) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant.
(c) Tension and surface tension.
(d) Impulse and linear momentum.
2.7 Measure of two quantities along with the precision of respective
measuring instrument is
A = 2.5 m s–1 ± 0.5 m s–1
B = 0.10 s ± 0.01 s
The value of A B will be
(a) (0.25 ± 0.08) m
(b) (0.25 ± 0.5) m
(c) (0.25 ± 0.05) m
(d) (0.25 ± 0.135) m
2.8 You measure two quantities as A = 1.0 m ± 0.2 m, B = 2.0 m ± 0.2 m.
We should report correct value for AB as:
(a) 1.4 m ± 0.4 m
(b) 1.41m ± 0.15 m
(c) 1.4m ± 0.3 m
(d) 1.4m ± 0.2 m
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Units and Measurements
2.9 Which of the following measurements is most precise?

(a) 5.00 mm
(b) 5.00 cm
(c) 5.00 m
(d) 5.00 km.
2.10 The mean length of an object is 5 cm. Which of the following
measurements is most accurate?
(a) 4.9 cm
(b) 4.805 cm
(c) 5.25 cm
(d) 5.4 cm
2.11 Young’s modulus of steel is 1.9 × 1011 N/m2. When expressed
in CGS units of dynes/cm2, it will be equal to (1N = 105 dyne,
1m2 = 104 cm2)
(a) 1.9 × 10 10
(b) 1.9 × 10 11
(c) 1.9 × 10 12
(d) 1.9 × 10 13
2.12 If momentum (P ), area (A) and time (T ) are taken to be
fundamental quantities, then energy has the dimensional formula
(a) (P1 A–1 T1)
(b) (P2 A1 T1)
(c) (P1 A–1/2 T1)
(d) (P1 A1/2 T–1)
MCQ II
2.13 On the basis of dimensions, decide which of the following relations
for the displacement of a particle undergoing simple harmonic
motion is not correct:
(a) y = a sin 2π t / T
(b) y = a sin vt.
a t 
(c) y = sin  
T a 
 2π t 2π t 
(d) y = a 2  sin − cos 
 T T 
2.14 If P, Q, R are physical quantities, having different dimensions, which
of the following combinations can never be a meaningful quantity?
(a) (P – Q)/R
(b) PQ – R
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(c) PQ/R
(d) (PR – Q2)/R
(e) (R + Q)/P
2.15 Photon is quantum of radiation with energy E = h ν where ν is
frequency and h is Planck’s constant. The dimensions of h are the
same as that of
(a) Linear impulse
(b) Angular impulse
(c) Linear momentum
(d) Angular momentum
2.16 If Planck’s constant (h ) and speed of light in vacuum (c ) are taken
as two fundamental quantities, which one of the following can, in
addition, be taken to express length, mass and time in terms of
the three chosen fundamental quantities?
(a) Mass of electron (me )
(b) Universal gravitational constant (G )
(c) Charge of electron (e )
(d) Mass of proton (mp )
2.17 Which of the following ratios express pressure?
(a) Force/ Area
(b) Energy/ Volume
(c) Energy/ Area
(d) Force/ Volume
2.18 Which of the following are not a unit of time?
(a) Second
(b) Parsec
(c) Year
(d) Light year
VSA
2.19 Why do we have different units for the same physical quantity?
2.20 The radius of atom is of the order of 1 Å and radius of nucleus is

of the order of fermi. How many magnitudes higher is the volume
of atom as compared to the volume of nucleus?
2.21 Name the device used for measuring the mass of atoms and
molecules.
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2.22 Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.
2.23 A function f (θ ) is defined as:

θ2 θ3 θ4
f (θ ) = 1–θ + – +
2! 3! 4!
Why is it necessary for q to be a dimensionless quantity?
2.24 Why length, mass and time are chosen as base quantities
in mechanics?
SA
2.25 (a) The earth-moon distance is about 60 earth radius. What will
be the diameter of the earth (approximately in degrees) as seen
from the moon?
(b) Moon is seen to be of (½)°diameter from the earth. What must
be the relative size compared to the earth?
(c) From parallax measurement, the sun is found to be at a
distance of about 400 times the earth-moon distance. Estimate
the ratio of sun-earth diameters.
2.26 Which of the following time measuring devices is most precise?
(a) A wall clock.
(b) A stop watch.
(c) A digital watch.
(d) An atomic clock.
Give reason for your answer.
2.27 The distance of a galaxy is of the order of 1025 m. Calculate the
order of magnitude of time taken by light to reach us from
the galaxy.
2.28 The vernier scale of a travelling microscope has 50 divisions which

coincide with 49 main scale divisions. If each main scale division
is 0.5 mm, calculate the minimum inaccuracy in the measurement
of distance.
2.29 During a total solar eclipse the moon almost entirely covers the
sphere of the sun. Write the relation between the distances and
sizes of the sun and moon.
2.30 If the unit of force is 100 N, unit of length is 10 m and unit of time
is 100 s, what is the unit of mass in this system of units?
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2.31 Give an example of

(a) a physical quantity which has a unit but no dimensions.
(b) a physical quantity which has neither unit nor dimensions.
(c) a constant which has a unit.
(d) a constant which has no unit.
2.32 Calculate the length of the arc of a circle of radius 31.0 cm which
π
subtends an angle of at the centre.
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2.33 Calculate the solid angle subtended by the periphery of an area of

1cm2 at a point situated symmetrically at a distance of 5 cm from
the area.
2.34 The displacement of a progressive wave is represented by

y = A sin(wt – k x ), where x is distance and t is time. Write the
dimensional formula of (i) ω and (ii) k.
2.35 Time for 20 oscillations of a pendulum is measured as t1= 39.6 s;

t2= 39.9 s; t3= 39.5 s. What is the precision in the measurements?
What is the accuracy of the measurement?
LA
2.36 A new system of units is proposed in which unit of mass is α kg,
unit of length β m and unit of time γ s. How much will 5 J measure
in this new system?
2.37 The volume of a liquid flowing out per second of a pipe of length l
and radius r is written by a student as
π Pr 4
v=
8 ηl
where P is the pressure difference between the two ends of the
pipe and η is coefficent of viscosity of the liquid having dimensional
formula ML–1 T–1.
Check whether the equation is dimensionally correct.
2.38 A physical quantity X is related to four measurable quantities a,

b, c and d as follows:
X = a2 b3 c5/2 d–2.
The percentage error in the measurement of a, b, c and d are 1%,
2%, 3% and 4%, respectively. What is the percentage error in
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quantity X ? If the value of X calculated on the basis of the above

relation is 2.763, to what value should you round off the result.
2.39 In the expression P = E l 2 m–5 G–2, E, m, l and G denote energy,

mass, angular momentum and gravitational constant, respectively.
Show that P is a dimensionless quantity.
2.40 If velocity of light c, Planck’s constant h and gravitational contant

G are taken as fundamental quantities then express mass, length
and time in terms of dimensions of these quantities.
2.41 An artificial satellite is revolving around a planet of mass M and
radius R, in a circular orbit of radius r. From Kepler’s Third law
about the period of a satellite around a common central body,
square of the period of revolution T is proportional to the cube of
the radius of the orbit r. Show using dimensional analysis, that
k r3
T = ,
R g
where k is a dimensionless constant and g is acceleration due
to gravity.
2.42 In an experiment to estimate the size of a molecule of oleic acid

1 mL of oleic acid is dissolved in 19 mL of alcohol. Then 1 mL of
this solution is diluted to 20 mL by adding alcohol. Now 1 drop of
this diluted solution is placed on water in a shallow trough. The
solution spreads over the surface of water forming one molecule
thick layer. Now, lycopodium powder is sprinkled evenly over the
film and its diameter is measured. Knowing the volume of the drop
and area of the film we can calculate the thickness of the film which
will give us the size of oleic acid molecule.
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

(a) Why do we dissolve oleic acid in alcohol?
(b) What is the role of lycopodium powder?
(c) What would be the volume of oleic acid in each mL of solution
prepared?
(d) How will you calculate the volume of n drops of this solution
of oleic acid?
(e) What will be the volume of oleic acid in one drop of this
solution?
2.43 (a) How many astronomical units (A.U.) make 1 parsec?
(b) Consider a sunlike star at a distance of 2 parsecs. When it is
seen through a telescope with 100 magnification, what should
be the angular size of the star? Sun appears to be (1/2)° from
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the earth. Due to atmospheric fluctuations, eye can’t resolve

objects smaller than 1 arc minute.
(c) Mars has approximately half of the earth’s diameter. When it
is closest to the earth it is at about 1/2 A.U. from the earth.
Calculate what size it will appear when seen through the same
telescope.
(Comment : This is to illustrate why a telescope can magnify planets but

not stars.)
2.44 Einstein’s mass - energy relation emerging out of his famous
theory of relativity relates mass (m ) to energy (E ) as E = mc 2,
where c is speed of light in vacuum. At the nuclear level, the
magnitudes of energy are very small. The energy at nuclear
level is usually measured in MeV, where 1 MeV= 1.6×10–13J;
the masses are measured in unified atomic mass unit (u) where
1u = 1.67 × 10–27 kg.
(a) Show that the energy equivalent of 1 u is 931.5 MeV.
(b) A student writes the relation as 1 u = 931.5 MeV. The teacher
points out that the relation is dimensionally incorrect. Write
the correct relation.
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Chapter Three
MOTION IN A
STRAIGHT LINE
MCQ I
3.1 Among the four graphs (Fig. 3.1), there is only one graph for which
average velocity over the time intervel (0, T ) can vanish for a
suitably chosen T. Which one is it?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 3.1
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3.2 A lift is coming from 8 t h floor and is just about to reach

4 t h floor. Taking ground floor as origin and positive
direction upwards for all quantities, which one of the
following is correct?
(a) x < 0, v < 0, a > 0
(b) x > 0, v < 0, a < 0
(c) x > 0, v < 0, a > 0
(d) x > 0, v > 0, a < 0
3.3 In one dimensional motion, instantaneous speed v satisfies
0 ≤ v < v0.
(a) The displacement in time T must always take non-negative
values.
(b) The displacement x in time T satisfies – vo T < x < vo T.
(c) The acceleration is always a non-negative number.
(d) The motion has no turning points.
3.4 A vehicle travels half the distance L with speed V1 and the other
half with speed V2, then its average speed is
V1 + V2
(a)
2
2V1 + V2
(b)
V1 + V2
2V1V2
(c)
V1 + V2
L (V1 + V2 )
(d)
V1V2
3.5 The displacement of a particle is given by x = (t – 2)2 where x is in

metres and t in seconds. The distance covered by the particle in
first 4 seconds is
(a) 4 m
(b) 8 m
(c) 12 m
(d) 16 m
3.6 At a metro station, a girl walks up a stationary escalator in time t1.
If she remains stationary on the escalator, then the escalator take
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Motion in a Straight Line
her up in time t2. The time taken by her to walk up on the moving
escalator will be
(a) (t1 + t2)/2
(b) t1t2/(t2–t1)
(c) t1t2/(t2+t1)
(d) t1–t2
MCQ II
3.7 The variation of quantity A with quantity B, plotted in
Fig. 3.2 describes the motion of a particle in a straight
A
line.
(a) Quantity B may represent time.
(b) Quantity A is velocity if motion is uniform.
(c) Quantity A is displacement if motion is uniform.
B
(d) Quantity A is velocity if motion is uniformly Fig. 3.2
accelerated.
3.8 A graph of x versus t is shown in Fig. 3.3. Choose
x
correct alternatives from below. B
A
(a) The particle was released from rest at t = 0. C E
(b) At B, the acceleration a > 0.
(c) At C, the velocity and the acceleration vanish.
(d) Average velocity for the motion between A and D is D t
positive.
Fig. 3.3
(e) The speed at D exceeds that at E.
3.9 For the one-dimensional motion, described by x = t–sint
(a) x (t) > 0 for all t > 0.
(b) v (t) > 0 for all t > 0.
(c) a (t) > 0 for all t > 0.
(d) v (t) lies between 0 and 2.
3.10 A spring with one end attached to a mass and the other to a rigid
support is stretched and released.
(a) Magnitude of acceleration, when just released is maximum.
(b) Magnitude of acceleration, when at equilibrium position, is
maximum.
(c) Speed is maximum when mass is at equilibrium position.
(d) Magnitude of displacement is always maximum whenever speed
is minimum.
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3.11 A ball is bouncing elastically with a speed 1 m/s between walls of

a railway compartment of size 10 m in a direction perpendicular
to walls. The train is moving at a constant velocity of 10 m/s parallel
to the direction of motion of the ball. As seen from the ground,
(a) the direction of motion of the ball changes every 10 seconds.
(b) speed of ball changes every 10 seconds.
(c) average speed of ball over any 20 second interval is fixed.
(d) the acceleration of ball is the same as from the train.
VSA
3.12 Refer to the graphs in Fig 3.1. Match the following.

Graph Characteristic
(a) (i) has v > 0 and a < 0 throughout.
(b) (ii) has x > 0 throughout and has a point with
v = 0 and a point with a = 0.
(c) (iii) has a point with zero displacement for t > 0.
(d) (iv) has v < 0 and a > 0.
3.13 A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting it with a

bat for a very short time interval. Show the variation of its
acceleration with time. (Take acceleration in the backward direction
as positive).
3.14 Give examples of a one-dimensional motion where
(a) the particle moving along positive x-direction comes to rest

periodically and moves forward.
(b) the particle moving along positive x-direction comes to rest
periodically and moves backward.
3.15 Give example of a motion where x > 0, v < 0, a > 0 at a particular

instant.
3.16 An object falling through a fluid is observed to have acceleration

given by a = g – bv where g = gravitational acceleration and b is
constant. After a long time of release, it is observed to fall with
constant speed. What must be the value of constant speed?
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Motion in a Straight Line
SA
3.17 A ball is dropped and its displacement vs time graph is
as shown Fig. 3.4 (displacement x is from ground and
all quantities are +ve upwards).
(a) Plot qualitatively velocity vs time graph.

Fig. 3.4
(b) Plot qualitatively acceleration vs time graph.
3.18 A particle executes the motion described by x (t ) = x o (1 − e −γ t ) ; t ≥ 0 ,

x0 > 0.
(a) Where does the particle start and with what velocity?
(b) Find maximum and minimum values of x (t), v (t), a (t). Show that
x (t) and a (t) increase with time and v (t) decreases with time.
3.19 A bird is tossing (flying to and fro) between two cars moving
towards each other on a straight road. One car has a speed of 18
m/h while the other has the speed of 27km/h. The bird starts
moving from first car towards the other and is moving with the
speed of 36km/h and when the two cars were separted by 36 km.
What is the total distance covered by the bird? What is the total
displacement of the bird?
3.20 A man runs across the roof-top of a tall building and jumps
horizontally with the hope of landing on the roof of the next
building which is of a lower height than the first. If his speed is 9
m/s, the (horizontal) distance between the two buildings is 10 m
and the height difference is 9 m, will he be able to land on the next
building ? (take g = 10 m/s2)
3.21 A ball is dropped from a building of height 45 m.

v
Simultaneously another ball is thrown up with a speed vo
40 m/s. Calculate the relative speed of the balls as a
function of time.
3.22 The velocity-displacement graph of a particle is shown

in Fig. 3.5.
(a) Write the relation between v and x.

xo x
O
(b) Obtain the relation between acceleration and
displacement and plot it. Fig. 3.5
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LA
3.23 It is a common observation that rain clouds can be at about a
kilometre altitude above the ground.
(a) If a rain drop falls from such a height freely under gravity, what
will be its speed? Also calculate in km/h. ( g = 10m/s2)
(b) A typical rain drop is about 4mm diameter. Momentum is mass
x speed in magnitude. Estimate its momentum when it hits
ground.
(c) Estimate the time required to flatten the drop.
(d) Rate of change of momentum is force. Estimate how much force
such a drop would exert on you.
(e) Estimate the order of magnitude force on umbrella. Typical
lateral separation between two rain drops is 5 cm.
(Assume that umbrella is circular and has a diameter of 1m
and cloth is not pierced through !!)
3.24 A motor car moving at a speed of 72km/h can not come to a stop
in less than 3.0 s while for a truck this time interval is 5.0 s. On a
higway the car is behind the truck both moving at 72km/h. The
truck gives a signal that it is going to stop at emergency. At what
distance the car should be from the truck so that it does not bump
onto (collide with) the truck. Human response time is 0.5s.
(Comment : This is to illustrate why vehicles carry the message on the

rear side. “Keep safe Distance”)
3.25 A monkey climbs up a slippery pole for 3 seconds and
subsequently slips for 3 seconds. Its velocity at time t is given
by v(t) = 2t (3-t); 0< t < 3 and v (t)=–(t–3)(6–t) for 3 < t < 6 s in
m/s. It repeats this cycle till it reaches the height of 20 m.
(a) At what time is its velocity maximum?
(b) At what time is its average velocity maximum?
(c) At what time is its acceleration maximum in magnitude?
(d) How many cycles (counting fractions) are required to reach the
top?
3.26 A man is standing on top of a building 100 m high. He throws two
balls vertically, one at t = 0 and other after a time interval (less
than 2 seconds). The later ball is thrown at a velocity of half the
first. The vertical gap between first and second ball is +15 m at
t = 2 s. The gap is found to remain constant. Calculate the velocity
with which the balls were thrown and the exact time interval
between their throw.
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Chapter Four
MOTION IN A PLANE
MCQ I
4.1 The angle between A = î + ˆj and B = î − ˆj is
(a) 45° (b) 90° (c) –45° (d) 180°
4.2 Which one of the following statements is true?

(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a process.
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative values.
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point
to another in space. Y
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with
different orientations of the axes.
v
4.3 Figure 4.1 shows the orientation of two vectors u and v in the XY u
plane.
If u = a î + b ˆj and
O X
v = p î + q ˆj Fig. 4.1
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which of the following is correct?

(a) a and p are positive while b and q are negative.
(b) a, p and b are positive while q is negative.
(c) a, q and b are positive while p is negative.
(d) a, b, p and q are all positive.
4.4 The component of a vector r along X-axis will have maximum value
if
(a) r is along positive Y-axis
(b) r is along positive X-axis
(c) r makes an angle of 45° with the X-axis
(d) r is along negative Y-axis
4.5 The horizontal range of a projectile fired at an angle of 15° is 50 m.

If it is fired with the same speed at an angle of 45°, its range will
be
(a) 60 m
(b) 71 m
(c) 100 m
(d) 141 m
4.6 Consider the quantities, pressure, power, energy, impulse,
gravitational potential, electrical charge, temperature, area. Out
of these, the only vector quantities are
(a) Impulse, pressure and area
(b) Impulse and area
(c) Area and gravitational potential
(d) Impulse and pressure
4.7 In a two dimensional motion, instantaneous speed v0 is a positive
constant. Then which of the following are necessarily true?
(a) The average velocity is not zero at any time.
(b) Average acceleration must always vanish.
(c) Displacements in equal time intervals are equal.
(d) Equal path lengths are traversed in equal intervals.
4.8 In a two dimensional motion, instantaneous speed v0 is a positive
constant. Then which of the following are necessarily true?
(a) The acceleration of the particle is zero.
(b) The acceleration of the particle is bounded.
(c) The acceleration of the particle is necessarily in the plane of
motion.
(d) The particle must be undergoing a uniform circular motion
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Motion in a Plane
4.9 Three vectors A,B and C add up to zero. Find which is false.
(a) (A×B)× C is not zero unless B,C are parallel
(b) (A×B).C is not zero unless B,C are parallel
(c) If A,B,C define a plane, (A×B)
×C is in that plane
(d) (A×B).C=|A||B||C|→ → C =A2+B2
2
4.10 It is found that |A+B|=|A|.This necessarily implies,

(a) B = 0
(b) A,B are antiparallel
(c) A,B are perpendicular
(d) A.B ≤ 0
MCQ II
4.11 Two particles are projected in air with speed vo at angles θ1 and θ2
(both acute) to the horizontal, respectively. If the height reached
by the first particle is greater than that of the second, then tick
the right choices
(a) angle of projection : q1 > q2
(b) time of flight : T1 > T2
(c) horizontal range : R1 > R2
(d) total energy : U1 > U2.
y
A
4.12 A particle slides down a frictionless parabolic
(y = x2) track (A – B – C) starting from rest at P
point A (Fig. 4.2). Point B is at the vertex of
parabola and point C is at a height less than
that of point A. After C, the particle moves freely
in air as a projectile. If the particle reaches vo
highest point at P, then
C
(a) KE at P = KE at B
(b) height at P = height at A
-x2 -x1 B -xo x
(c) total energy at P = total energy at A (x = 0)
(d) time of travel from A to B = time of travel from
Fig. 4.2
B to P.
4.13 Following are four differrent relations about displacement, velocity
and acceleration for the motion of a particle in general. Choose
the incorrect one (s) :
1
(a) v av = [ v(t1 ) + v(t 2 )]
2
r(t 2 ) − r(t1 )
(b) v av =
t 2 − t1
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1
(c) r = ( v(t 2 ) − v(t1 )) (t 2 − t1 )
2
v(t 2 ) − v(t1 )
(d) a av =
t 2 − t1
4.14 For a particle performing uniform circular motion, choose the correct
statement(s) from the following:
(a) Magnitude of particle velocity (speed) remains constant.
(b) Particle velocity remains directed perpendicular to radius vector.
(c) Direction of acceleration keeps changing as particle moves.
(d) Angular momentum is constant in magnitude but direction
keeps changing.
4.15 For two vectors A and B, A + B = A − B is always true when
(a) A = B ≠ 0
(b) A ⊥ B
(c) A = B ≠ 0 and A and B are parallel or anti parallel
(d) when either A or B is zero.
Q VSA
R
4.16 A cyclist starts from centre O of a circular park of radius 1km and
P moves along the path OPRQO as shown Fig. 4.3. If he maintains
O
constant speed of 10ms–1, what is his acceleration at point R in
magnitude and direction?
4.17 A particle is projected in air at some angle to the horizontal,

Fig. 4.3 moves along parabola as shown in Fig. 4.4, where x and y
indicate horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Show
in the diagram, direction of velocity and acceleration at points
A, B and C.
y
B
C
H
A
Fig. 4.4
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Motion in a Plane
4.18 A ball is thrown from a roof top at an angle of 45° above the
horizontal. It hits the ground a few seconds later. At what point
during its motion, does the ball have
(a) greatest speed.
(b) smallest speed.
(c) greatest acceleration?
Explain
4.19 A football is kicked into the air vertically upwards. What is its
(a) acceleration, and (b) velocity at the highest point?
4.20 A, B and C are three non-collinear, non co-planar vectors.What

can you say about direction of A ×(B ×C)?
SA
4.21 A boy travelling in an open car moving on a levelled road with
constant speed tosses a ball vertically up in the air and catches it
back. Sketch the motion of the ball as observed by a boy standing
on the footpath. Give explanation to support your diagram.
4.22 A boy throws a ball in air at 60° to the horizontal along a road with
a speed of 10 m/s (36km/h). Another boy sitting in a passing by
car observes the ball. Sketch the motion of the ball as observed by
the boy in the car, if car has a speed of (18km/h). Give explanation
to support your diagram.
4.23 In dealing with motion of projectile in air, we ignore effect of air

resistance on motion. This gives trajectory as a parabola as you
have studied. What would the trajectory look like if air resistance
is included? Sketch such a trajectory and explain why you have
drawn it that way.
4.24 A fighter plane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with

speed 720 km/h. At what angle of sight (w.r.t. horizontal) when
the target is seen, should the pilot drop the bomb in order to
attack the target?
4.25 (a) Earth can be thought of as a sphere of radius 6400 km. Any
object (or a person) is performing circular motion around the
axis of earth due to earth’s rotation (period 1 day). What is
acceleration of object on the surface of the earth (at equator)
towards its centre? what is it at latitude θ ? How does these
accelerations compare with g = 9.8 m/s2?
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(b) Earth also moves in circular orbit around sun once every year
with on orbital radius of 1.5 × 1011 m . What is the acceleration of
earth (or any object on the surface of the earth) towards the
centre of the sun? How does this acceleration compare with
g = 9.8 m/s2?
 V 2 4π 2 R 
 Hint : acceleration = 
 R T2 
4.26 Given below in column I are the relations between vectors a, b and
c and in column II are the orientations of a, b and c in the XY
plane. Match the relation in column I to correct orientations in
column II.
Column I Column II
(a) a + b = c (i)
(b) a – c = b (ii)
(c) b – a = c
(iii)
(d) a + b + c = 0 (iv)
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Motion in a Plane
4.27 If A = 2 and B = 4 , then match the relations in column I with

the angle θ between A and B in column II.
Column I Column II
(a) A.B = 0 (i) θ = 0
(b) A.B = +8 (ii) θ = 90°
(c) A.B = 4 (iii) θ = 180°
(d) A.B = –8 (iv) θ = 60°
4.28 If A = 2 and B = 4 , then match the relations in column I with

the angle θ between A and B in column II
Column I Column II
(a) A×B = 0 (i) θ = 30°
(b) A×B = 8 (ii) θ = 45°
(c) A ×B = 4 (iii) θ = 90°
(d) A×B = 4 2 (iv) θ = 0°
LA
4.29 A hill is 500 m high. Supplies are to be sent across the hill using a
canon that can hurl packets at a speed of 125 m/s over the hill.
The canon is located at a distance of 800m from the foot of hill and
can be moved on the ground at a speed of 2 m/s; so that its distance
from the hill can be adjusted. What is the shortest time in which a
packet can reach on the ground across the hill ? Take g =10 m/s2.
4.30 A gun can fire shells with maximum speed v o and the
2
maximum horizontal range that can be achieved is R = vo .
g
vo
q P
q
vo
h
R T
x
Fig 4.5
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If a target farther away by distance ∆x (beyond R) has to

be hit with the same gun (Fig 4.5), show that it could be
achieved by raising the gun to a height at least
h = ∆x 1 +
∆x 
 R 
(Hint : This problem can be approached in two different ways:

(i) Refer to the diagram: target T is at horizontal distance
x = R + ∆x and below point of projection y = – h.
(ii) From point P in the diagram: Projection at speed v o at an
angle θ below horizontal with height h and horizontal
range ∆x.)
4.31 A particle is projected in air at an angle

β to a surface which itself is inclined at
an angle α to the horizontal (Fig. 4.6).
(a) Find an expression of range on the
plane surface (distance on the plane
from the point of projection at which
particle will hit the surface).
(b) Time of flight.
Fig. 4.6
(c) β at which range will be maximum.
(Hint : This problem can be solved in two different ways:
(i) Point P at which particle hits the plane can be seen as

intersection of its trajectory (parobola) and straight line.
Remember particle is projected at an angle (α + β ) w.r.t.
horizontal.
(ii) We can take x-direction along the plane and
y-direction perpendicular to the plane. In that case resolve g
(acceleration due to gravity) in two differrent components, gx
along the plane and gy perpendicular to the plane. Now the
problem can be solved as two independent motions in x and
y directions respectively with time as a common parameter.)
P 4.32 A particle falling vertically from a height hits a plane surface inclined
L to horizontal at an angle θ with speed vo and rebounds elastically
(Fig 4.7). Find the distance along the plane where if will hit
q
second time.
Fig 4.7
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Motion in a Plane
(Hint: (i) After rebound, particle still has speed Vo to start.

(ii) Work out angle particle speed has with horizontal after it
rebounds.
(iii) Rest is similar to if particle is projected up the incline.)
4.33 A girl riding a bicycle with a speed of 5 m/s towards north direction,
observes rain falling vertically down. If she increases her speed to
10 m/s, rain appears to meet her at 45° to the vertical. What is the
speed of the rain? In what direction does rain fall as observed by a
ground based observer?
(Hint: Assume north to be î direction and vertically downward to

be − ˆj . Let the rain velocity vr be a î + b ˆj . The velocity of rain as
observed by the girl is always vr − vgirl . Draw the vector diagram/s
for the information given and find a and b. You may draw all vectors
in the reference frame of ground based observer.)
4.34 A river is flowing due east with a speed 3m/s. A

N
swimmer can swim in still water at a speed of 4 m/s
E
(Fig. 4.8).
(a) If swimmer starts swimming due north, what will
B
be his resultant velocity (magnitude and direction)?
(b) If he wants to start from point A on south bank and 3m/s
reach opposite point B on north bank,
(a) which direction should he swim?
(b) what will be his resultant speed? A
(c) From two different cases as mentioned in (a) and (b)

above, in which case will he reach opposite bank in
shorter time? Fig. 4.8
4.35 A cricket fielder can throw the cricket ball with a speed vo. If he
throws the ball while running with speed u at an angle θ to the
horizontal, find
(a) the effective angle to the horizontal at which the ball is projected
in air as seen by a spectator.
(b) what will be time of flight?
(c) what is the distance (horizontal range) from the point of
projection at which the ball will land?
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(d) find  at which he should throw the ball that would maximise
the horizontal range as found in (iii).
(e) how does  for maximum range change if u >vo, u = vo, u < vo?
o
(f) how does  in (v) compare with that for u = 0 (i.e.45 )?
4.36 Motion in two dimensions, in a plane can be studied by expressing

position, velocity and acceleration as vectors in Cartesian
co-ordinates where are unit vector along
x and y directions, respectively and Ax and Ay are corresponding
components of (Fig. 4.9). Motion can also be studied by
expressing vectors in circular polar co-ordinates as
where      and       are unit
vectors along direction in which ‘r’ and ‘  ’ are increasing.
(a) Express in terms of .
(b) Show that both  are unit vectors and are

perpendicular to each other.
(c) Show that      where

 and  = 
(d) For a particle moving along a spiral given by

  , where a = 1 (unit), find dimensions of ‘a’.
Fig. 4.9 (e) Find velocity and acceleration in polar vector
represention for particle moving along spiral
described in (d) above.
4.37 A man wants to reach from A to the opposite corner of the

square C (Fig. 4.10). The sides of the square are 100 m. A
central square of 50m × 50m is filled with sand. Outside
this square, he can walk at a speed 1 m/s. In the central
square, he can walk only at a speed of v m/s (v < 1). What is
smallest value of v for which he can reach faster via a straight
path through the sand than any path in the square outside
the sand?
Fig. 4.10
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Chapter Five
LAWS OF MOTION
MCQ I
5.1 A ball is travelling with uniform translatory motion. This
means that
(a) it is at rest.
(b) the path can be a straight line or circular and the ball travels
with uniform speed.
(c) all parts of the ball have the same velocity (magnitude and
direction) and the velocity is constant.
(d) the centre of the ball moves with constant velocity and the
ball spins about its centre uniformly.
5.2 A metre scale is moving with uniform velocity. This implies

(a) the force acting on the scale is zero, but a torque about the
centre of mass can act on the scale.
(b) the force acting on the scale is zero and the torque acting
about centre of mass of the scale is also zero.
20/04/2018

(c) the total force acting on it need not be zero but the torque on it
is zero.
(d) neither the force nor the torque need to be zero.
5.3 A cricket ball of mass 150 g has an initial velocity u = (3î + 4 ˆj) m s−1
and a final velocity v = − (3î + 4ˆj) m s−1 after being hit. The change
in momentum (final momentum-initial momentum) is (in kg m s1)
(a) zero
(b) – (0.45î + 0.6 ˆj)
(c) – (0.9î + 1.2ˆj)
(d) – 5(î + ˆj) .
5.4 In the previous problem (5.3), the magnitude of the momentum

transferred during the hit is
(a) Zero (b) 0.75 kg m s–1 (c) 1.5 kg m s–1 (d) 14 kg m s–1.
5.5 Conservation of momentum in a collision between particles can
be understood from
(a) conservation of energy.
(b) Newton’s first law only.
(c) Newton’s second law only.
(d) both Newton’s second and third law.
5.6 A hockey player is moving northward and suddenly turns westward
with the same speed to avoid an opponent. The force that acts on
the player is
(a) frictional force along westward.
(b) muscle force along southward.
(c) frictional force along south-west.
(d) muscle force along south-west.
5.7 A body of mass 2kg travels according to the law x (t ) = pt + qt 2 + rt 3
where p = 3 m s−1 , q = 4 m s−2 and r = 5 m s−3 .
The force acting on the body at t = 2 seconds is

(a) 136 N
(b) 134 N
(c) 158 N
(d) 68 N
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Laws of Motion
5.8 A body with mass 5 kg is acted upon by a force F = ( –3î + 4ˆj ) N. If

its initial velocity at t = 0 is v = ( 6î -12 ˆj ) m s –1 , the time at which it
will just have a velocity along the y-axis is
(a) never
(b) 10 s
(c) 2 s
(d) 15 s
5.9 A car of mass m starts from rest and acquires a velocity along east
v = v î ( v > 0 ) in two seconds. Assuming the car moves with
uniform acceleration, the force exerted on the car is
mv
(a) eastward and is exerted by the car engine.
2
mv
(b) eastward and is due to the friction on the tyres exerted by
2
the road.
mv
(c) more than eastward exerted due to the engine and
2
overcomes the friction of the road.
mv
(d) exerted by the engine .
2
MCQ II
5.10 The motion of a particle of mass m is given by x = 0 for t < 0

s, x( t ) = A sin4p t for 0 < t <(1/4) s (A > o), and x = 0 for
t >(1/4) s. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) The force at t = (1/8) s on the particle is –16π2 A m.
(b) The particle is acted upon by on impulse of magnitude
4π2 A m at t = 0 s and t = (1/4) s.
(c) The particle is not acted upon by any force.
(d) The particle is not acted upon by a constant force.
(e) There is no impulse acting on the particle.
5.11 In Fig. 5.1, the co-efficient of friction between the floor

and the body B is 0.1. The co-efficient of friction between
the bodies B and A is 0.2. A force F is applied as shown
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on B. The mass of A is m /2 and of B is m. Which of the

following statements are true?
(a) The bodies will move together if F = 0.25 mg.
(b) The body A will slip with respect to B if F = 0.5 mg.
(c) The bodies will move together if F = 0.5 mg.
(d) The bodies will be at rest if F = 0.1 mg.
(e) The maximum value of F for which the two bodies will move
Fig. 5.1 together is 0.45 mg.
5.12 Mass m1 moves on a slope making an angle θ with the horizontal

and is attached to mass m2 by a string passing over a frictionless
pulley as shown in Fig. 5.2. The co-efficient of friction between m1
and the sloping surface is µ.
Which of the following statements are true?
m1
m2 (a) If m 2 > m 1 sin θ , the body will move up the plane.
B
(b) If m 2 > m1 ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) , the body will move up the plane.

(c) If m 2 < m1 ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) , the body will move up the plane.
Fig. 5.2
(d) If m 2 < m 1 ( sin θ − µ cos θ ) , the body will move down the plane.
5.13 In Fig. 5.3, a body A of mass m slides on plane inclined at angle

θ1 to the horizontal and µ1 is the coefficent of friction between A
and the plane. A is connected by a light string passing over a
frictionless pulley to another body B, also of mass m, sliding on a
frictionless plane inclined at angle θ2 to the horizontal. Which of
the following statements are true?
(a) A will never move up the plane.
(b) A will just start moving up the plane when
sin θ2 − sin θ1
µ= .
cos θ1
(c) For A to move up the plane, θ2 must always be greater
Fig. 5.3 than θ1 .
(d) B will always slide down with constant speed.
5.14 Two billiard balls A and B, each of mass 50g and moving in
opposite directions with speed of 5m s–1 each, collide and
rebound with the same speed. If the collision lasts for 10–3 s,
which of the following statements are true?
(a) The impulse imparted to each ball is 0.25 kg m s–1 and the force
on each ball is 250 N.
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Laws of Motion
(b) The impulse imparted to each ball is 0.25 kg m s–1 and the
force exerted on each ball is 25 × 10–5 N.
(c) The impulse imparted to each ball is 0.5 Ns.
(d) The impulse and the force on each ball are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction.
5.15 A body of mass 10kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces,
6N and 8N. The resultant acceleration of the body is
(a) 1 m s–2 at an angle of tan −1   w.r.t. 6N force.

4
3
4
(b) 0.2 m s–2 at an angle of tan −1   w.r.t. 6N force.
3
3
(c) 1 m s–2 at an angle of tan −1   w.r.t.8N force.
4
(d) 0.2 m s–2 at an angle of tan −1   w.r.t.8N force.

3
4
VSA
5.16 A girl riding a bicycle along a straight road with a speed of 5 m s–1
throws a stone of mass 0.5 kg which has a speed of 15 m s–1 with
respect to the ground along her direction of motion. The mass of
the girl and bicycle is 50 kg. Does the speed of the bicycle change
after the stone is thrown? What is the change in speed, if so?
5.17 A person of mass 50 kg stands on a weighing scale on a lift. If the

lift is descending with a downward acceleration of
9 m s–2, what would be the reading of the weighing scale?
(g = 10 m s–2 )
5.18 The position time graph of a body of mass 2 kg is as given in

Fig. 5.4. What is the impulse on the body at t = 0 s and t = 4 s.
Fig. 5.4
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5.19 A person driving a car suddenly applies the brakes on seeing a

child on the road ahead. If he is not wearing seat belt, he falls
forward and hits his head against the steering wheel. Why?
5.20 The velocity of a body of mass 2 kg as a function of t is given by

v(t ) = 2t î + t 2 ˆj . Find the momentum and the force acting on it, at
time t= 2s.
5.21 A block placed on a rough horizontal surface is pulled by a

horizontal force F. Let f be the force applied by the rough surface
on the block. Plot a graph of f versus F.
5.22 Why are porcelain objects wrapped in paper or straw before

packing for transportation?
5.23 Why does a child feel more pain when she falls down on a hard
cement floor, than when she falls on the soft muddy ground in the
garden?
5.24 A woman throws an object of mass 500 g with a speed of 25 m s1.
(a) What is the impulse imparted to the object?

(b) If the object hits a wall and rebounds with half the original speed,
what is the change in momentum of the object?
5.25 Why are mountain roads generally made

winding upwards rather than going straight up?
SA
5.26 A mass of 2kg is suspended with thread AB
(Fig. 5.5). Thread CD of the same type is
attached to the other end of 2 kg mass. Lower
thread is pulled gradually, harder and
harder in the downward directon so as to Fig. 5.5
apply force on AB. Which of the threads will
break and why?
5.27 In the above given problem if the lower thread is

pulled with a jerk, what happens?
5.28 Two masses of 5 kg and 3 kg are suspended

with help of massless inextensible strings as
shown in Fig. 5.6. Calculate T 1 and T 2 when
whole system is going upwards with
acceleration = 2 m s 2 (use g = 9.8 m s –2).
Fig. 5.6
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Laws of Motion
5.29 Block A of weight 100 N rests on a frictionless inclined

plane of slope angle 30° (Fig. 5.7). A flexible cord attached NA F
B
to A passes over a frictonless pulley and is connected to w
° 30°
block B of weight W. Find the weight W for which the 30
in
system is in equilibrium. mgs mg cos 30°
f
5.30 A block of mass M is held against a rough vertical wall by
pressing it with a finger. If the coefficient of friction between mg
the block and the wall is µ and the acceleration due to Fig. 5.7
gravity is g, calculate the minimum force required to be
applied by the finger to hold the block against the wall ?
5.31 A 100 kg gun fires a ball of 1kg horizontally from a cliff of height
500m. It falls on the ground at a distance of 400m from the bottom
of the cliff. Find the recoil velocity of the gun. (acceleration due to
gravity = 10 m s–2)
5.32 Figure 5.8 shows (x, t), (y, t ) diagram of a particle moving in
2-dimensions.
1s 2s 3s t
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.8
If the particle has a mass of 500 g, find the force (direction and
magnitude) acting on the particle.
5.33 A person in an elevator accelerating upwards with an acceleration
of 2 m s–2, tosses a coin vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m
s1. After how much time will the coin fall back into his hand?
( g = 10 m s–2)
LA
5.34 There are three forces F1, F2 and F3 acting on a body, all acting on
a point P on the body. The body is found to move with uniform
speed.
(a) Show that the forces are coplanar.
(b) Show that the torque acting on the body about any point due
to these three forces is zero.
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5.35 When a body slides down from rest along a smooth inclined plane
making an angle of 45° with the horizontal, it takes time T. When
the same body slides down from rest along a rough inclined plane
making the same angle and through the same distance, it is seen
to take time pT, where p is some number greater than 1. Calculate
the co-efficient of friction between the body and the rough plane.
5.36 Figure 5.9 shows (v x ,t ),and(vy ,t ) diagrams for a body of unit

mass. Find the force as a function of time.
vx vy
(m s–1) (m s–1)
2
2
1 1
1s 2s t O 1s 2s 3s t
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.9
5.37 A racing car travels on a track (without banking) ABCDEFA

(Fig. 5.10). ABC is a circular arc of radius 2 R. CD and FA are
straight paths of length R and DEF is a circular arc of radius
R = 100 m. The co-effecient of friction on the road is µ = 0.1. The
maximum speed of the car is 50 m s–1. Find the minimum time
for completing one round.
A
F
E
R
90° R D
C
O 2R
Fig. 5.10
5.38 The displacement vector of a particle of mass m is given by

r (t ) = î A cos ωt + ˆj B sin ωt .
(a) Show that the trajectory is an ellipse.

(b) Show that F = −mω 2 r.
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Laws of Motion
5.39 A cricket bowler releases the ball in two different ways

(a) giving it only horizontal velocity, and
(b) giving it horizontal velocity and a small downward velocity.
The speed vs at the time of release is the same. Both are released
at a height H from the ground. Which one will have greater speed
when the ball hits the ground? Neglect air resistance.
5.40 There are four forces acting at a point P produced by strings as
shown in Fig. 5.11, which is at rest. Find the forces F1 and F2 .
2N
1N
45° 45°
45°
F1
90°
F2
Fig. 5.11
5.41 A rectangular box lies on a rough inclined surface. The co-efficient

of friction between the surface and the box is µ. Let the mass of the
box be m.
(a) At what angle of inclination θ of the plane to the horizontal will
the box just start to slide down the plane?
(b) What is the force acting on the box down the plane, if the angle
of inclination of the plane is increased to α > θ ?
(c) What is the force needed to be applied upwards along the plane
to make the box either remain stationary or just move up with
uniform speed?
(d) What is the force needed to be applied upwards along the plane
to make the box move up the plane with acceleration a?
5.42 A helicopter of mass 2000kg rises with a vertical acceleration of
15 m s–2. The total mass of the crew and passengers is 500 kg.
Give the magnitude and direction of the (g = 10 m s–2)
(a) force on the floor of the helicopter by the crew and passengers.
(b) action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air.
(c) force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air.
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Chapter Six
WORK, ENERGY
AND POWER
MCQ I
6.1 An electron and a proton are moving under the influence of mutual
forces. In calculating the change in the kinetic energy of the system
during motion, one ignores the magnetic force of one on another.
This is because,
(a) the two magnetic forces are equal and opposite, so they produce
no net effect.
(b) the magnetic forces do no work on each particle.
(c) the magnetic forces do equal and opposite (but non-zero) work
on each particle.
(d) the magenetic forces are necessarily negligible.
6.2 A proton is kept at rest. A positively charged particle is released
from rest at a distance d in its field. Consider two experiments;
one in which the charged particle is also a proton and in another,
a positron. In the same time t, the work done on the two moving
charged particles is
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Work, Energy and Power
(a) same as the same force law is involved in the two experiments.
(b) less for the case of a positron, as the positron moves away
more rapidly and the force on it weakens.
(c) more for the case of a positron, as the positron moves away a
larger distance.
(d) same as the work done by charged particle on the stationary proton.
6.3 A man squatting on the ground gets straight up and stand. The
force of reaction of ground on the man during the process is
(a) constant and equal to mg in magnitude.
(b) constant and greater than mg in magnitude.
(c) variable but always greater than mg.
(d) at first greater than mg, and later becomes equal to mg.
6.4 A bicyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10 m. During this process,
the force on the bicycle due to the road is 200N and is directly
opposed to the motion. The work done by the cycle on the road is
(a) + 2000J
(b) – 200J
(c) zero
(d) – 20,000J
6.5 A body is falling freely under the action of gravity alone in vacuum.
Which of the following quantities remain constant during the fall?
(a) Kinetic energy.
(b) Potential energy.
(c) Total mechanical energy.
(d) Total linear momentum.
6.6 During inelastic collision between two bodies, which of the following
quantities always remain conserved?
(a) Total kinetic energy.
(b) Total mechanical energy.
(c) Total linear momentum.
(d) Speed of each body.
6.7 Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the other
steep meet at A from where two stones are allowed to
slide down from rest, one on each track as shown in Fig.
6.1.
Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Both the stones reach the bottom at the same time
but not with the same speed.
(b) Both the stones reach the bottom with the same speed
and stone I reaches the bottom earlier than stone II. Fig. 6.1
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(c) Both the stones reach the bottom with the same speed and
stone II reaches the bottom earlier than stone I.
(d) Both the stones reach the bottom at different times and with
different speeds.
6.8 The potential energy function for a particle executing linear SHM
1 2
is given by V ( x ) = kx where k is the force constant of the
2
oscillator (Fig. 6.2). For k = 0.5N/m, the graph of V(x) versus x is
shown in the figure. A particle of total energy E turns back when
it reaches x = ±x m . If V and K indicate the P.E. and K.E.,
respectively of the particle at x = +xm, then which of the following is
correct?
(a) V = O, K=E
(b) V = E, K=O
(c) V < E, K=O
(d) V = O, K < E.
Fig. 6.2
6.9 Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting
on a frictionless table are hit head-on by another ball bearing of the
same mass moving initially with a speed V as shown in Fig. 6.3.
Fig. 6.3
If the collision is elastic, which of the following (Fig. 6.4) is a possible

result after collision?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.4
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6.10 A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with velocity v = a

x3/2 where a = 5 m–1/2s–1. The work done by the net force during its
displacement from x = 0 to x = 2 m is
(a) 1.5 J
(b) 50 J
(c) 10 J
(d) 100 J
6.11 A body is moving unidirectionally under the influence of a source of
constant power supplying energy. Which of the diagrams shown in
Fig. 6.5 correctly shows the displacement-time curve for its motion?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.5
6.12 Which of the diagrams shown in Fig. 6.6 most closely shows the
variation in kinetic energy of the earth as it moves once around
the sun in its elliptical orbit?
(a) (b)
K.E
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.6
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6.13 Which of the diagrams shown in Fig. 6.7 represents variation of

total mechanical energy of a pendulum oscillating in air as
function of time?
E
E
(a) (b)
E E
t t
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.7
6.14 A mass of 5 kg is moving along a circular path of radius 1 m. If

the mass moves with 300 revolutions per minute, its kinetic energy
would be
(a) 250π2
(b) 100π2
(c) 5π2
(d) 0
6.15 A raindrop falling from a height h above ground, attains a near terminal
velocity when it has fallen through a height (3/4)h. Which of the
diagrams shown in Fig. 6.8 correctly shows the change in kinetic and
potential energy of the drop during its fall up to the ground?
h h PE
PE
h/4
KE
KE
t t
(a) (b)
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h
PE
h KE
PE
KE
t t
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.8
6.16 In a shotput event an athlete throws the shotput of mass 10 kg

with an initial speed of 1m s –1 at 45° from a height 1.5 m above
ground. Assuming air resistance to be negligible and acceleration
due to gravity to be 10 m s –2 , the kinetic energy of the shotput
when it just reaches the ground will be
(a) 2.5 J
(b) 5.0 J
(c) 52.5 J
(d) 155.0 J
6.17 Which of the diagrams in Fig. 6.9 correctly shows the change in
kinetic energy of an iron sphere falling freely in a lake having
sufficient depth to impart it a terminal velocity?
K.E K.E
depth depth
(a) (b)
K.E
K.E
depth depth
(c) (d)
Fig. 6.9
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6.18 A cricket ball of mass 150 g moving with a speed of 126 km/h hits
at the middle of the bat, held firmly at its position by the batsman.
The ball moves straight back to the bowler after hitting the bat.
Assuming that collision between ball and bat is completely elastic
and the two remain in contact for 0.001s, the force that the batsman
had to apply to hold the bat firmly at its place would be
(a) 10.5 N
(b) 21 N
(c) 1.05 ×104 N
(d) 2.1 × 104 N
MCQ II
6.19 A man, of mass m, standing at the bottom of the staircase, of height
L climbs it and stands at its top.
(a) Work done by all forces on man is equal to the rise in potential
energy mgL.
(b) Work done by all forces on man is zero.
(c) Work done by the gravitational force on man is mgL.
(d) The reaction force from a step does not do work because the
point of application of the force does not move while the force
exists.
6.20 A bullet of mass m fired at 30° to the horizontal leaves the barrel of
the gun with a velocity v. The bullet hits a soft target at a height h
above the ground while it is moving downward and emerges out
with half the kinetic energy it had before hitting the target.
Which of the following statements are correct in respect of bullet
after it emerges out of the target?
(a) The velocity of the bullet will be reduced to half its initial
value.
(b) The velocity of the bullet will be more than half of its earlier
velocity.
(c) The bullet will continue to move along the same parabolic
path.
(d) The bullet will move in a different parabolic path.
(e) The bullet will fall vertically downward after hitting the target.
(f) The internal energy of the particles of the target will increase.
6.21 Two blocks M1 and M2 having equal mass are free to move on a
horizontal frictionless surface. M2 is attached to a massless spring
as shown in Fig. 6.10. Iniially M2 is at rest and M1 is moving toward
M2 with speed v and collides head-on with M2.
(a) While spring is fully compressed all the KE of M 1
is stored as PE of spring.
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(b) While spring is fully compressed the system

momentum is not conserved, though final
momentum is equal to initial momentum.
(c) If spring is massless, the final state of the M1 is
state of rest.
(d) If the surface on which blocks are moving has
friction, then collision cannot be elastic. Fig. 6.10
VSA
6.22 A rough inclined plane is placed on a cart moving with a constant
velocity u on horizontal ground. A block of mass M rests on the
incline. Is any work done by force of friction between the block
and incline? Is there then a dissipation of energy?
6.23 Why is electrical power required at all when the elevator is

descending? Why should there be a limit on the number of
passengers in this case?
6.24 A body is being raised to a height h from the surface of earth.

What is the sign of work done by
(a) applied force
(b) gravitational force?
6.25 Calculate the work done by a car against gravity in moving along
a straight horizontal road. The mass of the car is 400 kg and the
distance moved is 2m.
6.26 A body falls towards earth in air. Will its total mechanical energy
be conserved during the fall? Justify.
6.27 A body is moved along a closed loop. Is the work done in moving
the body necessarily zero? If not, state the condition under which
work done over a closed path is always zero.
6.28 In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, which of the following

quantities remain conserved during the short time of collision of
the balls (i.e., when they are in contact).
(a) Kinetic energy.
(b) Total linear momentum?
Give reason for your answer in each case.
6.29 Calculate the power of a crane in watts, which lifts a mass of
100 kg to a height of 10 m in 20s.
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6.30 The average work done by a human heart while it beats once is 0.5
J. Calculate the power used by heart if it beats 72 times in a minute.
6.31 Give example of a situation in which an applied force does not

result in a change in kinetic energy.
6.32 Two bodies of unequal mass are moving in the same direction
with equal kinetic energy. The two bodies are brought to rest by
applying retarding force of same magnitude. How would the
C
m distance moved by them before coming to rest compare?
x 6.33 A bob of mass m suspended by a light string of length L is whirled

into a vertical circle as shown in Fig. 6.11. What will be the
B trajectory of the particle if the string is cut at
L (a) Point B?
(b) Point C?
A (c) Point X?
Fig. 6.11
SA
V(x)
6.34 A graph of potential energy V ( x )
A F
verses x is shown in Fig. 6.12.
A particle of energy E0 is executing Eo
motion in it. Draw graph of velocity B
and kinetic energy versus x for one D
x
C
complete cycle AFA.
Fig. 6.12
6.35 A ball of mass m, moving with a speed

2v0, collides inelastically (e > 0) with an identical ball at rest. Show
that
(a) For head-on collision, both the balls move forward.
(b) For a general collision, the angle between the two velocities of
scattered balls is less than 90°.
6.36 Consider a one-dimensional motion of a particle with total energy
E. There are four regions A, B, C and D in which the relation
between potential energy V, kinetic energy (K) and total energy
E is as given below:
Region A : V > E
Region B : V < E
Region C : K > E
Region D : V > K
State with reason in each case whether a particle can be found in
the given region or not.
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6.37 The bob A of a pendulum released from horizontal to A

m
the vertical hits another bob B of the same mass at
rest on a table as shown in Fig. 6.13. 1m
If the length of the pendulum is 1m, calculate
B m
(a) the height to which bob A will rise after collision.
(b) the speed with which bob B starts moving.
Neglect the size of the bobs and assume the collision Fig. 6.13
to be elastic.
6.38 A raindrop of mass 1.00 g falling from a height of 1 km hits the
ground with a speed of 50 m s–1. Calculate
(a) the loss of P.E. of the drop.
(b) the gain in K.E. of the drop.
(c) Is the gain in K.E. equal to loss of P.E.? If not why.
Take g = 10 m s-2
6.39 Two pendulums with identical bobs and lengths are suspended
from a common support such that in rest position the two bobs
are in contact (Fig. 6.14). One of the bobs is released after being
displaced by 10o so that it collides elastically head-on with the
other bob.
(a) Describe the motion of two bobs.
(b) Draw a graph showing variation in energy of either pendulum
with time, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2T , where T is the period of each
pendulum. Fig. 6.14
6.40 Suppose the average mass of raindrops is 3.0 × 10-5kg and their
average terminal velocity 9 m s-1. Calculate the energy transferred
by rain to each square metre of the surface at a place which receives
100 cm of rain in a year.
6.41 An engine is attached to a wagon through a shock absorber of length

1.5m. The system with a total mass of 50,000 kg is moving with a
speed of 36 km h-1 when the brakes are applied to bring it to rest. In
the process of the system being brought to rest, the spring of the
shock absorber gets compressed by 1.0 m. If 90% of energy of the
wagon is lost due to friction, calculate the spring constant.
6.42 An adult weighing 600N raises the centre of gravity of his body by
0.25 m while taking each step of 1 m length in jogging. If he jogs
for 6 km, calculate the energy utilised by him in jogging assuming
that there is no energy loss due to friction of ground and air.
Assuming that the body of the adult is capable of converting 10%
of energy intake in the form of food, calculate the energy equivalents
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of food that would be required to compensate energy utilised for

jogging.
6.43 On complete combustion a litre of petrol gives off heat equivalent

to 3×107 J. In a test drive a car weighing 1200 kg. including the
mass of driver, runs 15 km per litre while moving with a uniform
speed on a straight track. Assuming that friction offered by the
road surface and air to be uniform, calculate the force of friction
acting on the car during the test drive, if the efficiency of the car
engine were 0.5.
LA
6.44 A block of mass 1 kg is pushed up a surface inclined to horizontal
at an angle of 30° by a force of 10 N parallel to the inclined
surface (Fig. 6.15).The coefficient of friction between block and
the incline is 0.1. If the block is pushed up by 10 m along the
F
m
incline, calulate
(a) work done against gravity
(b) work done against force of friction
30o (c) increase in potential energy
(d) increase in kinetic energy
Fig. 6.15 (e) work done by applied force.
6.45 A curved surface is shown in Fig. 6.16. The portion BCD is free
of friction. There are three spherical balls of identical radii and
masses. Balls are released from rest one by one from A which is
at a slightly greater height than C.
A C
D
B
Fig. 6.16
With the surface AB, ball 1 has large enough friction to cause
rolling down without slipping; ball 2 has a small friction and ball
3 has a negligible friction.
(a) For which balls is total mechanical energy conserved?
(b) Which ball (s) can reach D?
(c) For balls which do not reach D, which of the balls can reach
back A?
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6.46 A rocket accelerates straight up by ejecting gas downwards. In a

small time interval ∆t, it ejects a gas of mass ∆m at a relative
speed u. Calculate KE of the entire system at t + ∆t and t and
show that the device that ejects gas does work = 1( 2 ) ∆m u 2 in
this time interval (neglect gravity).
6.47 Two identical steel cubes (masses 50g, side 1cm) collide
head-on face to face with a speed of 10cm/s each. Find
the maximum compression of each. Young’s modulus for
steel = Y= 2 × 10 11 N/m 2.
6.48 A baloon filled with helium rises against gravity increasing its
potential energy. The speed of the baloon also increases as it
rises. How do you reconcile this with the law of conservation of
mechanical energy? You can neglect viscous drag of air and
assume that density of air is constant.
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Chapter Seven
SYSTEM OF
PARTICLES AND
ROTATIONAL MOTION
MCQ I
7.1 For which of the following does the centre of mass lie outside the
body ?
(a) A pencil
(b) A shotput
(c) A dice Hollow
(d) A bangle sphere
Air
7.2 Which of the following points is the likely position of the centre of
mass of the system shown in Fig. 7.1?
R/2
A
(a) A
B
(b) B C
R/2
(c) C
(d) D D
Sand
7.3 A particle of mass m is moving in yz-plane with a uniform velocity v
with its trajectory running parallel to +ve y-axis and intersecting Fig. 7.1
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System of Particles and
Rotational Motion
z-axis at z = a (Fig. 7.2). The change in its angular momentum about

the origin as it bounces elastically from a wall at y = constant is:
(a) mva êx
(b) 2mva êx
(c) ymv êx
(d) 2ymv êx
7.4 When a disc rotates with uniform angular velocity, which of the Fig. 7.2
following is not true?
(a) The sense of rotation remains same.
(b) The orientation of the axis of rotation remains same.
(c) The speed of rotation is non-zero and remains same.
(d) The angular acceleration is non-zero and remains same.
7.5 A uniform square plate has a small piece Q of an irregular
shape removed and glued to the centre of the plate leaving
a hole behind (Fig. 7.3). The moment of inertia about the
z-axis is then
(a) increased
(b) decreased
(c) the same
(d) changed in unpredicted manner. Fig. 7.3
7.6 In problem 7.5, the CM of the plate is now in the following quadrant
of x-y plane,
(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV
7.7 The density of a non-uniform rod of length 1m is given by
ρ (x) = a(1+bx 2)
where a and b are constants and o ≤ x ≤ 1 .
The centre of mass of the rod will be at
3(2 + b )
(a)
4 (3 + b )
4 (2 + b )
(b) 3(3 + b )
3(3 + b )
(c)
4 (2 + b )
4 (3 + b )
(d)
3(2 + b )
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7.8 A Merry-go-round, made of a ring-like platform of radius R and

mass M, is revolving with angular speed ω . A person of mass M is
standing on it. At one instant, the person jumps off the round,
radially away from the centre of the round (as seen from the round).
The speed of the round afterwards is
ω
(a) 2ω (b) ω (c) (d) 0
2
MCQ II
7.9 Choose the correct alternatives:
(a) For a general rotational motion, angular momentum L and
angular velocity ω need not be parallel.
(b) For a rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum
L and angular velocity ω are always parallel.
(c) For a general translational motion , momentum p and velocity
v are always parallel.
(d) For a general translational motion, acceleration a and velocity
v are always parallel.
7.10 Figure 7.4 shows two identical particles 1 and 2, each of mass m,
moving in opposite directions with same speed v along parallel lines.
At a particular instant, r1 and r2 are their respective position vectors
drawn from point A which is in the plane of the parallel lines .
A
r1 Choose the correct options:
d1
(a) Angular momentum l1 of particle 1 about A is l1 = mvd1
1 v
d2 (b) Angular momentum l2 of particle 2 about A is l2 = mvr2
r2
(c) Total angular momentum of the system about A is
l = mv(r1 + r2 )
v 2
(d) Total angular momentum of the system about A is l = mv (d 2 − d1 ) ⊗
Fig. 7.4
represents a unit vector coming out of the page.
⊗ represents a unit vector going into the page.
7.11 The net external torque on a system of particles about an axis is

zero. Which of the following are compatible with it ?
(a) The forces may be acting radially from a point on the axis.
(b) The forces may be acting on the axis of rotation.
(c) The forces may be acting parallel to the axis of rotation.
(d) The torque caused by some forces may be equal and opposite
to that caused by other forces.
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Rotational Motion
7.12 Figure 7.5 shows a lamina in x-y plane. Two axes z and z z
F
z ′ pass perpendicular to its plane. A force F acts in the
plane of lamina at point P as shown. Which of the following P
are true? (The point P is closer to z′-axis than the z-axis.)
ˆ.
(a) Torque τ caused by F about z axis is along -k
(b) Torque τ′ caused by F about z′ axis is along -kˆ.
(c) Torque τ caused by F about z axis is greater in magnitude
than that about z axis.
(d) Total torque is given be τ = τ + τ′
τ′. Fig. 7.5
7.13 With reference to Fig. 7.6 of a cube of edge a and

mass m, state whether the following are true or false.
(O is the centre of the cube.)
(a) The moment of inertia of cube about z-axis is
Iz = Ix + Iy
(b) The moment of inertia of cube about z ′ is
m a2
I 'z = I z +
2
(c) The moment of inertia of cube about z″ is
2
ma
= Iz +
2
(d) Ix = Iy Fig. 7.6
VSA
7.14 The centre of gravity of a body on the earth coincides with its centre
of mass for a ‘small’ object whereas for an ‘extended’ object it may
not. What is the qualitative meaning of ‘small’ and ‘extended’ in
this regard?
For which of the following the two coincides? A building, a pond, a
lake, a mountain?
7.15 Why does a solid sphere have smaller moment of inertia than a
hollow cylinder of same mass and radius, about an axis passing
through their axes of symmetry?
7.16 The variation of angular position θ , of a point on a rotating

rigid body, with time t is shown in Fig. 7.7. Is the body rotating
clock-wise or anti-clockwise? Fig. 7.7
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7.17 A uniform cube of mass m and side a is placed on a frictionless

horizontal surface. A vertical force F is applied to the edge as shown
in Fig. 7.8. Match the following (most appropriate choice):
(a) mg/4 < F < mg / 2 (i) Cube will move up.

(b) F > mg/2 (ii) Cube will not exhibit motion.
(c) F > mg (iii) Cube will begin to rotate and
slip at A.
(d) F = mg/4 (iv) Normal reaction effectively at
Fig. 7.8 a/3 from A, no motion.
7.18 A uniform sphere of mass m and radius R is placed on a rough
horizontal surface (Fig. 7.9). The sphere is struck horizontally at a
height h from the floor. Match the following:
(a) h = R/2 (i) Sphere rolls without slipping with a
constant velocity and no loss of energy.
(b) h = R (ii) Sphere spins clockwise, loses energy by
friction.
(c) h = 3R/2 (iii) Sphere spins anti-clockwise, loses energy
by friction.
Fig. 7.9
(d) h = 7R/5 (iv) Sphere has only a translational motion,
looses energy by friction.
SA
7.19 The vector sum of a system of non-collinear forces acting on a rigid
body is given to be non-zero. If the vector sum of all the torques due
to the system of forces about a certain point is found to be zero,
does this mean that it is necessarily zero about any arbitrary point?
7.20 A wheel in uniform motion about an axis passing through its centre
and perpendicular to its plane is considered to be in mechanical
(translational plus rotational) equilibrium because no net external
force or torque is required to sustain its motion. However, the
particles that constitute the wheel do experience a centripetal
acceleration directed towards the centre. How do you reconcile this
fact with the wheel being in equilibrium?
How would you set a half-wheel into uniform motion about an
axis passing through the centre of mass of the wheel and
perpendicular to its plane? Will you require external forces to
sustain the motion?
7.21 A door is hinged at one end and is free to rotate about a vertical
axis (Fig. 7.10). Does its weight cause any torque about this axis?
Fig. 7.10
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Rotational Motion
7.22 (n-1) equal point masses each of mass m are placed at the vertices
of a regular n-polygon. The vacant vertex has a position vector a
with respect to the centre of the polygon. Find the position vector of
centre of mass.
LA
7.23 Find the centre of mass of a uniform (a) half-disc, (b) quarter-disc.
7.24 Two discs of moments of inertia I1 and I 2 about their respective

axes (normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and
rotating with angular speed ω1 and ω 2 are brought into contact
face to face with their axes of rotation coincident.
(a) Does the law of conservation of angular momentum apply to
the situation? why?
(b) Find the angular speed of the two-disc system.
(c) Calculate the loss in kinetic energy of the system in the process.
(d) Account for this loss.
7.25 A disc of radius R is rotating with an angular speed ωo about a

horizontal axis. It is placed on a horizontal table. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is µk.
(a) What was the velocity of its centre of mass before being brought
in contact with the table?
(b) What happens to the linear velocity of a point on its rim when
placed in contact with the table?
(c) What happens to the linear speed of the centre of mass when
disc is placed in contact with the table?
(d) Which force is responsible for the effects in (b) and (c).
(e) What condition should be satisfied for rolling to begin?
(f) Calculate the time taken for the rolling to begin.
7.26 Two cylindrical hollow drums of radii R and 2R, and of a common
height h, are rotating with angular velocities ω (anti-clockwise) and
ω (clockwise), respectively. Their axes, fixed are parallel and in a
horizontal plane separated by (3R + δ ) . They are now brought in
contact (δ → 0) .
(a) Show the frictional forces just after contact.
(b) Identify forces and torques external to the system just after
contact.
(c) What would be the ratio of final angular velocities when friction
ceases?
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7.27 A uniform square plate S (side c) and a uniform rectangular plate

R (sides b, a) have identical areas and masses (Fig. 7.11).
Fig. 7.11
Show that
(i ) I xR / I xS < 1; (ii ) I yR / I yS > 1; (iii ) I zR / I zS > 1.
7.28 A uniform disc of radius R, is resting on a table on its rim.The

coefficient of friction between disc and table is µ (Fig 7.12). Now the
disc is pulled with a force F as shown in the figure. What is the
maximum value of F for which the disc rolls without slipping ?
Fig. 7.12
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Chapter Eight
GRAVITATION
MCQ I
8.1 The earth is an approximate sphere. If the interior contained matter
which is not of the same density everywhere, then on the surface
of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity
(a) will be directed towards the centre but not the same everywhere.
(b) will have the same value everywhere but not directed towards
the centre.
(c) will be same everywhere in magnitude directed towards the
centre.
(d) cannot be zero at any point.
8.2 As observed from earth, the sun appears to move in an
approximate circular orbit. For the motion of another planet like
mercury as observed from earth, this would
(a) be similarly true.
(b) not be true because the force between earth and mercury is
not inverse square law.
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(c) not be true because the major gravitational force on mercury

is due to sun.
(d) not be true because mercury is influenced by forces other than
gravitational forces.
8.3 Different points in earth are at slightly different distances from
the sun and hence experience different forces due to gravitation.
For a rigid body, we know that if various forces act at various
points in it, the resultant motion is as if a net force acts on
the c.m. (centre of mass) causing translation and a net torque
at the c.m. causing rotation around an axis through the c.m.
For the earth-sun system (approximating the earth as a
uniform density sphere)
(a) the torque is zero.
(b) the torque causes the earth to spin.
(c) the rigid body result is not applicable since the earth is not
even approximately a rigid body.
(d) the torque causes the earth to move around the sun.
8.4 Satellites orbiting the earth have finite life and sometimes debris
of satellites fall to the earth. This is because,
(a) the solar cells and batteries in satellites run out.
(b) the laws of gravitation predict a trajectory spiralling inwards.
(c) of viscous forces causing the speed of satellite and hence height
to gradually decrease.
(d) of collisions with other satellites.
8.5 Both earth and moon are subject to the gravitational force of the
sun. As observed from the sun, the orbit of the moon
(a) will be elliptical.
(b) will not be strictly elliptical because the total gravitational force
on it is not central.
(c) is not elliptical but will necessarily be a closed curve.
(d) deviates considerably from being elliptical due to influence of
planets other than earth.
8.6 In our solar system, the inter-planetary region has chunks of
matter (much smaller in size compared to planets) called asteroids.
They
(a) will not move around the sun since they have very small masses
compared to sun.
(b) will move in an irregular way because of their small masses
and will drift away into outer space.
(c) will move around the sun in closed orbits but not obey
Kepler’s laws.
(d) will move in orbits like planets and obey Kepler’s laws.
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Gravitation
8.7 Choose the wrong option.

(a) Inertial mass is a measure of difficulty of accelerating a body
by an external force whereas the gravitational mass is relevant
in determining the gravitational force on it by an external mass.
(b) That the gravitational mass and inertial mass are equal is an
experimental result.
(c) That the acceleration due to gravity on earth is the same for all
bodies is due to the equality of gravitational mass and inertial mass.
(d) Gravitational mass of a particle like proton can depend on the
presence of neighouring heavy objects but the inertial mass
cannot.
8.8 Particles of masses 2M, m and M are respectively at points A, B
and C with AB = ½ (BC). m is much-much smaller than M and at
time t = 0, they are all at rest (Fig. 8.1).
At subsequent times before any collision takes place:
A B C
2M m M
Fig. 8.1
(a) m will remain at rest.

(b) m will move towards M.
(c) m will move towards 2M.
(d) m will have oscillatory motion.
MCQ II
8.9 Which of the following options are correct?
(a) Acceleration due to gravity decreases with increasing altitude.
(b) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing depth
(assume the earth to be a sphere of uniform density).
(c) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing latitude.
(d) Acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the
earth.
8.10 If the law of gravitation, instead of being inverse-square law,
becomes an inverse-cube law-
(a) planets will not have elliptic orbits.
(b) circular orbits of planets is not possible.
(c) projectile motion of a stone thrown by hand on the surface of
the earth will be approximately parabolic.
(d) there will be no gravitational force inside a spherical shell of
uniform density.
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8.11 If the mass of sun were ten times smaller and gravitational constant
G were ten times larger in magnitudes-
(a) walking on ground would became more difficult.
(b) the acceleration due to gravity on earth will not change.
(c) raindrops will fall much faster.
(d) airplanes will have to travel much faster.
8.12 If the sun and the planets carried huge amounts of opposite charges,
(a) all three of Kepler’s laws would still be valid.
(b) only the third law will be valid.
(c) the second law will not change.
(d) the first law will still be valid.
8.13 There have been suggestions that the value of the gravitational
constant G becomes smaller when considered over very large
time period (in billions of years) in the future. If that happens,
for our earth,
(a) nothing will change.
(b) we will become hotter after billions of years.
(c) we will be going around but not strictly in closed orbits.
(d) after sufficiently long time we will leave the solar system.
8.14 Supposing Newton’s law of gravitation for gravitation forces
F1 and F2 between two masses m1 and m2 at positions r1 and r2 read
n
r12 m m 
F1 – F2 = – 3
GM 0 2  1 2 2  where M0 is a constant of dimension
r12  M0 
of mass, r12 = r1 – r2 and n is a number. In such a case,
(a) the acceleration due to gravity on earth will be different for
different objects.
(b) none of the three laws of Kepler will be valid.
(c) only the third law will become invalid.
(d) for n negative, an object lighter than water will sink in water.
8.15 Which of the following are true?
(a) A polar satellite goes around the earth’s pole in north-
south direction.
(b) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in east-west
direction.
(c) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in west-east
direction.
(d) A polar satellite goes around the earth in east-west direction.
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Gravitation
8.16 The centre of mass of an extended body on the surface of the earth
and its centre of gravity
(a) are always at the same point for any size of the body.
(b) are always at the same point only for spherical bodies.
(c) can never be at the same point.
(d) is close to each other for objects, say of sizes less than 100 m.
(e) both can change if the object is taken deep inside the earth.
VSA
8.17 Molecules in air in the atmosphere are attracted by gravitational
force of the earth. Explain why all of them do not fall into the earth
just like an apple falling from a tree.
8.18 Give one example each of central force and non-central force.
8.19 Draw areal velocity versus time graph for mars.
8.20 What is the direction of areal velocity of the earth around the sun?
8.21 How is the gravitational force between two point masses affected
when they are dipped in water keeping the separation between
them the same?
8.22 Is it possibe for a body to have inertia but no weight?
8.23 We can shield a charge from electric fields by putting it inside a
hollow conductor. Can we shield a body from the gravitational
influence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or
by some other means?
8.24 An astronaut inside a small spaceship orbiting around the earth
cannot detect gravity. If the space station orbiting around the earth
has a large size, can he hope to detect gravity?
8.25 The gravitational force between a hollow spherical shell (of radius
R and uniform density) and a point mass is F. Show the nature of
F vs r graph where r is the distance of the point from the centre of
the hollow spherical shell of uniform density.
8.26 Out of aphelion and perihelion, where is the speed of the earth
more and why ?
8.27 What is the angle between the equatorial plane and the orbital
plane of
(a) Polar satellite?
(b) Geostationary satellite?
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SA
8.28 Mean solar day is the time interval between two successive noon
when sun passes through zenith point (meridian).
Sidereal day is the time interval between two successive transit of
a distant star through the zenith point (meridian).
By drawing appropriate diagram showing earth’s spin and orbital
motion, show that mean solar day is four minutes longer than the
sidereal day. In other words, distant stars would rise 4 minutes
early every successive day.
(Hint: you may assume circular orbit for the earth).
8.29 Two identical heavy spheres are separated by a distance 10 times

their radius. Will an object placed at the mid point of the line joining
their centres be in stable equilibrium or unstable equilibrium?
8.30 Show the nature of the following graph for a satellite orbiting the
earth.
(a) KE vs orbital radius R
(b) PE vs orbital radius R
(c) TE vs orbital radius R.
8.31 Shown are several curves (Fig. 8.2). Explain with reason, which
ones amongst them can be possible trajectories traced by a
projectile (neglect air friction).
Earth Earth
Earth
(a) (b) (c)
Earth
Earth
Earth
(d) (e) (f )
Fig. 8.2
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Gravitation
8.32 An object of mass m is raised from the surface of the earth to a

height equal to the radius of the earth, that is, taken from a distance
R to 2R from the centre of the earth. What is the gain in its potential
energy?
8.33 A mass m is placed at P a distance h along the normal through the

centre O of a thin circular ring of mass M and radius r (Fig. 8.3).
r
P
o h m
Fig. 8.3
If the mass is removed further away such that OP becomes 2h, by

what factor the force of gravitation will decrease, if
h=r?
LA
8.34 A star like the sun has several bodies moving around it at different
distances. Consider that all of them are moving in circular orbits.
Let r be the distance of the body from the centre of the star and let
its linear velocity be v, angular velocity ω, kinetic energy K,
gravitational potential energy U, total energy E and angular
momentum l. As the radius r of the orbit increases, determine
which of the above quantities increase and which ones decrease.
8.35 Six point masses of mass m each are at the vertices of a regular
hexagon of side l. Calculate the force on any of the masses.
8.36 A satellite is to be placed in equatorial geostationary orbit around

earth for communication.
(a) Calculate height of such a satellite.
(b) Find out the minimum number of satellites that are needed to
cover entire earth so that at least one satellites is visible from
any point on the equator.
[M = 6 × 1024 kg, R = 6400 km, T = 24h, G = 6.67 × 10–11 SI units]
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8.37 Earth’s orbit is an ellipse with eccentricity 0.0167. Thus,

earth’s distance from the sun and speed as it moves around
the sun varies from day to day. This means that the length
of the solar day is not constant through the year. Assume
that earth’s spin axis is normal to its orbital plane and find
out the length of the shortest and the longest day. A day
should be taken from noon to noon. Does this explain
variation of length of the day during the year?
8.38 A satellite is in an elliptic orbit around the earth with

aphelion of 6R and perihelion of 2 R where R= 6400 km is
the radius of the earth. Find eccentricity of the orbit. Find
the velocity of the satellite at apogee and perigee. What
should be done if this satellite has to be transferred to a
circular orbit of radius 6R ?
[G = 6.67 × 10–11 SI units and M = 6 × 1024 kg]
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Chapter Nine
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
MCQ I
9.1 Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquids is
(a) infinity.
(b) zero.
(c) unity.
(d) some finite small non-zero constant value.
9.2 The maximum load a wire can withstand without breaking, when
its length is reduced to half of its original length, will
(a) be double.
(b) be half.
(c) be four times.
(d) remain same.
9.3 The temperature of a wire is doubled. The Young’s modulus of
elasticity
(a) will also double.
(b) will become four times.
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( c ) will remain same.

(d) will decrease.
9.4 A spring is stretched by applying a load to its free end. The strain
produced in the spring is
(a) volumetric.
(b) shear.
(c) longitudinal and shear.
(d) longitudinal.
9.5 A rigid bar of mass M is supported symmetrically by three wires
each of length l . Those at each end are of copper and the middle
one is of iron. The ratio of their diameters, if each is to have the
same tension, is equal to
(a) Ycopper/Yiron
Yiron
(b)
Ycopper
2
Y iron
(c) 2
Y copper
(d) Yiron .
Ycopper
9.6 A mild steel wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area A is

stretched, well within elastic limit, horizontally between two pillars
(Fig. 9.1). A mass m is suspended from the mid point of the wire.
Strain in the wire is
2L
x
Fig. 9.1
x2
(a)
2 L2
x
(b)
L
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Mechanical Properties of Solids
x2
(c)
L
(d) x2 .
2L
9.7 A rectangular frame is to be suspended symmetrically by two

strings of equal length on two supports (Fig. 9.2). It can be done
in one of the following three ways;
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 9.2
The tension in the strings will be

(a) the same in all cases.
(b) least in (a).
(c) least in (b).
(d) least in (c).
9.8 Consider two cylindrical rods of identical dimensions, one of rubber

and the other of steel. Both the rods are fixed rigidly at one end to
the roof. A mass M is attached to each of the free ends at the centre
of the rods.
(a) Both the rods will elongate but there shall be no perceptible
change in shape.
(b) The steel rod will elongate and change shape but the rubber
rod will only elongate.
(c) The steel rod will elongate without any perceptible change in
shape, but the rubber rod will elongate and the shape of the
bottom edge will change to an ellipse.
(d) The steel rod will elongate, without any perceptible change in
shape, but the rubber rod will elongate with the shape of the
bottom edge tapered to a tip at the centre.
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MCQ II
9.9 The stress-strain graphs for two materials are shown in Fig.9.3
(assume same scale).
Fig. 9.3
(a) Material (ii) is more elastic than material (i) and hence material
(ii) is more brittle.
(b) Material (i) and (ii) have the same elasticity and the same
brittleness.
(c) Material (ii) is elastic over a larger region of strain as compared to (i).
(d) Material (ii) is more brittle than material (i).
9.10 A wire is suspended from the ceiling and stretched under the action
of a weight F suspended from its other end. The force exerted by
the ceiling on it is equal and opposite to the weight.
(a) Tensile stress at any cross section A of the wire is F/A.

(b) Tensile stress at any cross section is zero.
(c) Tensile stress at any cross section A of the wire is 2F/A.
(d) Tension at any cross section A of the wire is F.
9.11 A rod of length l and negligible mass is suspended at its two ends
by two wires of steel (wire A) and aluminium (wire B) of equal
lengths (Fig. 9.4). The cross-sectional areas of wires A and B are
1.0 mm2 and 2.0 mm2, respectively.
(Y Al = 70 × 109 Nm −2 and Ysteel = 200 × 109 Nm –2 )
A B
steel Al
m
Fig. 9.4
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(a) Mass m should be suspended close to wire A to have equal

stresses in both the wires.
(b) Mass m should be suspended close to B to have equal stresses
in both the wires.
(c) Mass m should be suspended at the middle of the wires to
have equal stresses in both the wires.
(d) Mass m should be suspended close to wire A to have equal
strain in both wires.
9.12 For an ideal liquid
(a) the bulk modulus is infinite.
(b) the bulk modulus is zero.
(c) the shear modulus is infinite.
(d) the shear modulus is zero.
9.13 A copper and a steel wire of the same diameter are connected end
to end. A deforming force F is applied to this composite wire which
causes a total elongation of 1cm. The two wires will have
(a) the same stress.
(b) different stress.
(c) the same strain.
(d) different strain.
VSA
9.14 The Young’s modulus for steel is much more than that for rubber.
For the same longitudinal strain, which one will have greater
tensile stress?
9.15 Is stress a vector quantity ?
9.16 Identical springs of steel and copper are equally stretched. On

which, more work will have to be done?
9.17 What is the Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body ?
9.18 What is the Bulk modulus for a perfect rigid body?
SA
9.19 A wire of length L and radius r is clamped rigidly at one end. When
the other end of the wire is pulled by a force f, its length increases
by l. Another wire of the same material of length 2L and radius 2r,
is pulled by a force 2f. Find the increase in length of this wire.
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9.20 A steel rod (Y = 2.0 × 1011 Nm–2; and α = 10–50 C–1) of length 1 m
and area of cross-section 1 cm2 is heated from 0°C to 200°C, without
being allowed to extend or bend. What is the tension produced in
the rod?
9.21 To what depth must a rubber ball be taken in deep sea so that its
volume is decreased by 0.1%. (The bulk modulus of rubber is
9.8×108 N m–2; and the density of sea water is 103 kg m–3.)
9.22 A truck is pulling a car out of a ditch by means of a steel cable

that is 9.1 m long and has a radius of 5 mm. When the car just
begins to move, the tension in the cable is 800 N. How much has
the cable stretched? (Young’s modulus for steel is 2 × 1011 Nm–2.)
9.23 Two identical solid balls, one of ivory and the other of wet-clay,
are dropped from the same height on the floor. Which one will rise
to a greater height after striking the floor and why?
LA
9.24 Consider a long steel bar under a tensile stress due to forces F
acting at the edges along the length of the bar (Fig. 9.5). Consider
a plane making an angle θ with the length. What are the tensile
and shearing stresses on this plane?
a

F F
a'
Fig. 9.5
(a) For what angle is the tensile stress a maximum?

(b) For what angle is the shearing stress a maximum?
9.25 (a) A steel wire of mass µ per unit length with a circular cross
section has a radius of 0.1 cm. The wire is of length 10 m when
measured lying horizontal, and hangs from a hook on the wall.
A mass of 25 kg is hung from the free end of the wire. Assuming
the wire to be uniform and lateral strains << longitudinal
strains, find the extension in the length of the wire. The density
of steel is 7860 kg m–3 (Young’s modules Y=2×1011 Nm–2).
(b) If the yield strength of steel is 2.5×108 Nm–2, what is the maximum
weight that can be hung at the lower end of the wire?
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9.26 A steel rod of length 2l, cross sectional area A and mass M is set
rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing through the
centre. If Y is the Young’s modulus for steel, find the extension in
the length of the rod. (Assume the rod is uniform.)
9.27 An equilateral triangle ABC is formed by two Cu rods AB and BC

and one Al rod. It is heated in such a way that temperature of
each rod increases by ∆T. Find change in the angle ABC. [Coeff. of
linear expansion for Cu is α1 ,Coeff. of linear expansion for
Al is α 2 ]
9.28 In nature, the failure of structural members usually result from

large torque because of twisting or bending rather than due to
tensile or compressive strains. This process of structural
breakdown is called buckling and in cases of tall cylindrical
structures like trees, the torque is caused by its own weight bending
the structure. Thus the vertical through the centre of gravity does
not fall within the base. The elastic torque caused because of this
Y πr 4
bending about the central axis of the tree is given by . Y is
4R
the Young’s modulus, r is the radius of the trunk and R is the
radius of curvature of the bent surface along the height of the tree
containing the centre of gravity (the neutral surface). Estimate the
critical height of a tree for a given radius of the trunk.
9.29 A stone of mass m is tied to an elastic string of negligble mass and

spring constant k. The unstretched length of the string is L and
has negligible mass. The other end of the string is fixed to a nail at
a point P. Initially the stone is at the same level as the point P. The
stone is dropped vertically from point P.
(a) Find the distance y from the top when the mass comes to rest
for an instant, for the first time.
(b) What is the maximum velocity attained by the stone in this
drop?
(c) What shall be the nature of the motion after the stone has
reached its lowest point?
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Chapter Ten
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
MCQ I
10.1 A tall cylinder is filled with viscous oil. A round pebble is dropped
from the top with zero initial velocity. From the plot shown in
Fig. 10.1, indicate the one that represents the velocity (v) of the
pebble as a function of time (t).
v v v v
t t t t
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 10.1
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Mechanical Properties of Fluids
10.2 Which of the following diagrams (Fig. 10.2) does not represent a
streamline flow?
Fig. 10.2
10.3 Along a streamline

(a) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant.
(b) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given position is
constant.
(c) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant is constant.
(d) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant.
10.4 An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross-section made
of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm. The ratio of
the velocities in the two pipes is
(a) 9:4
(b) 3:2
(c) 3: 2
(d) 2: 3
10.5 The angle of contact at the interface of water-glass is 0°,

Ethylalcohol-glass is 0°, Mercury-glass is 140° and Methyliodide-
glass is 30°. A glass capillary is put in a trough containing one of
these four liquids. It is observed that the meniscus is convex. The
liquid in the trough is
(a) water
(b) ethylalcohol
(c) mercury
(d) methyliodide.
MCQ II
10.6 For a surface molecule
(a) the net force on it is zero.
(b) there is a net downward force.
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(c) the potential energy is less than that of a molecule inside.

(d) the potential energy is more than that of a molecule inside.
10.7 Pressure is a scalar quantity because
(a) it is the ratio of force to area and both force and area are vectors.
(b) it is the ratio of the magnitude of the force to area.
(c) it is the ratio of the component of the force normal to the area.
(d) it does not depend on the size of the area chosen.
10.8 A wooden block with a coin placed on its top, floats in water as
shown in Fig.10.3.
The distance l and h are shown in the figure. After some time the
coin falls into the water. Then
(a) l decreases.
(b) h decreases.
(c) l increases.
(d) h increase.
Fig. 10.3
10.9 With increase in temperature, the viscosity of
(a) gases decreases.
(b) liquids increases.
(c) gases increases.
(d) liquids decreases.
10.10 Streamline flow is more likely for liquids with
(a) high density.
(b) high viscosity.
(c) low density.
(d) low viscosity.
VSA
10.11 Is viscosity a vector?
10.12 Is surface tension a vector?
10.13 Iceberg floats in water with part of it submerged. What is the fraction
of the volume of iceberg submerged if the density of ice is ρi =
0.917 g cm–3?
10.14 A vessel filled with water is kept on a weighing pan and the
scale adjusted to zero. A block of mass M and density ρ is
suspended by a massless spring of spring constant k. This block
is submerged inside into the water in the vessel. What is the
reading of the scale?
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Mechanical Properties of Fluids
10.15 A cubical block of density ρ is floating on the surface of water.

Out of its height L, fraction x is submerged in water. The vessel is
in an elevator accelerating upward with acceleration a . What is
the fraction immersed?
SA
10.16 The sap in trees, which consists mainly of water in summer, rises
in a system of capillaries of radius r = 2.5×10–5 m. The surface
tension of sap is T = 7.28×10–2 Nm–1 and the angle of contact is 0°.
Does surface tension alone account for the supply of water to the
top of all trees?
10.17 The free surface of oil in a tanker, at rest, is horizontal. If the tanker
starts accelerating the free surface will be titled by an angle θ. If
the acceleration is a m s–2, what will be the slope of the free surface?.
10.18 Two mercury droplets of radii 0.1 cm. and 0.2 cm. collapse into
one single drop. What amount of energy is released? The surface
tension of mercury T= 435.5 × 10–3 N m–1.
10.19 If a drop of liquid breaks into smaller droplets, it results in lowering

of temperature of the droplets. Let a drop of radius R, break into N
small droplets each of radius r. Estimate the drop in temperature.
10.20 The sufrace tension and vapour pressure of water at 20°C is

7.28×10–2 Nm–1 and 2.33×103 Pa, respectively. What is the radius
of the smallest spherical water droplet which can form without
evaporating at 20°C?
LA
10.21 (a) Pressure decreases as one ascends the atmosphere. If the
density of air is ρ, what is the change in pressure dp over a
differential height dh?
(b) Considering the pressure p to be proportional to the density,
find the pressure p at a height h if the pressure on the surface
of the earth is p0.
(c) If p0 = 1.03×105 N m–2, ρ0 = 1.29 kg m–3 and g = 9.8 m s–2, at
what height will the pressure drop to (1/10) the value at the
surface of the earth?
(d) This model of the atmosphere works for relatively small distances.
Identify the underlying assumption that limits the model.
10.22 Surface tension is exhibited by liquids due to force of attraction
between molecules of the liquid. The surface tension decreases
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with increase in temperature and vanishes at boiling point. Given

that the latent heat of vaporisation for water Lv = 540 k cal kg–1,
the mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.2 J cal–1, density of water
ρ w = 103 kg l–1, Avagadro’s No NA = 6.0 × 1026 k mole –1 and the
molecular weight of water MA = 18 kg for 1 k mole.
(a) estimate the energy required for one molecule of water to
evaporate.
(b) show that the inter–molecular distance for water is
1/3
M 1 
d= A ×  and find its value.
 N A ρw 
(c) 1 g of water in the vapor state at 1 atm occupies 1601cm3.
Estimate the intermolecular distance at boiling point, in the
vapour state.
(d) During vaporisation a molecule overcomes a force F, assumed
constant, to go from an inter-molecular distance d to d ′ .
Estimate the value of F.
(e) Calculate F/d, which is a measure of the surface tension.
10.23 A hot air balloon is a sphere of radius 8 m. The air inside is at a
temperature of 60°C. How large a mass can the balloon lift when
the outside temperature is 20°C? (Assume air is an ideal gas,
R = 8.314 J mole–1K-1, 1 atm. = 1.013×105 Pa; the membrane
tension is 5 N m–1.)
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Chapter Eleven
THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
MCQ I
11.1 A bimetallic strip is made of aluminium and steel (α Al > α steel ) .
On heating, the strip will
(a) remain straight.
(b) get twisted.
(c) will bend with aluminium on concave side.
(d) will bend with steel on concave side.
11.2 A uniform metallic rod rotates about its perpendicular bisector
with constant angular speed. If it is heated uniformly to raise its
temperature slightly
(a) its speed of rotation increases.
(b) its speed of rotation decreases.
(c) its speed of rotation remains same.
(d) its speed increases because its moment of inertia increases.
11.3 The graph between two temperature scales A and B is shown in
Fig. 11.1. Between upper fixed point and lower fixed point there
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are 150 equal division on scale A and 100 on scale B.

The relationship for conversion between the two scales
is given by
t A − 180 t
(a) = B
100 150
t A − 30 t
(b) = B
150 100
t B − 180 t
(c) = A
150 100
t B − 40 t
(d) = A
100 180
Fig. 11.1
11.4 An aluminium sphere is dipped into water. Which of the following
is true?
(a) Buoyancy will be less in water at 0°C than that in water at
4°C.
(b) Buoyancy will be more in water at 0°C than that in water at
4°C.
(c) Buoyancy in water at 0°C will be same as that in water at
4°C.
(d) Buoyancy may be more or less in water at 4°C depending on
the radius of the sphere.
11.5 As the temperature is increased, the time period of a pendulum
(a) increases as its effective length increases even though its centre
of mass still remains at the centre of the bob.
(b) decreases as its effective length increases even though its centre
of mass still remains at the centre of the bob.
(c) increases as its effective length increases due to shifting of
centre of mass below the centre of the bob.
(d) decreases as its effective length remains same but the centre
of mass shifts above the centre of the bob.
11.6 Heat is associated with
(a) kinetic energy of random motion of molecules.
(b) kinetic energy of orderly motion of molecules.
(c) total kinetic energy of random and orderly motion of
molecules.
(d) kinetic energy of random motion in some cases and kinetic
energy of orderly motion in other.
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Thermal Properties of Matter
11.7 The radius of a metal sphere at room temperature T is R, and the

coefficient of linear expansion of the metal is α . The sphere is
heated a little by a temperature ∆T so that its new temperature is
T + ∆T . The increase in the volume of the sphere is approximately
(a) 2 π R α ∆ T
(b) π R 2 α ∆ T
(c) 4π R 3α ∆T /3
(d) 4π R 3α ∆T
11.8 A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate, all of same material
and same mass are initially heated to same high temperature.
(a) Plate will cool fastest and cube the slowest
(b) Sphere will cool fastest and cube the slowest
(c) Plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest
(d) Cube will cool fastest and plate the slowest.
MCQ II
11.9 Mark the correct options:
(a) A system X is in thermal equilibrium with Y but not with Z.
System Y and Z may be in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
(b) A system X is in thermal equilibrium with Y but not with Z.
Systems Y and Z are not in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
(c) A system X is neither in thermal equilibrium with Y nor with
Z. The systems Y and Z must be in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
(d) A system X is neither in thermal equilibrium with Y nor with
Z. The system Y and Z may be in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
11.10 ‘Gulab Jamuns’ (assumed to be spherical) are to be heated in an
oven. They are available in two sizes, one twice bigger (in radius)
than the other. Pizzas (assumed to be discs) are also to be heated
in oven. They are also in two sizes, one twice big (in radius) than
the other. All four are put together to be heated to oven
temperature. Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) Both size gulab jamuns will get heated in the same time.
(b) Smaller gulab jamuns are heated before bigger ones.
(c) Smaller pizzas are heated before bigger ones.
(d) Bigger pizzas are heated before smaller ones.
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11.11 Refer to the plot of temperature versus time (Fig. 11.2) showing
the changes in the state of ice on heating (not to scale).
E
Which of the following is correct?
100
Temperature ( C)
D (a) The region AB represents ice and water in thermal

C
o
equilibrium.
(b) At B water starts boiling.
A B (c) At C all the water gets converted into steam.
O tm time (min) (d) C to D represents water and steam in equilibrium at
boiling point.
Fig. 11.2
11.12 A glass full of hot milk is poured on the table. It begins to cool
gradually. Which of the following is correct?
(a) The rate of cooling is constant till milk attains the
temperature of the surrounding.
(b) The temperature of milk falls off exponentially with time.
(c) While cooling, there is a flow of heat from milk to the
surrounding as well as from surrounding to the milk but
the net flow of heat is from milk to the surounding and that
is why it cools.
(d) All three phenomenon, conduction, convection and radiation
are responsible for the loss of heat from milk to the
surroundings.
VSA
11.13 Is the bulb of a thermometer made of diathermic or adiabatic wall?
11.14 A student records the initial length l, change in temperature

∆T and change in length ∆l of a rod as follows:
S.No. l (m) ∆T ( C) ∆l (m)

1. 2 10 4 × 10− 4
2. 1 10 4 × 10− 4
3. 2 20 2 × 10− 4
4. 3 10 6 × 10 − 4
If the first observation is correct, what can you say about

observations 2, 3 and 4.
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Thermal Properties of Matter
11.15 Why does a metal bar appear hotter than a wooden bar at the
same temperature? Equivalently it also appears cooler than
wooden bar if they are both colder than room temperature.
11.16 Calculate the temperature which has same numeral value on

celsius and Fahrenheit scale.
11.17 These days people use steel utensils with copper bottom. This is
supposed to be good for uniform heating of food. Explain this
effect using the fact that copper is the better conductor.
SA
11.18 Find out the increase in moment of inertia I of a uniform rod
(coefficient of linear expansion α ) about its perpendicular
bisector when its temperature is slightly increased by ∆T.
11.19 During summers in India, one of the common practice to keep

cool is to make ice balls of crushed ice, dip it in flavoured sugar
syrup and sip it. For this a stick is inserted into crushed ice and
is squeezed in the palm to make it into the ball. Equivalently in
winter, in those areas where it snows, people make snow balls
and throw around. Explain the formation of ball out of crushed
ice or snow in the light of P–T diagram of water.
11.20 100 g of water is supercooled to –10°C. At this point, due to

some disturbance mechanised or otherwise some of it suddenly
freezes to ice. What will be the temperature of the resultant
mixture and how much mass would freeze?
 S w = 1cal/g/o C and L w Fusion = 80cal/g 
11.21 One day in the morning, Ramesh filled up 1/3 bucket of

hot water from geyser, to take bath. Remaining 2/3 was to
be filled by cold water (at room temperature) to bring
mixture to a comfortable temperature. Suddenly Ramesh
had to attend to something which would take some times,
say 5-10 minutes before he could take bath. Now he had
two options: (i) fill the remaining bucket completely by cold
water and then attend to the work, (ii) first attend to the
work and fill the remaining bucket just before taking bath.
Which option do you think would have kept water warmer ?
Explain.
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LA
11.22 We would like to prepare a scale whose length does not change
with temperature. It is proposed to prepare a unit scale of this
type whose length remains, say 10 cm. We can use a bimetallic
strip made of brass and iron each of different length whose length
(both components) would change in such a way that difference
between their lengths remain constant. If αiron = 1.2 × 10 −5 / K and
αbrass = 1.8 × 10−5 / K , what should we take as length of each strip?
11.23 We would like to make a vessel whose volume does not change
with temperature (take a hint from the problem above). We can
use brass and iron ( βvbrass = 6 × 10–5/K and βviron = 3.55 ×10–5/
K) to create a volume of 100 cc. How do you think you can
achieve this.
11.24 Calculate the stress developed inside a tooth cavity filled with
copper when hot tea at temperature of 57oC is drunk. You can
take body (tooth) temperature to be 37o C and α = 1.7 × 10-5/oC,
bulk modulus for copper = 140 × 10 9 N/m2.
11.25 A rail track made of steel having length 10 m is clamped on a

raillway line at its two ends (Fig 11.3). On a summer day due to
rise in temperature by 20° C , it is deformed as shown in figure.
Find x (displacement of the centre) if α steel = 1.2 × 10-5 /°C.
Fig. 11.3
11.26 A thin rod having length L0 at 0°C and coefficient of linear
expansion α has its two ends maintained at temperatures θ1 and
θ2, respectively. Find its new length.
11.27 According to Stefan’s law of radiation, a black body radiates

energy σT 4 from its unit surface area every second where T is the
surface temperature of the black body and σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W/
m2K4 is known as Stefan’s constant. A nuclear weapon may be
thought of as a ball of radius 0.5 m. When detonated, it reaches
temperature of 106K and can be treated as a black body.
(a) Estimate the power it radiates.
(b) If surrounding has water at 30 ° C , how much water can 10%
of the energy produced evaporate in 1 s?
Sw = 4186.0 J/kg K and L v = 22.6 × 105 J/kg 
(c) If all this energy U is in the form of radiation, corresponding

momentum is p = U/c. How much momentum per unit time
does it impart on unit area at a distance of 1 km?
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Chapter Twelve
THERMODYNAMICS
MCQ I
12.1 An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the
same initial state (Fig. 12.1). Four processes are adiabatic,
isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out of 1, 2, 3 and 4 which 4
one is adiabatic. P 3
(a) 4 2
(b) 3 1
(c) 2
V
(d) 1
Fig. 12.1
12.2 If an average person jogs, hse produces 14.5 × 103 cal/min. This is
removed by the evaporation of sweat. The amount of sweat evaporated
per minute (assuming 1 kg requires 580 × 103 cal for evaparation) is
(a) 0.25 kg
(b) 2.25 kg
(c) 0.05 kg
(d) 0.20 kg
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12.3 Consider P-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in Fig 12.2.
P 1
Con s ta n t
P=
V
2
V
Fig. 12.2
Out of the following diagrams (Fig. 12.3), which represents

the T-P diagram?
TT T
2
2
1 1
P P
(i) (ii)
T
T T
2 1 1 2
P P
(iii) (iv)
Fig. 12.3
(a) (iv)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) (i)
12.4 An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in given

P-V diagram (Fig. 12.4).
The amount of work done by
the gas is
(a) 6PoVo
(b) –2 PoVo
(c) + 2 PoVo
(d) + 4 PoVo
Fig 12.4
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Thermodynamics
12.5 Consider two containers A and B containing identical gases at

the same pressure, volume and temperature. The gas in container
A is compressed to half of its original volume isothermally while
the gas in container B is compressed to half of its original value
adiabatically. The ratio of final pressure of gas in B to that of gas
in A is
(a) 2γ −1
γ −1
1
(b)  
2
2
 1 
(c)  
1 − γ 
2
 1 
(d)  
 γ −1
12.6 Three copper blocks of masses M1, M2 and M3 kg respectively are

brought into thermal contact till they reach equilibrium. Before
contact, they were at T1, T2, T3 (T1 > T2 > T3 ). Assuming there is no
heat loss to the surroundings, the equilibrium temprature T is
(s is specific heat of copper)
T1 + T2 + T3
(a) T =
3
M1T1 + M 2 T2 + M 3 T3
(b) T =
M1 + M 2 + M 3
M1T1 + M 2 T2 + M 3 T3
(c) T =
3 ( M1 + M 2 + M 3 )
M1T1s + M 2 T2s + M 3T3s

(d) T =
M1 + M 2 + M 3
MCQ II
12.7 Which of the processes described below are irreversible?
(a) The increase in temprature of an iron rod by hammering it.
(b) A gas in a small cantainer at a temprature T1 is brought in
contact with a big reservoir at a higher temprature T2 which
increases the temprature of the gas.
(c) A quasi-static isothermal expansion of an ideal gas in cylinder
fitted with a frictionless piston.
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(d) An ideal gas is enclosed in a piston cylinder arrangement

with adiabatic walls. A weight W is added to the piston,
resulting in compression of gas.
12.8 An ideal gas undergoes isothermal process from some initial state
i to final state f. Choose the correct alternatives.
(a) dU = 0
(b) dQ= 0
(c) dQ = dU
P
(d) dQ = dW
I
IV 12.9 Figure 12.5 shows the P-V diagram of an ideal gas undergoing a
A change of state from A to B. Four different parts I, II, III and IV as
II shown in the figure may lead to the same change of state.
B
III
(a) Change in internal energy is same in IV and III cases, but not in I
and II.
(b) Change in internal energy is same in all the four cases.
V (c) Work done is maximum in case I
(d) Work done is minimum in case II.
Fig. 12.5
12.10 Consider a cycle followed by an engine (Fig. 12.6)

1 to 2 is isothermal
2 to 3 is adiabatic
3 to 1 is adiabatic
Such a process does not exist because
(a) heat is completely converted to mechanical energy in such a
process, which is not possible.
(b) mechanical energy is completely converted to heat in this
process,which is not possible.
(c) curves representing two adiabatic processes don’t intersect.
(d) curves representing an adiabatic process and an isothermal
Fig. 12.6 process don’t intersect.
12.11 Consider a heat engine as shown in

Fig. 12.7. Q1 and Q2 are heat added to heat
bath T1 and heat taken from T2 in one cycle
of engine. W is the mechanical work done
on the engine.
If W > 0, then possibilities are:
(a) Q1 > Q2 > 0
(b) Q2 > Q1 > 0
(c) Q2 < Q1 < 0
Fig .12.7
(d) Q1 < 0, Q2 > 0
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Thermodynamics
VSA
12.12 Can a system be heated and its temperature remains constant?
12.13 A system goes from P to Q by two different paths in the P-V

diagram as shown in Fig. 12.8. Heat given to the system in
path 1 is 1000 J. The work done by the system along path 1 is
more than path 2 by 100 J. What is the heat exchanged by the
system in path 2?
Fig. 12.8
12.14 If a refrigerator’s door is kept open, will the room become cool or
hot? Explain.
12.15 Is it possible to increase the temperature of a gas without adding

heat to it? Explain.
12.16 Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving. Explain.
SA
12.17 Consider a Carnot’s cycle operating between T1 = 500 K and
T2=300K producing 1 k J of mechanical work per cycle. Find the
heat transferred to the engine by the reservoirs.
12.18 A person of mass 60 kg wants to lose 5kg by going up and down

a 10m high stairs. Assume he burns twice as much fat while
going up than coming down. If 1 kg of fat is burnt on expending
7000 kilo calories, how many times must he go up and down to
reduce his weight by 5 kg?
12.19 Consider a cycle tyre being filled with air by a pump. Let V be the
volume of the tyre (fixed) and at each stroke of the pump ∆V ( V )
of air is transferred to the tube adiabatically. What is the work
done when the pressure in the tube is increased from P1 to P2?
12.20 In a refrigerator one removes heat from a lower temperature

and deposits to the surroundings at a higher temperature. In
this process, mechanical work has to be done, which is provided
by an electric motor. If the motor is of 1kW power, and heat is
transferred from –3°C to 27°C, find the heat taken out of the
refrigerator per second assuming its efficiency is 50% of a
perfect engine.
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12.21 If the co-efficient of performance of a refrigerator is 5 and operates

at the room temperature (27 °C), find the temperature inside the
refrigerator.
12.22 The initial state of a certain gas is (Pi, Vi, Ti). It undergoes
expansion till its volume becoms Vf . Consider the following two
cases:
(a) the expansion takes place at constant temperature.
(b) the expansion takes place at constant pressure.
Plot the P-V diagram for each case. In which of the two cases, is
the work done by the gas more?
LA
P 12.23 Consider a P-V diagram in which the path followed by one mole
1(P1, V1, T1) of perfect gas in a cylindrical container is shown in Fig. 12.9.
1/2
PV = constant (a) Find the work done when the gas is taken from state 1 to
2(P2, V2, T2) state 2.
(b) What is the ratio of temperature T1/T2, if V2 = 2V1?
(c) Given the internal energy for one mole of gas at temperature T
V1 V2 V is (3/2) RT, find the heat supplied to the gas when it is taken
from state 1 to 2, with V2 = 2V1.
Fig. 12.9
12.24 A cycle followed by an engine (made of one mole of perfect gas in
a cylinder with a piston) is shown in Fig. 12.10.
A to B : volume constant
P B to C : adiabatic
B C C to D : volume constant
D to A : adiabatic
VC = VD = 2VA = 2VB
A D
(a) In which part of the cycle heat is supplied to the engine from
outside?
(b) In which part of the cycle heat is being given to the
V surrounding by the engine?
VA=VB VC=VD
(c) What is the work done by the engine in one cycle? Write your
Fig. 12.10 answer in term of PA, PB, VA.
(d) What is the efficiency of the engine?
3
[ γ = 5 3 for the gas], ( Cv = R for one mole)
2
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Thermodynamics
12.25 A cycle followed by an engine (made of one mole of an ideal gas

in a cylinder with a piston) is shown in Fig. 12.11. Find heat
exchanged by the engine, with the surroundings for each section
of the cycle. (Cv = (3/2) R)
AB : constant volume
BC : constant pressure
CD : adiabatic
DA : constant pressure Fig. 12.11
12.26 Consider that an ideal gas (n moles) is expanding in a process

given by P = f ( V ), which passes through a point (V0, P0 ). Show
that the gas is absorbing heat at (P0, V0 ) if the slope of the curve
P = f (V ) is larger than the slope of the adiabat passing
through (P0, V0 ).
12.27 Consider one mole of perfect gas in a cylinder of unit cross section
with a piston attached (Fig. 12.12). A spring (spring constant k)
is attached (unstretched length L ) to the piston and to the bottom
of the cylinder. Initially the spring is unstretched and the gas is
in equilibrium. A certain amount of heat Q is supplied to the gas
causing an increase of volume from Vo to V1.
(a) What is the initial pressure of the system?
(b) What is the final pressure of the system?
(c) Using the first law of thermodynamics, write down a relation
between Q, Pa, V, Vo and k. Fig. 12.12
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Chapter Thirteen
KINETIC THEORY
MCQ I
13.1 A cubic vessel (with faces horizontal + vertical) contains an ideal
gas at NTP. The vessel is being carried by a rocket which is moving
at a speed of 500m s–1 in vertical direction. The pressure of the
gas inside the vessel as observed by us on the ground
(a) remains the same because 500m s−1 is very much smaller
than vrms of the gas.
(b) remains the same because motion of the vessel as a whole
does not affect the relative motion of the gas molecules and
the walls.
(c) will increase by a factor equal to ( v 2rms + (500)2 ) / v
2
rms where
vrms was the original mean square velocity of the gas.
(d) will be different on the top wall and bottom wall of the vessel.
13.2 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical volume V,
ABCDEFGH at 300 K (Fig. 13.1). One face of the cube (EFGH) is
made up of a material which totally absorbs any gas molecule
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Kinetic Theory
incident on it. At any given time,

(a) the pressure on EFGH would be zero.
(b) the pressure on all the faces will the equal.
(c) the pressure of EFGH would be double the pressure
on ABCD.
(d) the pressure on EFGH would be half that on ABCD.
13.3 Boyle’s law is applicable for an Fig. 13.1
(a) adiabatic process.
(b) isothermal process.
(c) isobaric process.
(d) isochoric process.
13.4 A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical position and has
a piston of mass M that is able to move up or down without friction
(Fig. 13.2). If the temperature is increased,
Fig. 13.2
(a) both p and V of the gas will change.

(b) only p will increase according to Charle’s law.
(c) V will change but not p.
(d) p will change but not V.
13.5 Volume versus temperature graphs for a given mass of an V

ideal gas are shown in Fig. 13.3 at two different values of (l) P2
constant pressure. What can be inferred about relation 40
between P 1 & P 2? 30
20 P1
(a) P1 > P2
10
(b) P1 = P2
100 200 300 400500
(c) P1 < P2 T (K)
(d) data is insufficient. Fig.13.3
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13.6 1 mole of H2 gas is contained in a box of volume V = 1.00 m3 at

T = 300K. The gas is heated to a temperature of T = 3000K and
the gas gets converted to a gas of hydrogen atoms. The final
pressure would be (considering all gases to be ideal)
(a) same as the pressure initially.
(b) 2 times the pressure initially.
(c) 10 times the pressure initially.
(d) 20 times the pressure initially.
13.7 A vessel of volume V contains a mixture of 1 mole of Hydrogen
and 1 mole of Oxygen (both considered as ideal). Let f1(v)dv, denote
the fraction of molecules with speed between v and (v + dv) with
f2 (v)dv, similarly for oxygen. Then
(a) f1(v ) + f 2 (v ) = f (v ) obeys the Maxwell’s distribution law.

(b) f1(v), f2 (v) will obey the Maxwell’s distribution law separately.
(c) Neither f1 (v), nor f2 (v) will obey the Maxwell’s distribution
law.
(d) f2 (v) and f1 (v) will be the same.
13.8 An inflated rubber balloon contains one mole of an ideal gas,
has a pressure p, volume V and temperature T. If the temperature
rises to 1.1 T, and the volume is increaset to 1.05 V, the final
pressure will be
(a) 1.1 p
(b) p
(c) less than p
(d) between p and 1.1.
MCQ II
13.9 ABCDEFGH is a hollow cube made of an insulator (Fig. 13.4).
Face ABCD has positve charge on it. Inside the cube, we have
ionized hydrogen.
The usual kinetic theory expression for pressure
(a) will be valid.
(b) will not be valid since the ions would experience forces other
than due to collisions with the walls.
(c) will not be valid since collisions with walls would not be elastic.
(d) will not be valid because isotropy is lost.
Fig. 13.4 13.10 Diatomic molecules like hydrogen have energies due to both
translational as well as rotational motion. From the equation in
2
kinetic theory pV = E , E is
3
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Kinetic Theory
(a) the total energy per unit volume.

(b) only the translational part of energy because rotational energy
is very small compared to the translational energy.
(c) only the translational part of the energy because during
collisions with the wall pressure relates to change in linear
momentum.
(d) the translational part of the energy because rotational energies
of molecules can be of either sign and its average over all the
molecules is zero.
13.11 In a diatomic molecule, the rotational energy at a given
temperature
(a) obeys Maxwell’s distribution.
(b) have the same value for all molecules.
(c) equals the translational kinetic energy for each molecule.
(d) is (2/3)rd the translational kinetic energy for each molecule.
13.12 Which of the following diagrams (Fig. 13.5) depicts ideal gas
behaviour?
P = const T = const
P
V
T V
(a) (b)
P V = const PV
T T
(c) (d)
Fig. 13.5
13.13 When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, its temperature

rises: the molecules on the average have more kinetic energy than
before. The kinetic energy increases,
(a) because of collisions with moving parts of the wall only.
(b) because of collisions with the entire wall.
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(c) because the molecules gets accelerated in their motion inside

the volume.
(d) because of redistribution of energy amongst the molecules.
VSA
13.14 Calculate the number of atoms in 39.4 g gold. Molar mass of
gold is 197g mole–1.
13.15 The volume of a given mass of a gas at 27°C, 1 atm is 100 cc.
What will be its volume at 327°C?
13.16 The molecules of a given mass of a gas have root mean square
speeds of 100 m s −1 at 27°C and 1.00 atmospheric pressure.
What will be the root mean square speeds of the molecules of the
gas at 127°C and 2.0 atmospheric pressure?
13.17 Two molecules of a gas have speeds of 9 × 10 6 m s −1 and

1 × 106 m s−1 , respectively. What is the root mean square speed of
these molecules.
13.18 A gas mixture consists of 2.0 moles of oxygen and 4.0 moles of
neon at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational modes, calculate
the total internal energy of the system. (Oxygen has two rotational
modes.)
13.19 Calculate the ratio of the mean free paths of the molecules of two
gases having molecular diameters 1 A and 2 A . The gases may
be considered under identical conditions of temperature, pressure
and volume.
SA
13.20 The container shown in Fig. 13.6 has two chambers, separated
V1 V2 by a partition, of volumes V1 = 2.0 litre and V2= 3.0 litre. The
µ1, p1 µ 2 , chambers contain µ1 = 4.0 and µ2 = 5.0 moles of a gas at
p2 pressures p1 = 1.00 atm and p2 = 2.00 atm. Calculate the pressure
Fig 13.6
after the partition is removed and the mixture attains equilibrium.
13.21 A gas mixture consists of molecules of types A, B and C with

masses m A > m B > m C . Rank the three types of molecules in
decreasing order of (a) average K.E., (b) rms speeds.
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Kinetic Theory
13.22 We have 0.5 g of hydrogen gas in a cubic chamber of size 3cm

kept at NTP. The gas in the chamber is compressed keeping the
temperature constant till a final pressure of 100 atm. Is one
justified in assuming the ideal gas law, in the final state?
o
(Hydrogen molecules can be consider as spheres of radius 1 A ).
13.23 When air is pumped into a cycle tyre the volume and pressure of
the air in the tyre both are increased. What about Boyle’s law in
this case?
13.24 A ballon has 5.0 g mole of helium at 7°C. Calculate

(a) the number of atoms of helium in the balloon,
(b) the total internal energy of the system.
13.25 Calculate the number of degrees of freedom of molecules of
hydrogen in 1 cc of hydrogen gas at NTP.
13.26 An insulated container containing monoatomic gas of molar mass

m is moving with a velocity vo . If the container is suddenly
stopped, find the change in temperature.
LA
13.27 Explain why
(a) there is no atmosphere on moon.
(b) there is fall in temperature with altitude.
13.28 Consider an ideal gas with following distribution of speeds.
Speed (m/s) % of molecules
200 10
400 20
600 40
800 20
1000 10
(i) Calculate Vrms and hence T. (m = 3.0 × 10−26 kg)

(ii) If all the molecules with speed 1000 m/s escape from the
system, calculate new Vrms and hence T.
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13.29 Ten small planes are flying at a speed of 150 km/h in total
darkness in an air space that is 20 × 20 × 1.5 km3 in volume. You
are in one of the planes, flying at random within this space with
no way of knowing where the other planes are. On the average
about how long a time will elapse between near collision with
your plane. Assume for this rough computation that a saftey
region around the plane can be approximated by a sphere of
radius 10m.
13.30 A box of 1.00m3 is filled with nitrogen at 1.50 atm at 300K. The
box has a hole of an area 0.010 mm2. How much time is required
for the pressure to reduce by 0.10 atm, if the pressure outside is
1 atm.
13.31 Consider a rectangular block of wood moving with a velocity v0

in a gas at temperature T and mass density ρ. Assume the velocity
is along x-axis and the area of cross-section of the block
perpendicular to v0 is A. Show that the drag force on the block is
kT
4ρ Av0 , where m is the mass of the gas molecule.
m
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Chapter Fourteen
OSCILLATIONS
MCQ I
14.1 The displacement of a particle is represented by the equation
π 
y = 3 cos  − 2ωt  .
4 
The motion of the particle is
(a) simple harmonic with period 2p/w.
(b) simple harmonic with period π/ω.
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic.
(d) non-periodic.
14.2 The displacement of a particle is represented by the equation
y = sin3 ωt . The motion is
(a) non-periodic.
(b) periodic but not simple harmonic.
(c) simple harmonic with period 2π/ω.
(d) simple harmonic with period π/ω.
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14.3 The relation between acceleration and displacement of four

particles are given below:
(a) ax = + 2x.
(b) ax = + 2x2.
(c) ax = – 2x2.
(d) ax = – 2x.
Which one of the particles is executing simple harmonic motion?
14.4 Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube is

(a) periodic but not simple harmonic.
(b) non-periodic.
(c) simple harmonic and time period is independent of the density
of the liquid.
(d) simple harmonic and time-period is directly proportional to
the density of the liquid.
14.5 A particle is acted simultaneously by mutually perpendicular
simple hormonic motions x = a cos ωt and y = a sin ωt . The
trajectory of motion of the particle will be
(a) an ellipse.
(b) a parabola.
(c) a circle.
(d) a straight line.
14.6 The displacement of a particle varies with time according to the
relation
y = a sin ωt + b cos ωt.
(a) The motion is oscillatory but not S.H.M.
(b) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a + b.
(c) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a2 + b2.
(d) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a +b .
2 2
14.7 Four pendulums A, B, C and D are suspended from the same
Fig. 14.1
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Oscillations
elastic support as shown in Fig. 14.1. A and C are of the same

length, while B is smaller than A and D is larger than A. If A is
given a transverse displacement,
(a) D will vibrate with maximum amplitude.
(b) C will vibrate with maximum amplitude.
(c) B will vibrate with maximum amplitude.
(d) All the four will oscillate with equal amplitude.
14.8 Figure 14.2. shows the circular motion of a particle. The radius
of the circle, the period, sense of revolution and the initial position
are indicated on the figure. The simple harmonic motion of the
x-projection of the radius vector of the rotating particle P is
y
 2π t  P (t = 0)
(a) x (t) = B sin  . T = 30s
 30 
B
 πt  x
(b) x (t) = B cos  . o
 15 
 πt π 
(c) x (t) = B sin  + .
 15 2 
Fig. 14.2
 πt π 
(d) x (t) = B cos  + .
 15 2 
14.9 The equation of motion of a particle is x = a cos (α t )2.
The motion is
(a) periodic but not oscillatory.
(b) periodic and oscillatory.
(c) oscillatory but not periodic.
(d) neither periodic nor oscillatory.
14.10 A particle executing S.H.M. has a maximum speed of 30 cm/s
and a maximum acceleration of 60 cm/s2. The period of
oscillation is
(a) π s.
π
(b) s.
2
(c) 2π s.
π
(d) s.
t
14.11 When a mass m is connected individually to two springs S1 and

S2, the oscillation frequencies are ν 1 and ν 2. If the same mass is
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attached to the two springs as shown in Fig. 14.3, the oscillation

frequency would be
(a) ν 1 + ν 2.
2 2
(b) ν1 + ν 2 .
−1
1 1 
(c)  +  .
 ν1 ν 2 
Fig. 14.3
2 2
(d) ν1 − ν 2 .
MCQ II
14.12 The rotation of earth about its axis is
(a) periodic motion.
(b) simple harmonic motion.
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic motion.
(d) non-periodic motion.
14.13 Motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth curved bowl, when
released from a point slightly above the lower point is
(a) simple harmonic motion.
(b) non-periodic motion.
(c) periodic motion.
(d) periodic but not S.H.M.
14.14 Displacement vs. time curve for a particle executing S.H.M. is
shown in Fig. 14.4. Choose the correct statements.
(a) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 0 s and
displacement
t = 2 s.
(b) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 2 s and
t = 6 s.
(c) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1 s and
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 time (s) t = 7 s.
(d) Phase of the oscillator is same at t = 1 s and
Fig. 14.4 t = 5 s.
14.15 Which of the following statements is/are true for a simple

harmonic oscillator?
(a) Force acting is directly proportional to displacement from the
mean position and opposite to it.
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Oscillations
(b) Motion is periodic.

(c) Acceleration of the oscillator is constant.
(d) The velocity is periodic.
14.16 The displacement time graph of a particle executing S.H.M. is
shown in Fig. 14.5. Which of the following statement is/are true?
3T
(a) The force is zero at t = .
displacement
4
4T
(b) The acceleration is maximum at t = .
4 2T/4
0
T/4 3T/4 T 5T/4 time (s)
T
(c) The velocity is maximum at t = .
4
T Fig.14.5
(d) The P.E. is equal to K.E. of oscillation at t = .
2
14.17 A body is performing S.H.M. Then its

(a) average total energy per cycle is equal to its maximum kinetic
energy.
(b) average kinetic energy per cycle is equal to half of its
maximum kinetic energy.
2
(c) mean velocity over a complete cycle is equal to times of its
π
maximum velocity.
1
(d) root mean square velocity is times of its maximum velocity.
2
14.18 A particle is in linear simple harmonic motion between two points

A and B, 10 cm apart (Fig. 14.6). Take the direction from A to B
as the + ve direction and choose the correct statements.
Fig. 14.6
(a) The sign of velocity, acceleration and force on the particle when
it is 3 cm away from A going towards B are positive.
(b) The sign of velocity of the particle at C going towards O is
negative.
(c) The sign of velocity, acceleration and force on the particle when
it is 4 cm away from B going towards A are negative.
(d) The sign of acceleration and force on the particle when it is at
point B is negative.
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VSA
14.19 Displacement versus time curve for a particle executing S.H.M.
is shown in Fig. 14.7. Identify the points marked at which (i)
velocity of the oscillator is zero, (ii) speed of the oscillator is
maximum.
Fig. 14.7
14.20 Two identical springs of spring constant K are attached to a block

of mass m and to fixed supports as shown in Fig. 14.8. When the
mass is displaced from equilllibrium position by a distance x
towards right, find the restoring force
Fig. 14.8
14.21 What are the two basic characteristics of a simple harmonic

motion?
14.22 When will the motion of a simple pendulum be simple harmonic?
14.23 What is the ratio of maxmimum acceleration to the maximum

velocity of a simple harmonic oscillator?
14.24 What is the ratio between the distance travelled by the oscillator
in one time period and amplitude? y
A
14.25 In Fig. 14.9, what will be the sign of P
the velocity of the point P′ , which is

the projection of the velocity of the t+
o x
reference particle P . P is moving in P1 A
a circle of radius R in anticlockwise
direction.
Fig. 14.9
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Oscillations
14.26 Show that for a particle executing S.H.M, velocity and

displacement have a phase difference of π/2.
14.27 Draw a graph to show the variation of P.E., K.E. and total energy
of a simple harmonic oscillator with displacement.
14.28 The length of a second’s pendulum on the surface of Earth is

1m. What will be the length of a second’s pendulum on the moon?
SA Inextensible
string
14.29 Find the time period of mass M when displaced from its
equilibrium positon and then released for the system shown in
Fig 14.10.
Fig. 14.10
14.30 Show that the motion of a particle represented by
y = sin ω t – cos ω t is simple harmonic with a period of 2π/ω.
14.31 Find the displacement of a simple harmonic oscillator at which

its P.E. is half of the maximum energy of the oscillator.
14.32 A body of mass m is situated in a potential field U(x) = U0 (1-cos αx )

when U0 and α are constants. Find the time period of small
oscillations.
14.33 A mass of 2 kg is attached to the spring of spring constant

50 Nm–1. The block is pulled to a distance of 5cm from its
equilibrium position at x = 0 on a horizontal frictionless surface
from rest at t = 0. Write the expression for its displacement at
anytime t.
14.34 Consider a pair of identical pendulums, which oscillate with equal

amplitude independently such that when one pendulum is at
its extreme position making an angle of 2° to the right with the
vertical, the other pendulum makes an angle of 1° to the left of
the vertical. What is the phase difference between the pendulums?
LA
14.35 A person normally weighing 50 kg stands on a massless platform
which oscillates up and down harmonically at a frequency of
2.0 s–1 and an amplitude 5.0 cm. A weighing machine on the
platform gives the persons weight against time.
(a) Will there be any change in weight of the body, during the
oscillation?
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(b) If answer to part (a) is yes, what will be the maximum and
minimum reading in the machine and at which position?
14.36 A body of mass m is attached to one end of a massless spring
which is suspended vertically from a fixed point. The mass is
held in hand so that the spring is neither stretched nor
compressed. Suddenly the support of the hand is removed. The
lowest position attained by the mass during oscillation is 4cm
below the point, where it was held in hand.
(a) What is the amplitude of oscillation?
(b) Find the frequency of oscillation?
14.37 A cylindrical log of wood of height h and area of cross-section A
floats in water. It is pressed and then released. Show that the log
would execute S.H.M. with a time period.
m
T = 2π
Aρ g
where m is mass of the body and ρ is density of the liquid.
14.38 One end of a V-tube containing mercury is connected to a suction
pump and the other end to atmosphere. The two arms of the
tube are inclined to horizontal at an angle of 45° each. A small
pressure difference is created between two columns when the
suction pump is removed. Will the column of mercury in V-tube
execute simple harmonic motion? Neglect capillary and viscous
forces.Find the time period of oscillation.
14.39 A tunnel is dug through the centre of the Earth. Show that a
body of mass ‘m’ when dropped from rest from one end of the
tunnel will execute simple harmonic motion.
14.40 A simple pendulum of time

period 1s and length l is hung
from a fixed support at O,
such that the bob is at a
distance H vertically above A
OP=l
on the ground (Fig. 14.11).
The amplitude is θo . The
string snaps at θ = θ0 /2. Find
the time taken by the bob to
P
hit the ground. Also find
distance from A where bob H
hits the ground. Assume θ0 A
to be small so that
sin θ0 θ0 and cos θ0 1. Fig. 14.11
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Chapter Fifteen
WAVES
MCQ I
15.1 Water waves produced by a motor boat sailing in water are
(a) neither longitudinal nor transverse.
(b) both longitudinal and transverse.
(c) only longitudinal.
(d) only transverse.
15.2 Sound waves of wavelength λ travelling in a medium with a speed

of v m/s enter into another medium where its speed is 2v m/s.
Wavelength of sound waves in the second medium is
(a) λ
λ
(b)
2
(c) 2λ
(d) 4 λ
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15.3 Speed of sound wave in air

(a) is independent of temperature.
(b) increases with pressure.
(c) increases with increase in humidity.
(d) decreases with increase in humidity.
15.4 Change in temperature of the medium changes
(a) frequency of sound waves.
(b) amplitude of sound waves.
(c) wavelength of sound waves.
(d) loudness of sound waves.
15.5 With propagation of longitudinal waves through a medium, the
quantity transmitted is
(a) matter.
(b) energy.
(c) energy and matter.
(d) energy, matter and momentum.
15.6 Which of the following statements are true for wave motion?
(a) Mechanical transverse waves can propagate through all
mediums.
(b) Longitudinal waves can propagate through solids only.
(c) Mechanical transverse waves can propagate through solids
only.
(d) Longitudinal waves can propagate through vacuum.
15.7 A sound wave is passing through air column in the form of
compression and rarefaction. In consecutive compressions and
rarefactions,
(a) density remains constant.
(b) Boyle’s law is obeyed.
(c) bulk modulus of air oscillates.
(d) there is no transfer of heat.
15.8 Equation of a plane progressive wave is given by
y = 0.6 sin 2π  t −  . On reflection from a denser medium its

x
 2
amplitude becomes 2/3 of the amplitude of the incident wave.
The equation of the reflected wave is
 x
(a) y = 0.6 sin 2π  t + 
 2
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Waves
 x
(b) y = − 0.4 sin 2π  t + 
 2
 x
(c) y = 0.4 sin 2π  t + 
 2
 x
(d) y = −0.4 sin 2π  t −  .
 2
15.9 A string of mass 2.5 kg is under a tension of 200 N. The length of

the stretched string is 20.0 m. If the transverse jerk is struck at
one end of the string, the disturbance will reach the other end in
(a) one second
(b) 0.5 second
(c) 2 seconds
(d) data given is insufficient.
15.10 A train whistling at constant frequency is moving towards a
station at a constant speed V. The train goes past a stationary
observer on the station. The frequency n ′ of the sound as heard
by the observer is plotted as a function of time t (Fig 15.1) . Identify
the expected curve.
n
n
t
t
(a) (b)
t t
(c) (d)
Fig 15.1
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MCQ II
15.11 A transverse harmonic wave on a string is described by y (x,t) =
3.0 sin (36t + 0.018x + π/4)
where x and y are in cm and t is in s. The positive direction of x is
from left to right.
(a) The wave is travelling from right to left.
(b) The speed of the wave is 20m/s.
(c) Frequency of the wave is 5.7 Hz.
(d) The least distance between two successive crests in the wave
is 2.5 cm.
15.12 The displacement of a string is given by
y (x,t) = 0.06 sin (2πx/3) cos (120πt)
where x and y are in m and t in s. The length of the string is 1.5m
and its mass is 3.0 × 10−2 kg .
(a) It represents a progressive wave of frequency 60Hz.
(b) It represents a stationary wave of frequency 60Hz.
(c) It is the result of superposition of two waves of wavelength 3
m, frequency 60Hz each travelling with a speed of 180 m/s
in opposite direction.
(d) Amplitude of this wave is constant.
15.13 Speed of sound waves in a fluid depends upon
(a) directty on density of the medium.
(b) square of Bulk modulus of the medium.
(c) inversly on the square root of density.
(d) directly on the square root of bulk modulus of the medium.
15.14 During propagation of a plane progressive mechanical wave
(a) all the particles are vibrating in the same phase.
(b) amplitude of all the particles is equal.
(c) particles of the medium executes S.H.M.
(d) wave velocity depends upon the nature of the medium.
15.15 The transverse displacement of a string (clamped at its both ends)
is given by y (x,t) = 0.06 sin (2πx/3) cos (120πt).
All the points on the string between two consecutive nodes

vibrate with
(a) same frequency
(b) same phase
(c) same energy
(d) different amplitude.
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Waves
15.16 A train, standing in a station yard, blows a whistle of frequency

400 Hz in still air. The wind starts blowing in the direction from
the yard to the station with a speed of 10m/s. Given that the
speed of sound in still air is 340m/s,
(a) the frequency of sound as heard by an observer standing on
the platform is 400Hz.
(b) the speed of sound for the observer standing on the platform
is 350m/s.
(c) the frequency of sound as heard by the observer standing
on the platform will increase.
(d) the frequency of sound as heard by the observer standing
on the platform will decrease.
15.17 Which of the following statements are true for a stationary wave?
(a) Every particle has a fixed amplitude which is different from
the amplitude of its nearest particle.
(b) All the particles cross their mean position at the same time.
(c) All the particles are oscillating with same amplitude.
(d) There is no net transfer of energy across any plane.
(e) There are some particles which are always at rest.
VSA
15.18 A sonometer wire is vibrating in resonance with a tuning fork.
Keeping the tension applied same, the length of the wire is
doubled. Under what conditions would the tuning fork still be is
resonance with the wire?
15.19 An organ pipe of length L open at both ends is found to vibrate

in its first harmonic when sounded with a tuning fork of 480 Hz.
What should be the length of a pipe closed at one end, so that it
also vibrates in its first harmonic with the same tuning fork?
15.20 A tuning fork A, marked 512 Hz, produces 5 beats per second,
where sounded with another unmarked tuning fork B. If B is
loaded with wax the number of beats is again 5 per second. What
is the frequency of the tuning fork B when not loaded?
15.21 The displacement of an elastic wave is given by the function

y = 3 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt.
where y is in cm and t is in second. Calculate the resultant
amplitude.
15.22 A sitar wire is replaced by another wire of same length and
material but of three times the earlier radius. If the tension in the
wire remains the same, by what factor will the frequency change?
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15.23 At what temperatures (in oC) will the speed of sound in air be
3 times its value at OoC?
15.24 When two waves of almost equal frequencies n 1 and n 2 reach at

a point simultaneously, what is the time interval between
successive maxima?
SA
15.25 A steel wire has a length of 12 m and a mass of 2.10 kg. What will
be the speed of a transverse wave on this wire when a tension of
2.06 × 104N is applied?
15.26 A pipe 20 cm long is closed at one end. Which harmonic mode of

the pipe is resonantly excited by a source of 1237.5 Hz ?(sound
velocity in air = 330 m s–1)
15.27 A train standing at the outer signal of a railway station blows a

whistle of frequency 400 Hz still air. The train begins to move
with a speed of 10 m s-1 towards the platform. What is the
frequency of the sound for an observer standing on the platform?
(sound velocity in air = 330 m s–1)
15.28 The wave pattern on a stretched string is shown in

Fig. 15.2. Interpret what kind of wave this is and find its
wavelength.
Fig. 15.2
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Waves
15.29 The pattern of standing waves formed on a stretched string at

two instants of time are shown in Fig. 15.3. The velocity of two
waves superimposing to form stationary waves is 360 ms–1 and
their frequencies are 256 Hz.
Fig. 15.3
(a) Calculate the time at which the second curve is plotted.

(b) Mark nodes and antinodes on the curve.
(c) Calculate the distance between A ′ and C ′ .
15.30 A tuning fork vibrating with a frequency of 512Hz is

kept close to the open end of a tube filled with water
(Fig. 15.4). The water level in the tube is gradually
lowered. When the water level is 17cm below the open
end, maximum intensity of sound is heard. If the room
temperature is 20°C, calculate
(a) speed of sound in air at room temperature
(b) speed of sound in air at 0°C
(c) if the water in the tube is replaced with mercury,
will there be any difference in your observations? Fig. 15.4
15.31 Show that when a string fixed at its two ends vibrates in 1 loop,
2 loops, 3 loops and 4 loops, the frequencies are in the ratio
1:2:3:4.
LA
15.32 The earth has a radius of 6400 km. The inner core of 1000 km
radius is solid. Outside it, there is a region from 1000 km to a
radius of 3500 km which is in molten state. Then again from
3500 km to 6400 km the earth is solid. Only longitudinal (P)
waves can travel inside a liquid. Assume that the P wave has a
speed of 8 km s–1 in solid parts and of 5 km s–1 in liquid parts of
the earth. An earthquake occurs at some place close to the surface
of the earth. Calculate the time after which it will be recorded in a
seismometer at a diametrically opposite point on the earth if wave
travels along diameter?
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15.33 If c is r.m.s. speed of molecules in a gas and v is the speed of

sound waves in the gas, show that c/v is constant and independent
of temperature for all diatomic gases.
15.34 Given below are some functions of x and t to represent the

displacement of an elastic wave.
(a) y = 5 cos (4x ) sin (20t )
(b) y = 4 sin (5x – t/2) + 3 cos (5x – t/2)
(c) y = 10 cos [(252 – 250) πt ] cos [(252+250)πt ]
(d) y = 100 cos (100πt + 0.5x )
State which of these represent
(a) a travelling wave along –x direction

(b) a stationary wave
(c) beats
(d) a travelling wave along +x direction.
Given reasons for your answers.
15.35 In the given progressive wave

y = 5 sin (100πt – 0.4πx )
where y and x are in m, t is in s. What is the
(a) amplitude
(b) wave length
(c) frequency
(d) wave velocity
(e) particle velocity amplitude.
15.36 For the harmonic travelling wave y = 2 cos 2π (10t–0.0080x + 3.5)
where x and y are in cm and t is second. What is the phase
difference between the oscillatory motion at two points separated
by a distance of
(a) 4 m
(b) 0.5 m
λ
(c)
2
3λ
(d) (at a given instant of time)
4
(e) What is the phase difference between the oscillation of a
particle located at x = 100cm, at t = T s and t = 5 s?
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ANSWERS
Chapter 2
2.1 (b)
2.2 (b)
2.3 (c)
2.4 (d)
2.5 (a)
2.6 (c)
2.7 (a)
2.8 (d)
2.9 (a)
2.10 (a)
2.11 (c)
2.12 (d)
2.13 (b), (c)
2.14 (a), (e)
2.15 (b), (d)
2.16 (a), (b), (d)
2.17 (a), (b)
2.18 (b), (d)

2.19 Because, bodies differ in order of magnitude significantly in respect
to the same physical quantity. For example, interatomic distances
are of the order of angstroms, inter-city distances are of the order of
km, and interstellar distances are of the order of light year.
20/04/2018

2.20 1015
2.21 Mass spectrograph
2.22 1 u = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
2.23 Since f (θ ) is a sum of different powers of θ, it has to be

dimensionless
2.24 Because all other quantities of mechanics can be expressed in

terms of length, mass and time through simple relations.
RE 1
2.25 (a ) θ = = rad 1o
60R E 60
∴ Diameter of the earth as seen from the moon is about 2°.

(b) At earth-moon distance, moon is seen as (1/2)° diameter and
earth is seen as 2° diameter. Hence, diameter of earth is 4 times
the diameter of moon.
Dearth
=4
Dmoon
rsun
(c) = 400
rmoon
(Here r stands for distance, and D for diameter.)
Sun and moon both appear to be of the same angular diameter as

seen from the earth.
Dsun Dmoon
∴ =
rsun rmoon
Dsun
∴ = 400
Dmoon
D earth D
But = 4 ∴ sun = 100 .
Dmoon Dearth
2.26 An atomic clock is the most precise time measuring device because
atomic oscillations are repeated with a precision of 1s in 1013 s.
2.27 3 × 1016 s
2.28 0.01 mm
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2.29 θ = ( π Rs 2 / R e s 2 )( π Rm 2 / R em 2 )
Rs R
 = es
Rm Rem
2.30 105 kg
2.31 (a) Angle or solid angle
(b) Relative density, etc.
(c) Planck’s constant, universal gravitational constant, etc.
(d) Raynold number
l 3.14
2.32 θ=  l = r θ  l = 31 × cm = 16.3 cm
r 6
– 2
2.33 4 × 10 steradian
–1
2.34 Dimensional formula of ω =T
–1
Dimensional formula of k = L
2.35 (a) Precision is given by the least count of the instrument.
For 20 oscillations, precision = 0.1 s
For 1 oscillation, precision = 0.005 s.
39.6 + 39.9 + 39.5

(b) Average time t = s = 39.6s
3
39.6
Period = = 1.98 s
20
Max. observed error = (1.995 –1.980)s = 0.015s.
2 –2
2.36 Since energy has dimensions of ML T , 1J in new units becomes
γ 2 / αβ2 J. Hence 5 J becomes 5γ 2 / αβ2 .
ρr 4
2.37 The dimensional part in the expression is . Therefore, the
ηl
dimensions of the right hand side comes out to be
[ML–1 T –2 ][L4 ] [L3 ]
= , which is volume upon time. Hence, the
[ML–1 T –1 ][L] [T]
formula is dimensionally correct.
2.38 The fractional error in X is

dX 2da 3db 2.5dc 2d(d)
= + + +
X a b c d
= 0.235 0.24
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Since the error is in first decimal, hence the result should be

rounded off as 2.8.
2.39 Since E, l and G have dimensional formulas:
E → ML2 T –2
l → ML2 T –1
G → L3 M –1 T –2
2
Hence, P = E l m–5 G–2 will have dimensions:
[ 2 –2 ][M 2 L4 T –2 ][ M2 T 4 ]
[ P ] = ML T
[ M5 ][L6 ]
= M0 L0 T 0
Thus, P is dimensionless.
2.40 M, L, T, in terms of new units become

ch hG hG
M→ ,L→ ,T →
G c3 c5
2.41 Given T 2 α r 3 T α r 3 / 2 . T is also function of g and

R  T α gx Ry
x y
∴ [ Lo Mo T1 ] = [ L3/2 Mo T o ][ L1Mo T -2 ] [ L1Mo T o ]
3
For L, 0 = + x + y
2
1
For T, 1 = 0 − 2x  x = −
2
3 1
Therefore, 0 = − + y  y = −1
2 2
k r3
Thus, T = k r 3 / 2 g −1/ 2 R −1 =
R g
2.42 (a) Because oleic acid dissolves in alcohol but does not disssolve
in water.
(b) When lycopodium powder is spread on water, it spreads on the

entire surface. When a drop of the prepared solution is dropped
on water, oleic acid does not dissolve in water, it spreads on
the water surface pushing the lycopodium powder away to clear
a circular area where the drop falls. This allows measuring
the area where oleic acid spreads.
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Answers
1 1 1
(c) mL × = mL
20 20 400
(d) By means of a burette and measuring cylinder and measuring
the number of drops.
(e) If n drops of the solution make 1 mL, the volume of oleic acid
in one drop will be (1/400)n mL.
2.43 (a) By definition of parsec
 1A.U. 
∴ 1 parsec =  
 1arc sec 
1 deg = 3600 arc sec
π
∴ 1 arcsec = 3600 × 180 radians
3600 × 180 A.U. = 206265 A.U.

∴ 1 parsec = ≈ 2 × 105 A.U.
π
(b) At 1 A.U. distance, sun is (1/2°) in diameter.
1/ 2
Therefore, at 1 parsec, star is degree in diameter = 15
2 × 105
× 10-5 arcmin.
With 100 magnification, it should look 15 × 10-3 arcmin. However,

due to atmospheric fluctuations, it will still look of about 1 arcmin.
It can’t be magnified using telescope.
Dmars 1 Dearth 1
(c) = , = [from Answer 2.25 (c)]
Dearth 2 Dsun 400
D 1
∴ mars = .
Dsun 800
At 1 A.U. sun is seen as 1/2 degree in diameter, and mars will

be seen as 1/1600 degree in diameter.
At 1/2 A.U, mars will be seen as 1/800 degree in diameter. With
60
100 magnification mars will be seen as 1/8 degree = = 7.5
arcmin. 8
This is larger than resolution limit due to atmospheric

fluctuations. Hence, it looks magnified.
2.44 (a) Since 1 u = 1.67 × 10–27 kg, its energy equivalent is 1.67×10–27 c2
in SI units. When converted to eV and MeV, it turns out to be
1 u ≡ 931.5 MeV.
(b) 1 u × c2 = 931.5 MeV.
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Chapter 3
3.1 (b)
3.2 (a)
3.3 (b)
3.4 (c)
3.5 (b)
3.6 (c)
3.7 (a), (c), (d)
3.8 (a), (c), (e)
3.9 (a), (d)
3.10 (a), (c)
3.11 (b), (c), (d)
3.12 (a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) iv, (d) (i)
3.13
3.14 (i) x (t) = t - sin t
(ii) x (t) = sin t
3.15 x(t) = A + B e − γt ; A > B, γ > 0 are suitably chosen positive constants.
3.16 v = g/b
3.17 The ball is released and is falling under gravity. Acceleration is –g ,

except for the short time intervals in which the ball collides with
0 t
-g
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Answers
ground, and when the impulsive force acts and produces a large
acceleration.
3.18 (a) x = 0, v = γ x o
3.19 Relative speed of cars = 45km/h, time required to meet

36 km
= = 0.80h
45 km/h
Thus, distance covered by the bird = 36 km/h × 0.8h = 28.8 km.
3.20 Suppose that the fall of 9 m will take time t. Hence

9m/s
gt 2
y − yo = voy −
2
Since voy = 0, 9m
2(y − yo ) 2×9m
t = → = 1.8 ≈ 1.34 seconds.
g 10 m/s2
In this time, the distance moved horizontally is
x-xo = voxt = 9 m/s × 1.34s = 12.06 m. 10m
Yes-he will land.
3.21 Both are free falling. Hence, there is no acceleration of one w.r.t.
another. Therefore, relative speed remains constant (=40 m/s ).
a
3.22 v = (-vo/xo) x + vo, a = (vo/xo)2 x - vo2/xo
The variation of a with x is shown in the figure. It is a straight line

0
with a positive slope and a negative intercept. x
3.23 (a) v = 2 gh = 2 × 10 × 1000 = 141m/s = 510 km/h.

4π 3 4π
(b) m = r ρ= (2 × 10−3 )3 (103 ) = 3.4 × 10−5 kg.
3 3
P = mv ≈ 4.7 × 10−3 kg m/s ≈ 5 × 10−3 kg m/s.
(c) Diameter ≈ 4mm
∆t ≈ d / v = 28 µ s ≈ 30 µ s
∆P 4.7 × 10−3
(d) F = = ≈ 168N ≈ 1.7 × 102 N.
∆t 28 × 10−6
(e) Area of cross-section = π d 2 / 4 ≈ 0.8m 2 .
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With average separation of 5 cm, no. of drops that will fall almost
0.8m 2
simultaneously is ≈ 320.
(5 × 10−2 )2
Net force ≈ 54000 N (Practically drops are damped by air viscosity).
3.24 Car behind the truck
20
Regardation of truck = = 4ms –2
5
20
Regardation of car = ms –2
3
Let the truck be at a distance x from the car when breaks are applied
Distance of truck from A at t > 0.5 s is x + 20t – 2t2.

10
Distance of car from A is 10 + 20(t – 0.5) – (t – 0.5)2 .
3
If the two meet
10 2 10 10
x + 20t – 2t2 = 10 + 20t – 10 – t + t – 0.25 × .
3 3 3
4 2 10 5
x =– t + t– .
3 3 6
To find xmin,
dx 8 10
=– t+ =0
dt 3 3
10 5
which gives tmin= = s.
8 4
2
45 10 5 5 5
Therefore, xmin= –   + × – = .
34 3 4 6 4
Therefore, x > 1.25m.
Second method: This method does not require the use of calculus.
If the car is behind the truck,
Vcar = 20 – (20/3)(t – 0.5) for t > 0.5 s as car declerate only after 0.5 s.
Vtruck = 20 – 4t
Find t from equating the two or from velocity vs time graph. This
yields t = 5/4 s.
In this time truck would travel truck,
Struck= 20(5/4) – (1/2)(4)(5/4)2 = 21.875m
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Answers
and car would travel, S car = 20(0.5) + 20(5/4 – 0.5) –

2
1  5 
  (20 / 3) ×  – 0.5  = 23.125m
2 4 
Thus Scar – Struck = 1.25m.
If the car maintains this distance initially, its speed after 1.25s will
he always less than that of truck and hence collision never occurs.
3.25 (a) (3/2)s, (b) (9/4)s, (c) 0,3s, (d) 6 cycles.
3.26 v1=20 m/s, v2 = 10m/s, time difference = 1s.
Chapter 4
4.1 (b)
4.2 (d)
4.3 (b)
4.4 (b)
4.5 (c)
4.6 (b)
4.7 (d)
4.8 (c)
4.9 (c)
4.10 (b)
4.11 (a), (b)
4.12 (c)
4.13 (a), (c)
4.14 (a), (b), (c)
4.15 (b), (d)

v2
4.16 in the direction RO.
R
4.17 The students may discuss with their teachers and find answer.
4.18 (a) Just before it hits the ground.
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(b) At the highest point reached.

(c) a = g = constant.
4.19 acceleration – g.
velocity – zero.
4.20 Since B× C is perpendicular to plane of B and C, cross product of
any vector will lie in the plane of B and C.
vo
4.21
v (speed
tossed)

0 u(car speed)
For a ground-based observer, the ball is a projectile with speed vo

and the angle of projection θ with horizontal in as shown above.
4.22
(a) (b)
Since the speed of car matches with the horizontal speed of the
projectile, boy sitting in the car will see only vertical component of
motion as shown in Fig (b).
y
4.23 Due to air resistance, particle energy as
well as horizontal component of velocity
keep on decreasing making the fall steeper
than rise as shown in the figure.
0 x
1 gH 
, φ = tan −1   = tan −1 
2H H
4.24 R = vo  = 23°12 '
g R  vo 2 
v 2 4π 2 R
4.25 Acceleration =
R T2
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4.26 (a) matches with (iv)

(b) matches with (iii)
(c) matches with (i)
(d) matches with (ii)
4.27 (a) matches with (ii)

(b) matches with (i)
(c) matches with (iv)
(d) matches with (iii)
4.28 (a) matches with (iv)

(b) matches with (iii)
(c) matches with (i)
(d) matches with (ii)
4.29 The minimm vertical velocity required for crossing the hill is given by
v ⊥2 ≥ 2gh = 10,000
v⊥ > 100 m/s
As canon can haul packets with a speed of 125m/s, so the
maximum value of horizontal velocity, v will be
v = 1252 − 1002 = 75 m / s
The time taken to reach the top of the hill with velocity v ⊥ is given by
1
gT 2 = h T = 10 s.
2
In 10s the horizontal distance covered = 750 m.
So cannon has to be moved through a distance of 50 m on the
ground.
So total time taken (shortest) by the packet to reach ground
50
across the hill = s + 10s + 10s = 45 s.
2
2vo 2 sin β cos(α + β )
4.31 (a) L =
g cos2 α
2v o sin β
(b) T =
g cos α
π α
(c) β= −
4 2
Av 02
4.32 sin θ
g
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4.33 Vr = 5î − 5ˆj
4.34 (a) 5 m / s at 37° to N.
(b) (i) tan −1 (3 / 7 ) of N, (ii) 7 m/s

(c) in case (i) he reaches the opposite bank in shortest time.
 v o sin θ 
4.35 (a) tan −1  
 vo cos θ + u 
2vo sin θ
(b)
g
2v o sinθ (v o cosθ + u)
(c) R =
g
 −u + u 2 + 8v 2 
(d) θ max = cos −1  o

 4v o 
(e) θ max = 60o for u = v o .
θ max = 45o for u = 0.
u < vo
−1  1 u  π
∴ θ max ≈ cos  − = 4 (if u vo )
 2 4 v o 
v 
u > vo θ max ≈ cos −1  o  = π 2 ( vo u )
u 
(f) θmax > 45°.
 d 2θ   d 2θ 
4.36 V = ω rˆ + ωθ θˆ and a =  2 − ω 2θ  rˆ +  θ + 2ω 2  θˆ
 dt   dt 2

4.37 Consider the straight line path APQC through the sand.
Time taken to go from A to C via this path
D C
AP + QC PQ
Tsand = +
1 v Q
25 2 + 25 2 50 2
= +
1 v
1 
= 50 2  + 1
v  P R
50m
The shortest path outside the sand will be ARC.
A B
100m
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Answers
Time taken to go from A to C via this path
AR + RC
= Toutside = s
1
= 2 752 + 252 s
= 2 × 25 10 s
1 
For Tsand < Toutside, 50 2  +1 < 2 × 25 10
v 
1
⇒ +1< 5
v
1 1
⇒ < 5 -1 or v > ≈ 0.81 m/s.
v 5 -1
Chapter 5
5.1 (c)
5.2 (b)
5.3 (c)
5.4 (c)
5.5 (d)
5.6 (c)
5.7 (a)
5.8 (b)
5.9 (b)
5.10 (a), (b) and (d)
5.11 (a), (b), (d) and (e)
5.12 (b) and (d)
5.13 (b), (c)
5.14 (c), (d)
5.15 (a), (c)
5.16 Yes, due to the principle of conservation of momentum.

Initial momentum = 50.5 × 5 kg m s–1
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Final momentum = (50 v + 0.5 × 15) kg m s–1
v = 4.9 m s-1, change in speed = 0.1 m s –1
5.17 Let R be the reading of the scale, in newtons.
Effective downward acceleration =

50 g − R
=g
50
R = 5g = 50N. (The weighing scale will show 5 kg).
3
5.18 Zero; − kg m s-1
2
5.19 The only retarding force that acts on him, if he is not using a seat
belt comes from the friction exerted by the seat. This is not enough
to prevent him from moving forward when the vehicle is brought to
a sudden halt.
5.20 p = 8î + 8ˆj, F = (4î + 8ˆj)N
5.21 f = F until the block is stationary.

f
f remains constant if F increases beyond this
point and the block starts moving.
F
5.22 In transportation, the vehicle say a truck, may need to halt suddenly.
To bring a fragile material, like porcelain object to a sudden halt
means applying a large force and this is likely to damage the object.
If it is wrapped up in say, straw, the object can travel some distance
as the straw is soft before coming to a halt. The force needed to
achieve this is less, thus reducing the possibility of damage.
5.23 The body of the child is brought to a sudden halt when she/he falls
on a cement floor. The mud floor yields and the body travels some
distance before it comes to rest , which takes some time. This means
the force which brings the child to rest is less for the fall on a mud
floor, as the change in momentum is brought about over a longer
period.
5.24 (a) 12.5 N s (b) 18.75 kg m s–1
5.25 f = µ R = µ mg cosθ is the force of friction, if θ is angle made by the

slope. If θ is small, force of friction is high and there is less chance of
skidding. The road straight up would have a larger slope.
5.26 AB, because force on the upper thread will be equal to sum of the
weight of the body and the applied force.
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5.27 If the force is large and sudden, thread CD breaks because as CD is

jerked, the pull is not transmitted to AB instantaneously
(transmission depends on the elastic properties of the body).
Therefore, before the mass moves, CD breaks.
5.28 T1 = 94.4 N, T2 = 35.4 N
5.29 W = 50 N
5.30 If F is the force of the finger on the book, F = N, the normal reaction
of the wall on the book. The minimum upward frictional force needed
to ensure that the book does not fall is Mg. The frictional force = µN.
Mg
Thus, minimum value of F = .
µ
5.31 0.4 m s–1
5.32 x = t, y = t 2
a x = 0, a y = 2 m s −1
F = 0.5×2 = 1N. along y-axis.
2V 2 × 20 40 10
5.33 t= = = = = 3.33 s.
g + a 10 + 2 12 3
5.34 (a) Since the body is moving with no acceleration, the sum of the F1
forces is zero F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 . Let F1 , F2 , F3 be the three forces F2
passing through a point. Let F1 and F2 be in the plane A (one can O P
always draw a plane having two intersecting lines such that the
two lines lie on the plane). Then F1 + F2 must be in the plane A. F3
Since F3 = – ( F1 + F2 ) , F3 is also in the plane A.
(b) Consider the torque of the forces about P. Since all the forces
pass through P, the torque is zero. Now consider torque about
another point 0. Then torque about 0 is
Torque = OP × ( F1 + F2 + F3 )
Since F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 , torque = 0
5.35 General case

1 2
s= at  t = 2s / a
2
Smooth case
g
Acceleration a = g sin θ =
2
∴t1 = 2 2s / g
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Rough case
Acceleration a = g sin θ − µ g cos θ
= (1 − µ ) g / 2
2 2s 2 2s
∴t 2 = = pt1 = p
(1 − µ )g g
1 1
 = p2  µ = 1 − 2
1− µ p
5.36 v x = 2t 0 <t ≤1 vy = t 0 < t < 1s
= 2 (2 − t ) 1<t < 2 = 11 < t

=0 2<t
Fx = 2; 0 < t < 1 Fy = 1 0 < t < 1s
= −2; 1s < t < 2s =0 1s < t
=0; 2s < t
F = 2 î + ˆj 0 < t < 1s
= − 2 î 1s < t < 2s
=0 2s < t
5.37 For DEF

v2
m = m gµ
R
v max = g µ R = 100 = 10 m s −1
For ABC
v2
= g µ, v = 200 = 14.14 m s −1
2R
π
100
Time for DEF = × = 5π s
2 10
3π 200 300π
Time for ABC = = s
2 14.14 14.14
100
For FA and DC = 2 × = 4s
50
300π
Total time = 5π + + 4 = 86.3s
14.14
dr
5.38 = v = −î ω A sin ωt + ˆj ω B cos ωt
dt
dv
= a = −ω 2 r; F = −m ω 2 r
dt
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Answers
x 2 y2
x = A cos ωt , y = B sin ωt  + =1
A2 B 2
1 2
5.39 For (a) v z = gH vz = 2gH
2
Speed at ground = vs 2 + vz 2 = vs 2 + 2 gH
1 2 
For (b) also  mvs + mgH  is the total energy of the ball when it
2 
hits the ground.
So the speed would be the same for both (a) and (b).
5.40
F3 + F4 2 +1 3 N
F2 = = =
2 2 2
F3 F4
F1 + =
2 2
F4 − F3 1
F1 = = N
2 2
5.41 (a) θ = tan −1 µ
(b) mg sin α − µ mg cos α
(c) mg ( sin α + µ cos α )
(d) mg ( sin θ + µ cos θ ) + ma.
5.42 (a) F - (500 ×10) = (500 × 15) or F = 12.5 × 10 3 N, where F is the

upward reaction of the floor and is equal to the force downwards on
the floor, by Newton’s 3rd law of motion
(b) R - (2500 × 10) = (2500 × 15) or R = 6.25 × 104 N, action of the air
on the system, upwards. The action of the rotor on the surrounding
air is 6.25 × 104 N downwards.
(c) Force on the helicopter due to the air = 6.25 × 104 N upwards.
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Chapter 6
6.1 (b)
6.2 (c)
6.3 (d)
6.4 (c)
6.5 (c)
6.6 (c)
6.7 (c)
6.8 (b)
6.9 (b)
6.10 (b)
6.11 (b) as displacement α t 3 / 2
6.12 (d)
6.13 (d)
6.14 (a)
6.15 (b)
6.16 (d)
6.17 (b)
6.18 (c)
6.19 (b), (d)
6.20 (b), (d), (f)
6.21 (c)
6.22 Yes, No.
6.23 To prevent elevator from falling freely under gravity.
6.24 (a) Positive, (b) Negative
6.25 Work done against gravity in moving along horizontal road is zero .
6.26 No, because resistive force of air also acts on the body which is a
non-conservative force. So the gain in KE would be smaller than the
loss in PE.
6.27 No, work done over each closed path is necessarily zero only if all
the forces acting on the system are conservative.
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Answers
6.28 (b) Total linear momentum.
While balls are in contact, there may be deformation which means

elastic potential energy which came from part of KE. Momentum is
always conserved.
mgh 100 × 9.8 × 10
6.29 Power = = W = 490W
T 20
∆E 0.5 × 72
6.30 P= = = 0.6 watts
∆t 60
6.31 A charged particle moving in an uniform magnetic field.
6.32 Work done = change in KE

Both bodies had same KE and hence same amount of work is needed
to be done. Since force aplied is same, they would come to rest within
the same distance.
6.33 (a) Straight line: vertical, downward

(b) Parabolic path with vertex at C.
(c) Parabolic path with vertex higher than C.
6.34
C D
KE Velocity
Eo C D
B
B
Eo O x
F
F
X
C D
6.35 (a) For head on collission:
Conservation of momentum ⇒ 2mv0 = mv1 + mv2

Or 2v0 = v1 + v2
v -v
and e = 2 1 ⇒ v2 = v1+ 2v0e
2v
∴ 2v1 = 2v00– 2ev0
∴ v1 = v0(1 – e)
Since e <1 ⇒ v1 has the same sign as v0, therefore the ball
moves on after collission.
(b) Conservation of momentum ⇒ p = p1+ p2
p2 p 2 p 2
But KE is lost  > 2 + 2
2m 2m 2m
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p1
p p p2

before after p2 p1
∴ p2 > p12 + p22
Thus p, p1 and p2 are related as shown in the figure.
θ is acute (less than 90°) ( p 2 = p12 + p 22 would give θ = 90°)
6.36 Region A : No, as KE will become negative.
Region B : Yes, total energy can be greater than PE for non zero K.E.
Region C : Yes, KE can be greater than total energy if its PE is negative.
Region D : Yes, as PE can be greater than KE.
6.37 (a) Ball A transfers its entire momentum to the ball on the table
and does not rise at all.
(b) v = 2gh = 4.42m/s
–3 –3
6.38 (a) Loss of PE = mgh = 1 ×10 ×10 ×10 = 10J
1 1
(b) Gain in KE = mv 2 = × 10 –3 × 2500 = 1.25J
2 2
(c) No, because a part of PE is used up in doing work against the

viscous drag of air.
6.39 (b) E1 E2
E0 E0
t t
T/4 3T/4 5T/4 7T/4 T/4 3T/4 5T/4 7T/4
6.40 m = 3.0 × 10 – 5 kg ρ = 10 – 3 kg/m2 v = 9 m/s
A = 1m2 h = 100 cm ⇒ n = 1m3

1 1
M = ρ v = 10–3 kg, E = Mv 2 = ×103 ×(9)2 = 4.05 ×104 J .
2 2
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Answers
1 1
6.41 KE = mv 2 ≅ × 5 × 10 4 × 102
2 2
5
= 2.5 × 10 J.
10% of this is stored in the spring.

1 2
kx = 2.5 ×104
2
x=1m
4
k = 5 × 10 N/m.
6.42 In 6 km there are 6000 steps.
∴ E = 6000 (mg)h
= 6000 × 600 × 0.25
5
= 9 × 10 J.
This is 10 % of intake.
6
∴ Intake energy = 10 E = 9 ×10 J.
7
6.43 With 0.5 efficiency, 1 litre generates 1.5 × 10 J, which is used for 15
km drive.
∴ F d = 1.5 ×107J. with d = 15000 m

∴ F = 1000 N : force of friction.
6.44 (a) Wg = mg sinθ d = 1×10 × 0.5 ×10 = 50 J.
(b) Wf = µ mg cosθ d = 0.1 ×10 × 0.866 × 10 = 8.66 J.
(c) ∆ U = mgh = 1 ×10 × 5 = 50 J

(d) a = {F - (mg sinθ + µ mg cosθ )} = [10 - 5.87 ]
= 4.13 m/s2
v = u + at or v2 = u2 + 2ad
1 1
∆K = mv 2 – mu 2 = mad = 41.3 J
2 2
(e) W = F d = 100 J
6.45 (a) Energy is conserved for balls 1 and 3.
(b) Ball 1 acquires rotational energy, ball 2 loses energy by friction.

They cannot cross at C. Ball 3 can cross over.
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(c) Ball 1, 2 turn back before reaching C. Because of loss of energy,

ball 2 cannot reach back to A. Ball 1 has a rotational motion in
“wrong” sense when it reaches B. It cannot roll back to A,
because of kinetic friction.
1 1
6.46 ( KE )t +∆t = ( M − ∆m ) (v + ∆v )2 + ∆m (v − u )2
2 2
rocket gas
1 1
= Mv 2 + Mv ∆v − ∆mvu + ∆mu 2
2 2
1
(KE )t = Mv 2
2
1 1
( KE )t +∆t − ( KE )t = ( M ∆v − ∆mu )v + ∆ m u 2 = ∆m u 2 = W
2 2
(By Work - Energy theorem)
 Mdv  dm  
Since  =  ( u )   ( M ∆v − ∆m u ) = 0
 dt  dt  
F ∆L
6.47 Hooke’s law : =Y
A L
where A is the surface area and L is length of the side of the cube. If
k is spring or compression constant, then F = k ∆ L
A
∴ k= Y = YL
L
1 2 –4
Initial KE = 2 × mv =5 ×10 J
2
1
Final PE = 2 × k ( ∆L )2
2
KE KE 5 ×10 –4
∴ ∆L = = = 11 =1.58 × 10–7m
k YL 2 ×10 × 0.1
6.48 Let m , V, ρH e denote respectively the mass, volume and density of

helium baloon and ρair be density of air
Volume V of baloon displaces volume V of air.

(
So, V ρair − ρHe g = m a ) (1)
Integrating with respect to t,
V ( ρair − ρHe ) gt = m v
1 2

1
2
1 V2 2
mv 2 = m 2 ( ρair − ρHe ) g 2t 2 =
2 m 2m
V 2 ρ −ρ
air He
( ) gt 2 2
(2)
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Answers
1 2 1
If the baloon rises to a height h, from s = ut + at ,we get h = at 2
2 2
1 2 1 1 V ( ρair − ρhe ) 2
s = ut + at ,we get h = at 2 = gt (3)
2 2 2 m
From Eqs. (3) and (2),
1  1 
mv 2 = V ( ρa − ρHe ) g   V ( ρa − ρHe ) gt 2 
2  2m 
= V ( ρa – ρHe ) gh
Rearranging the terms,
1
 mv 2 + V ρHe gh = V ρair hg
2
KEbaloon PEbaloon change in PE of air .
So, as the baloon goes up, an equal volume of air comes down,
increase in PE and KE of the baloon is at the cost of PE of air [which
comes down].
Chapter 7
7.1 (d)
7.2 (c)
7.3 ˆy and, after reflection from the wall, the
The initial velocity is vi = v e
final velocity is v f = −v eˆ y . The trajectory is described as
r = y eˆy + a eˆz . Hence the change in angular momentum is

ˆ x . Hence the answer is (b).
r × m ( v f − vi ) = 2mvae
7.4 (d)
7.5 (b)
7.6 (c)
7.7 When b →0, the density becomes uniform and hence the centre of
mass is at x = 0.5. Only option (a) tends to 0.5 as b → 0.
7.8 (b) ω
7.9 (a), (c)
7.10 (a), (d)
7.11 All are true.

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7.12 ˆ.
(a) False, it is along k
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False, there is no sense in adding torques about 2 different
axes.
7.13 (a) False, perpendicular axis theorem is applicable only to a lamina.
(b) True
(c) False, z and z” are not parallel axes.
(d) True.
7.14 When the vertical height of the object is very small as compared to
earth’s radius, we call the object small, otherwise it is extended.
(a) Building and pond are small objects.
(b) A deep lake and a mountain are examples of extended objects.
7.15 I =  mi ri 2 . All the mass in a cylinder lies at distance R from the

axis of symmetry but most of the mass of a solid sphere lies at a
smaller distance than R.
7.16 Positive slope indicates anticlockwise rotation which is traditionally

taken as positive.
7.17 (a) ii, (b) iii, (c) i, (d) iv
7.18 (a) iii, (b) iv (c) ii (d) i.
7.19 No. Given  Fi = 0

i
The sum of torques about a certain point ‘0
ri × Fi = 0
i
The sum of torques about any other point O′,
 ( ri – a ) × Fi =  ri × Fi – a ×  Fi
i i i
Here, the second term need not vanish.
7.20 The centripetal acceleration in a wheel arise due to the internal

elastic forces which in pairs cancel each other; being part of a
symmetrical system.
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Answers
In a half wheel the distribution of mass about its centre of mass

(axis of rotation) is not symmetrical. Therefore, the direction of angular
momentum does not coincide with the direction of angular velocity
and hence an external torque is required to maintain rotation.
7.21 No. A force can produce torque only along a direction normal to
itself as τ = r × f . So, when the door is in the xy-plane, the torque
produced by gravity can only be along ±z direction, never about an
axis passing through y direction.
7.22 Let the C.M. be ‘b’ . Then, (n − 1)mb + ma = 0  b = − 1 a

mn n −1
2M
7.23 (a) Surface density σ =
πa2
 xdm a π a π
x = =   r cos θ σ rdrdθ =   σ rdrd θ
 dm r =0 θ =0 r =0 θ =0
a 2
π
 r dr sin θ 0
= 0a π =0
 rdr  d θ
0 0
 ydm π a a π
y= =   r sin θ σ rdrd θ   σ rdrd θ
 dm θ =0 r =0 r =0 θ =0
a 2 π
 r dr  sin θ dθ π
a 3 [ − cos θ ]0 a 4 4a
= 0 a θ =0 π = = = .
 rdr  dθ
3 ( a 2
/ 2 ) π 3 π 3π
0 0
(b) Same procedure, as in (a) except θ goes from 0 to π 2 and
4M .
σ =
πa2
7.24 (a) Yes, because there is no net external torque on the system.
External forces, gravitation and normal reaction, act through
the axis of rotation, hence produce no torque.
(b) By angular momentum conservation
I ω = I 1ω1 + I 2 ω 2
I 1ω1 + I 2ω2
∴ω =
I1 + I 2
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1 ( I ω + I 2ω2 )2 1 ( I1ω1 + I 2ω2 )2

(c) K f = (I1 + I 2 ) 1 1 =
2 ( I1 + I 2 )2 2 I1 + I 2
1
Ki = ( I1ω12 + I 2ω2 2 )
2
I1I 2
∆ K = K f − Ki = − (ω1 − ω2 )2
2( I1 + I 2 )
(d) The loss in kinetic energy is due to the work against the friction
between the two discs.
7.25 (a) Zero (b) Decreases (c) Increases (d) Friction (e) v cm = Rω.
(f) Acceleration produced in centre of mass due to friction:
F µ mg
acm = = k = µ g.
m m k
Angular acceleration produced by the torque due to friction,
τ µ mgR
α = = k
I I
∴ vcm = u cm + a cm t  vcm = µk gt
µk mgR
and ω = ωo + αt  ω = ωo − t
I
For rolling without slipping,
vcm µ mgR
= ωo − K t
R I
µK gt µK mgR
= ωO − t
R I
Rωo
t=
 2

µk g 1 + mR 
 I 
7.26 (a)
F''
F
R 2R
F force on left drum (upward)
Velocities at the
point of contact force on right drum (downward)
F
F' F
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Answers
F''
(b) F ′ = F = F ′′ where F and F ′′ and external forces through support.
F
Fnet = 0
External torque = F × 3R, anticlockwise.
(c) Let ω1 and ω2 be final angular velocities (anticlockwise and

clockwise respectively) F' F
Finally there will be no friction.

ω1
Hence, R ω1 = 2 R ω2  =2
ω2
7.27 (i) Area of square = area of rectangle ⇒ c2 = ab
2
I xR I yR b 2 a 2  ab 
× = 2 × 2 =  2  =1
I xS I yS c c c 
I yR I xR I yR
(i) and (ii) >  >1
I IyS I xS yS
I xR
and < 1.
I xS
(iii) I zr – I ZS ∝ ( a 2 + b 2 − 2c 2 )
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab > 0
∴ ( I zR − I zS ) > 0
I zR
∴ > 1.
I zS
7.28 Let the accelaration of the centre of mass of disc be ‘a’, then
Ma = F-f (1)
The angular accelaration of the disc is α = a/R. (if there is no sliding).

Then
1 2
 MR  α = Rf (2)
2 
⇒ Ma = 2f
Thus, f = F/3. Since there is no sliding,
⇒ f ≤ µmg
 F ≤ 3 µ Mg.
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Chapter 8
8.1 (d)
8.2 (c)
8.3 (a)
8.4 (c)
8.5 (b)
8.6 (d)
8.7 (d)
8.8 (c)
8.9 (a), (c)
8.10 (a), (c)
8.11 (a), (c), (d)
8.12 (c), (d)
8.13 (c), (d)
8.14 (a), (c), (d)
8.15 (a), (c)
8.16 (d)
8.17 Molecules experience the vertically downward force due to gravity

just like an apple falling from a tree. Due to thermal motion, which
is random, their velocity is not in the vertical direction. The downward
force of gravity causes the density of air in the atmosphere close to
earth higher than the density as we go up.
8.18 Central force; gravitational force of a point mass, electrostatic force
due to a point charge.
Non-central force: spin-dependent nuclear forces, magnetic force
between two current carrying loops.
Areal
8.19 velocity
8.20 It is normal to the plane containing the earth and the sun as areal
velocity
∆A 1
= r × v∆t .
∆t 2
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Answers
8.21 It remains same as the gravitational force is independent of the

medium separating the masses.
8.22 Yes, a body will always have mass but the gravitational force on it
can be zero; for example, when it is kept at the centre of the earth.
8.23 No.
8.24 Yes, if the size of the spaceship is large enough for him to detect the
variation in g.
F
8.25
0 Rr
8.26 At perihelion because the earth has to cover greater linear distance
to keep the areal velocity constant.
o o
8.27 (a) 90 (b) 0
8.28 Every day the earth advances in the orbit by approximately 1 o. Then,
it will have to rotate by 361° (which we define as 1 day) to have sun
at zenith point again. Since 361° corresponds to 24 hours; extra 1°
corresponds to approximately 4 minute [3 min 59 seconds].
8.29 Consider moving the mass at the middle by a small amount

GMm 10R
h to the right. Then the forces on it are:
( R − h )2 to the M R
M
m
GMm h
right and
( R + h )2 to the left. The first is larger than the
second. Hence the net force will also be towards the right. Hence
the equilibrium is unstable.
8.30
KE
8.31 The trajectory of a particle under gravitational force of the earth

will be a conic section (for motion outside the earth) with the centre
of the earth as a focus. Only (c) meets this requirement.
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8.32 mgR/2.
8.33 Only the horizontal component (i.e. along the line joining m and O)
will survive. The horizontal component of the force on any point on
the ring changes by a factor:
 2r   µ 
( 2 2 3/2  ( 2 2 3/2 
 4r + r )   r +r ) 
4 2.
=
5 5
8.34 As r increases:
U  = −
GMm 
 increases.
 r 
 GM 
vc  =  decreases.
 r 
 vc 1 
ω= × 3  decreases.
 r r 2
K decreases because v increases.

E increases because U = 2K and U < O
l increases because mvr ∝ r.
8.35 AB = C
F A
3
(AC) = 2 AG = 2.l . = 3l
2
AD = AH + HJ + JD
H
l l
= +l +
2 2 E G B
= 2l.
AE = AC = 3l , AF = l J
Force along AD due to m at F and B D C

2
1 1  1  1 Gm
= Gm 2  2  + Gm 2  l 2  2 = l 2
l  2
Force along AD due to masses at E and C
1 Gm 2
= Gm 2 cos ( 30 ) + cos(30°)
3l 2 3l 2
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Answers
Gm 2 Gm 2
= 3= .
3l 2 3l 2
Force due to mass M at D
Gm 2
= .
4l 2
Gm 2  1 1
∴ Total Force =
l2 1 + 3 + 4  .
 
1
 GMT 2  3
8.36 (a) r =  
 4 π2 
1
GMT 2 3
h= –R
4 π2
= 4.23x107 – 6.4x106
= 3.59×107 m.
R
(b) θ = cos –1
R+h

1
= cos –1 E
1+ h r
1
= cos –1
1+5.61
= 81o18 ′
2θ=162o 36'
360o
2.21; Hence minimum number = 3.
2θ
8.37 Angular momentem and areal velocity are constant as earth orbits
the sun.
2 2
At perigee rp ω p = ra ωa at apogee.
If ‘a’ is the semi-major axis of earth’s orbit, then r p = a (1 - e ) and
ra = a (1 + e ) .
2
ωp
= 
1 + e  , e = 0.0167

ωa  1 - e 
ωp
∴ = 1.0691
ωa
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Let ω be angular speed which is geometric mean of ωp and ωa and

corresponds to mean solar day,
 ω  ω 
 p   = 1.0691
 ω   ωa 
ωp ω
= = 1.034.
ω ωa
If ω corresponds to 1° per day

(mean angular speed), then
ω p = 1.034 per day and ω a = 0.967 per day. Since 361° = 14hrs:
mean solar day, we get 361.034 which corresponds to 24 hrs 8.14″
(8.1″ longer) and 360.967° corresponds to 23 hrs 59 min 52″
(7.9″ smaller).
This does not explain the actual variation of the length of the day
during the year.
8.38 ra = a (1 + e ) = 6 R
1
rp = a (1 − e ) = 2R e =
2
Conservation of angular momentum:
angular momentum at perigee = angular momentum at apogee
∴ mv prp = mv a ra
va 1
∴ = .
vp 3
Conservation of Energy:
Energy at perigee = Energy at apogee

1 GMm 1 GMm
mv p 2 − = mv a 2 −
2 rp 2 ra
 1 1 1  1 1 
∴ v p 2 1 −  = −2GM  r − r  = 2GM r − r 
 9  a p   a p 
1/ 2
1 1  2GM  1 1  
1/ 2
2GM  − 
 rp ra   R  2 − 6  
vp = = 
  va 
2
  1 
  v p 
1 −  1 −  
   9
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Answers
1/ 2
 2 / 3 GM  3 GM
=  = = 6.85km/s
 8/9 R  4 R
v p = 6.85km/s , v a = 2.28km/s.
GM
For r = 6R , vc = = 3.23km/s.
6R
Hence to transfer to a circular orbit at apogee, we have to boost
the velocity by ∆ = (3.23 – 2.28) = 0.95 km/s. This can be done by
suitably firing rockets from the satellite.
Chapter 9
9.1 (b)
9.2 (d)
9.3 (d)
9.4 (c)
9.5 (b)
9.6 (a)
9.7 (c)
9.8 (d)
9.9 (c), (d)
9.10 (a), (d)
9.11 (b), (d)
9.12 (a), (d)
9.13 (a), (d)
9.14 Steel
9.15 No
9.16 Copper
9.17 Infinite
9.18 Infinite
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9.19 Let Y be the Young’s modulus of the material. Then

f /πr 2
Y =
l /L
Let the increase in length of the second wire be l′ . Then
2f
4π r 2 = Y
l ′ / 2L
1 2f l πr 2 2f
Or, l ′ = 2L = × 2L = l
Y 4π r 2
L f 4π r 2
9.20 Because of the increase in temperature the increase in length per

unit length of the rod is
∆l
= α∆T = 10−5 × 2 × 10−2 = 2 × 10 –3
l0
Let the compressive tension on the rod be T and the cross sectional
area be a, then
T /a
=Y
∆l / l 0
∆l
∴T = Y × a = 2 × 1011 × 2 × 10−3 × 10 –4
lo
= 4 × 10 4 N
9.21 Let the depth be h, then the pressure is
P = ρ gh = 103 × 9.8 × h
P
Now =B
∆V / V
∆V
∴P = B = 9.8 × 108 × 0.1 × 10–2
V
9.8 × 108 × 0.1 × 10 –2
∴h = = 102 m
9.8 × 103
9.22 Let the increase in length be ∆l , then
800
–6
= 2 × 1011
(π × 25 × 10 )/ ( ∆l / 9.1)
9.1 × 800
∴ ∆l = m
π × 25 × 10 –6 × 2 × 1011
0.5 × 10 –3 m
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Answers
9.23 As the ivory ball is more elastic than the wet-clay ball, it will tend to
retain its shape instantaneously after the collision. Hence, there will
be a large energy and momentum transfer compared to the wet clay
ball. Thus, the ivory ball will rise higher after the collision.
9.24 Let the cross sectional area of the bar be A. Consider the equilibrium
of the plane aa ′ . A force F must be acting on this plane making an
π
angle − θ with the normal ON. Resolving F into components, along
2
the plane and normal to the plane
FP = F cos θ
N
FN
FN = F sin θ a
–
/2
O F
Let the area of the face aa ′ be A ′ , then
A FP
= sin θ a
A′
A
∴ A′ =
sin θ
F sin θ F
The tensile stress T = = sin2 θ and the shearing stress
A′ A
F cos θ F F sin 2θ
Z = = cos θ sin θ = . Maximum tensile stress is
A′ A 2A
when θ = π 2 and maximum shearing stress when 2θ = π / 2 or
θ = π /4 .
9.25 (a) Consider an element dx at a distance x from the load (x = 0). If T

(x) and T (x + dx) are tensions on the two cross sections a distance
dx apart, then
T (x + dx) – T(x) = µgdx (where µ is the mass/length)

dT
dx = µ gdx
dx
 T ( x ) = µ gx + C
At x = 0, T (0) = Mg  C = Mg
∴ T ( x ) = µ gx + Mg
Let the length dx at x increase by dr, then
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T(x)
A =Y
dr
dx
dr 1
or, = T(x)
dx YA
1 L
r =  ( µ gx + Mg )dx dx
YA 0
L
1  µ gx 2 
=  + Mgx 
YA  2 0 x
1  mgl 
= + MgL 
YA  2
x=0

Mg
(m is the mass of the wire)
9 –2
A = π × (10 –3 )2 m 2 , Y = 200 ×10 Nm
m = π ×(10 –3 )2 ×10 × 7860kg

1  π × 786 ×10 –7 ×10 ×10 
r =  + 25 ×10 ×10 
 
11 –6
2 × 10 × π × 10 2
= [196.5×10 –6 +3.98×10 –3 ] 4×10-3 m
(b) The maximum tension would be at x = L.
T= µ gL+Mg = (m+M)g
The yield force
= 250 ×106 × π × (10–3 )2 = 250 × π N
At yield
(m + M)g = 250 × π
m = π × (10 –3 )2 ×10 × 7860 << M ∴ Mg 250 × π

250 × π
Hence, M = = 25 × π 75kg.
10
9.26 Consider an element at r of width dr. Let T (r) and T (r+dr) be the tensions at
the two edges.
– T (r+dr) + T (r) = µω2rdr where µ is the mass/length

dT
– dr = µω 2rdr
dr
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Answers
At r = l T =0
2 2
µω l
C =
2
µω 2
T(r) = (l 2 - r 2 )
2
l
dr
Let the increase in length of the element dr be d ( δ )
r
Y=
( µω 2/2 ) (l 2 - r 2 ) /A
d(δ )
dr
d(δ ) 1 µω 2 2 2
∴ = (l - r )
dr YA 2
1 µω 2 2 2
∴d(δ ) = (l - r )dr
YA 2
1 µω 2 l 2 2
∴δ =  (l - r )dr
YA 2 0
1 µω 2  3 l 3  1 1
= l - = µω 2l 3 = µω 2l 2
YA 2  3 3YA 3YA
2
The total change in length is 2δ = µω 2l 2
3YA
9.27 Let l1 = AB, l2 = AC, l3 = BC
l 32 + l12 − l 22
cos θ =
2l 3l1
Or, 2l3l1 cos θ = l32 + l12 - l22
A
A
(A
(All))
Differenciating
(Cu)
(Cu) ll
ll ll22
2 (l 3dl1 + l1dl 3 ) cos θ − 2l1l 3 sin θ dθ
ll11
= 2l 3dl 3 + 2l1dl 3 + 2l1α1 − 2l 2α 2

60°
60°
B
B C
C
Now, dl1 = l1α1∆t ll
(Cu)
(Cu) ll11
dl 2 = l 2α1∆t
dl 3 = l 3α 2 ∆t
and l1 = l2 = l3 = l
(l 2α1∆t + l 2α1∆t ) cos θ + l 2 sin θ dθ = l 2α1∆t + l 2α1∆t − l 2α 2 ∆t

sin θ dθ = 2α1∆t (1 − cos θ ) − α 2 ∆t
Putting θ = 60o
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3
dθ = 2α1∆t × (1/2 ) − α 2 ∆t
2
= (α1 − α 2 ) ∆t
2(α1 − α 2 )∆t
Or, dθ =
3
9.28 When the tree is about to buckle

Y πr 4
Wd =
4R 1
If R h, then the centre of gravity is at a height l h from the
2
ground.
From ∆ ABC
2
R2
1 
( R − d )2 +  h 
2 
If d R
1 2
R2 R 2 − 2Rd + h h
d A
4
h2 h/2 R
∴d =
8R W
If w 0 is the weight/volume r dC B
4 2
Y πr h
= w0 (π r 2h )
4R 8R
1/3
 2Y 
h w  r 2/3
 o 
9.29 (a) Till the stone drops through a length L it will be in free fall. After
that the elasticity of the string will force it to a SHM. Let the stone
come to rest instantaneously at y.
The loss in P.E. of the stone is the P.E. stored in the stretched string.
1
mgy = k (y − L )2
2
1 2 1 2
Or, mgy = ky − kyL + kL
2 2
1 2 1
Or, ky − (kL + mg )y + kL2 = 0
2 2
(kL + mg ) ± (kL + mg )2 − k 2 L2
y=
k
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Answers
(kL + mg ) ± 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
=
k
Retain the positive sign.
(kL + mg ) + 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
∴y =
k
(b) The maximum velocity is attained when the body passes, through
the “equilibrium, position” i.e. when the instantaneous acceleration
is zero. That is mg - kx = 0 where x is the extension from L:
 mg = kx
Let the velecity be v. Then

1 1
mv 2 + kx 2 = mg( L + x )
2 2
1 1
mv 2 = mg ( L + x ) − kx 2
2 2
Now mg = kx
mg
x =
k
1  mg  1 m 2 g 2
∴ mv 2 = mg  L + − k
2  k  2 k2
m 2g2 1 m 2 g2
= mgL + −
k 2 k
1 1 m 2g2
mv 2 = mgL +
2 2 k
∴ v 2 = 2gL + mg 2 / k
v = (2 gL + mg 2 / k )1/ 2
(c) Consider the particle at an instantaneous position y. Then
md 2y
= mg − k (y − L )
dt 2
d 2y k
 + (y − L ) − g = 0
dt 2 m
k
Make a transformation of variables: z = (y − L ) − g
m
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2
Then d z + k z = 0
2
dt m
k
∴z = A cos(ωt + φ ) where ω =
m
 y =  L + g  + A ′ cos(ωt + φ )
m
 k 
Thus the stone performs SHM with angular frequency ω about

the point
m
y0 = L + g
k
Chapter 10
10.1 (c)
10.2 (d)
10.3 (b)
10.4 (a)
10.5 (c)
10.6 (a), (d)
10.7 (c), (d)
10.8 (a), (b)
10.9 (c), (d)
10.10 (b), (c)
10.11 No.
10.12 No.
10.13 Let the volume of the iceberg be V. The weight of the iceberg is ρi Vg.
If x is the fraction submerged, then the volume of water displaced is
xV. The buoyant force is ρ wxVg where ρ w is the density of water.
ρi Vg = ρw xVg
ρi
∴x = = 0.917
ρw
10.14 Let x be the compression on the spring. As the block is in equilibrium
Mg – (kx + ρwVg) = 0
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Answers
where ρw is the density of water and V is the volume of the block. The
reading in the pan is the force applied by the water on the pan i.e.,
mvessel + mwater + ρwVg.
Since the scale has been adjusted to zero without the block, the new
reading is ρwVg.
10.15 Let the density of water be ρw.
Then ρaL3 + ρ L3g = ρw xL3 (g + a)

ρ
∴x =
ρw
Thus, the fraction of the block submerged is independent of any
acceleration, whether gravity or elevator.
10.16 The height to which the sap will rise is

2T cos 0° 2(7.2 × 10 −2 )
h = = 0.6m
ρ gr 10 × 9.8 × 2.5 × 10 −5
3
This is the maximum height to which the sap can rise due to surface
tension. Since many trees have heights much more than this,
capillary action alone cannot account for the rise of water in all
trees.
10.17 If the tanker acclerates in the positive x direction, then the water
will bulge at the back of the tanker. The free surface will be such
that the tangential force on any fluid parcel is zero.
Consider a parcel at the surface, of unit volume. The forces on the

fluid are
ˆ
−ρ g y and ˆ
− ρa x
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The component of the weight along the surface is ρ g sin θ

The component of the acceleration force along the surface is
ρ a cos θ
∴ ρ g sin θ = ρ a cos θ
Hence, tan θ =a/g
10.18 Let v1 and v2 be the volume of the droplets and v of the resulting
drop.
Then v = v1+v2
 r 3 = r13 + r23 = ( 0.001 + 0.008 ) cm 3 = 0.009 cm3
∴r 0.21cm
(
∴ ∆U = 4π T r 2 − (r12 + r2 2 ) )
= 4π × 435.5 × 10−3 ( 0.212 − 0.05 ) × 10−4 J
−32 × 10–7 J
10.19 R 3 = Nr 3
R
 r = 1/ 3
N
∆U = 4π T (R 2 − Nr 2 )
Suppose all this energy is released at the cost of lowering the

temperature. If s is the specific heat then the change in temperature
would be,
∆U 4π T ( R 2 − Nr 2 )
∆θ = = ,where ρ is the density.
ms 4
π R 3 ρs
3
3T  1 r 2 
∴ ∆θ =  − 3 N
ρs  R R 
3T  1 r 2 R 3  3T  1 1 
=
ρ s  R R 3r 3
−  = ρs  − 
 R r 
10.20 The drop will evaporate if the water pressure is more than the vapour
pressure. The membrane pressure (water)
2T
p= = 2.33 × 103 Pa
r
2T 2(7.28 × 10 −2 )
∴r = = = 6.25 × 10-5 m
p 2.33 × 10 3
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Answers
10.21 (a) Consider a horizontal parcel of air with cross section A and
height dh. Let the pressure on the top surface and bottom p
surface be p and p+dp. If the parcel is in equilibrium, then the
net upward force must be balanced by the weight.
p + dp
i.e. (p+dp)A–pA = – PgAdh
⇒ dp = – ρ gdh.
(b) Let the density of air on the earth’s surface be ρo , then

p ρ
=
p o ρo
ρo
ρ= p
po
ρo g
∴ dp = − pdh
po
dp ρ g
 = − o dh
p po
p
dp ρ gh
 
po
p
= − o  dh
po o
p ρ g
 ln =− o h
po po
 ρ g 
 p = p o exp  − o h 
 po 
1 ρ g
(c) ln = − o ho
10 po
po 1
∴ ho = − ln
ρo g 10
po
= × 2.303
ρo g
1.013 × 105
= × 2.303 = 0.16 × 105 m = 16 × 103 m
1.29 × 9.8
(d) The assumption p ∝ ρ is valid only for the isothermal case which
is only valid for small distances.
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10.22 (a) 1 kg of water requires Lv k cal
∴ MA kg of water requires MALv k cal
Since there are NA molecules in MA kg of water the energy required for 1

molecule to evaporate is
M A Lv
u= J
NA
90
18 × 540 × 4.2 × 103
= J
6 × 10 26
= 90 × 18 × 4.2 × 10–23 J
6.8 × 10–20 J
(b) Consider the water molecules to be points at a distance d from

each other.
A M
NA molecules occupy ρ l
w
A M
Thus, the volume around one molecule is N ρ l
A w
The volume around one molecule is d3 = (MA/NA ρw)

1/ 3 1/3
 MA   18 
∴d =   = 
 N A ρw   6 × 10 26 × 10 3 
1/ 3
= ( 30 × 10−30 ) m 3.1 × 10−10 m
(c) 1 kg of vapour occupies 1601 × 10-3 m3.
∴ 18 kg of vapour occupies 18 × 1601 × 10–3 m3
⇒ 6 × 1026 molecules occupies 18 × 1601 × 10 –3 m3

18 × 1601 × 10-3
∴ 1 molecule occupies m3
6×1026
If d ′ is the inter molecular distance, then
d ′3 = ( 3 × 1601 × 10-29)m3
∴ d ′ = (30 × 1601)1/3 × 10-10 m
= 36.3 × 10-10 m
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Answers
u 6.8 × 10−20
(d) F ( d ′ -d) = u  F = = = 0.2048 × 10−10 N
d '− d (36.3 − 3.1) × 10−10
0.2048 × 10−10
(e) F /d = = 0.066N m –1 = 6.6 × 10−2 N m –1
3.1 × 10−10
10.23 Let the pressure inside the balloon be Pi and the outside pressure be Po
2γ
Pi – Po =
r
Considering the air to be an ideal gas
Pi V= ni R Ti where V is the volume of the air inside the balloon, ni is

the number of moles inside and Ti is the temperature inside, and
Po V= no R To where V is the volume of the air displaced and no is the
number of moles displaced and To is the temperature outside.
Pi V Mi
ni = = where Mi is the mass of air inside and MA is the molar
R Ti MA
P V Mo
mass of air and no = o = where Mo is the mass of air outside
R To MA
that has been displaced. If W is the load it can raise, then
W + Mi g = Mo g
⇒ W= Mo g – Mi g
Air is 21% O2 and 79% N2
∴ Molar mass of air MA = 0.21×32 + 0.79×28 = 28.84 g.
M A V  Po Pi 
W =  − g
R  To Ti 
4
0.02884 × π × 83 × 9.8  1.013 × 105 1.013 × 10 5 2×5 
3  − − 
=  293 333 8 × 313  N
8.314 
3
4
0.02884 × π × 8
3  1 1 
× 1.013 × 105  −  × 9.8N
8.314  293 333 
= 3044.2 N.
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Chapter 11
11.1 (d)
11.2 (b)
11.3 (b)
11.4 (a)
11.5 (a)
11.6 (a)
11.7 (d)
4
Original volume Vo = π R3
3
Coeff of linear expansion = α
∴ Coeff of volume expansion 3α

1 dV
∴ = 3α
V dT
 dV = 3V α dT 4 π R 3α ∆ T
11.8 (c)
11.9 (b), (d)
11.10 (b)
11.11 (a), (d)
11.12 (b), (c), (d)
11.13 Diathermic
11.14 2 and 3 are wrong, 4th is correct.
11.15 Due to difference in conductivity, metals having high conductivity

compared to wood. On touch with a finger, heat from the surrounding
flows faster to the finger from metals and so one feels the heat.
Similarly, when one touches a cold metal the heat from the finger
flows away to the surroundings faster.
11.16 −40 C = −40 F

Steel
11.17 Since Cu has a high conductivity Cu
compard to steel, the junction of Cu and Junction

steel gets heated quickly but steel does Flame
not conduct as quickly, thereby allowing
food inside to get heated uniformly.
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Answers
1
11.18 I = Ml 2
12
1 1 1 1
I' = M (l + ∆l )2 = Ml 2 + 2 Ml ∆l + M ( ∆l )2 α
12 12 12 12
1
≈I+ Ml 2 2α∆T
12
= I + 2 I α ∆T
∴ ∆ I = 2α I ∆ T
11.19 Refer to the P.T diagram of water and double headed

P
arrow. Increasing pressure at 0°C and 1 atm takes (atm)
ice into liquid state and decreasing pressure in liquid
Liquid
state at 0°C and 1 atm takes water to ice state. 218
solid
When crushed ice is squeezed, some of it melts. filling 1
gas
up gap between ice flakes. Upon releasing pressure, 0.006
this water freezes binding all ice flakes making the
220 0.01 374 T (K)
ball more stable.
11.20 Resultant mixture reaches 0oC. 12.5 g of ice and rest is water.
11.21 The first option would have kept water warmer because according
to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat is directly
proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and the
surrounding and in the first case the temperature difference is less,
so rate of loss of heat will be less.
11.22 l iron − l
brass, = 10 cm at all tempertature
∴ l iron (1 + αiron ∆t ) − l (1 + α ∆t ) = 10cm

brass brass
l iron αiron = l brass αbrass
l iron 1.8 3
∴ = =
l brass 1.2 2
1
∴ l = 10cm  l brass = 20 cm
2 brass
and l ° iron = 30 cm
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brass
11.23 Iron vessel with a brass rod inside
iron vo
Viron 6
=
Vbrass 3.55
Viron − Vbrass = 100cc = Vo
rod inside
Vbrass = 144.9 cc Viron = 244.9 cc
11.24 Stress = K × strain

∆V
=K
V
=K(3α )∆t
= 140 × 109 × 3 × 1.7 × 10−5 × 20
= 1.428 × 10 8 N/m 2
This is about 103 times atmospheric pressure.
2 2
 L ∆L  −  L 
11.25 x =  +   
2 2  2
1
≈ 2L ∆L
2
∆L = α L ∆t
L
∴x ≈ 2α ∆t
2
≈ 0.11m → 11cm
11.26 Method I
Temperature θ at a distance x from one and (that at θ 1) is given by

x
θ = θ1 + (θ2 − θ1 ) : linear temperature gradient.
Lo
New length of small element of length dx0
dx = dx o (1 + αθ ) dx

(θ2 − θ1 ) 
x
= dx o + dx oα θ1 +
 L o  1 2
x
Now  dx o = Lo and  dx = L : new length
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Answers
Integrating
(θ2 − θ1 )
∴ L = L o + L o α θ1 + α  x dx o
Lo
L0
 1  1
0 xdx = 2 L 0
2
= L o 1 + α (θ 2 + θ1 )  as
 2 
Method II
If temperature of the rod varies linearly, we can assume average

1
temperature to be (θ1 + θ2 ) and hence new length
2
L = L o 1 + α (θ2 + θ1 ) 
1
 2 
11.27 (i) 1.8 × 1017 J/S (ii) 7 × 109 kg
(iii) 47.7 N/m2.
Chapter 12
12.1 (c) adiabatic
A is isobaric process, D is isochoric. Of B and C, B has the smaller

slope (magnitude) hence is isothermal. Remaing process is
adiabatic.
12.2 (a)
12.3 (c)
12.4 (b)
12.5 (a)
12.6 (b)
12.7 (a), (b) and (d).
12.8 (a), (d)
12.9 (b), (c)
12.10 (a), (c)
12.11 (a), (c)
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12.12 If the system does work against the surroundings so that it

compensates for the heat supplied, the temperature can remain
constant.
12.13 U p − U Q = W.D. in path 1 on the system + 1000 J
= W.D. in path 2 on the system + Q
Q = (–100 + 1000)J = 900 J
12.14 Here heat removed is less than the heat supplied and hence the
room, including the refrigerator (which is not insulated from the
room) becomes hotter.
12.15 Yes. When the gas undergoes adiabatic compression, its

temperature increases.
dQ = dU + dW
As dQ = 0 (adiabatic process)
so dU = -dW
In compression, work is done on the system So, dW = -ve
 dU = + ve
So internal energy of the gas increases, i.e. its temperature increases.
12.16 During driving, temperature of the gas increases while its volume
remains constant.
So according to Charle’s law, at constant V, P α T.

Therefore, pressure of gas increases.
Q T2 3
12.17 = = , Q1 − Q2 = 103 J
Q1 T1 5
Q1 1 −  = 103 J  Q1 = × 102 J = 2500 J, Q 2 = 1500J

3 5
 5 2
12.18 5 × 7000 × 10 3 × 4.2 J = 60 × 15 × 10 × N
21 × 7 × 106 147
N= = × 103 = 16.3 × 103 times.
900 9
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Answers
12.19 P (V + ∆v )γ = ( P + ∆p )V γ
P 1 + γ
∆v 
= P 1 +
∆p 

 V   P 
∆v ∆p dv V
γ = ; =
V P dp γ p
P2 P2
V ( P2 − P1 )
W.D. = 
P
p dv =  p γ p dp =
P
γ
V
1 1
270 1
12.20 η =1− =
300 10
1
Efficiency of refrigerator = 0.5η =
20
W 1
If Q is the heat/s transferred at higher temperture then =
Q 20
or Q = 20W = 20kJ,
and heat removed from lower temperture = 19 kJ.
Q2
12.21 = 5 , Q2 = 5W, Q1 = 6W
W
T2 5 T
= = , T2 = 250K = −23 C
T1 6 300
12.22 The P-V digram for each case is shown in the figure. (Pi,Vi) case(ii) (Pi,Vf)
In case (i) Pi Vi = Pf Vf ; therfore process is isothermal. Work
done = area under the PV curve so work done is more when
the gas expands at constant pressure. P
case (i) (Pi,Vf)
12.23 (a) Work done by the gas (Let PV1/2 = A)
V2
 V 
V2 V2
dV Vf
 pdv =A  V
∆W = = A  = 2A ( V2 − V1 )
V1 V1 V 1/ 2 V1
= 2P1V11/2 V21/2 – V11/2 
A
(b) Since T = pV / nR = . V
nR
T2 V2
Thus, = = 2
T1 V1
(c) Then, the change in internal energy
3 3
∆U = U 2 − W1 = R ( T2 − T1 ) = RT1 ( 2 − 1)
2 2
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∆W = 2 A V1 ( 2 − 1) = 2RT1 ( 2 − 1)
∆Q = (7 / 2)RT1 ( 2 − 1)
12.24 (a) A to B
(b) C to D
B
(c) WAB =  p dV
A
= 0; WCD = 0 .
VC
C C
dV V −r +1 
Similarly. W BC =   pdV = k  r = k 
B B
V −R + 1  VB
1
= ( Pc Vc − PB VB )
1−γ
1
Similarly, W DA = ( PAV A − PD VD )
1− γ
γ
V 
Now PC = PB  B  = 2−γ PB
 VC 
Similarly, PD = PA 2-γ
Totat work done = WBC +WDA

1
= PB VB ( 2 −γ +1 − 1) − PA V A ( 2 −γ +1 − 1)
1−γ 
1
= (21−γ − 1)( PB − PA )V A
1−γ
3 1
2/3

= 1 −    ( PB − PA ) V A
2 2 
(d) Heat supplied during process A, B
dQAB = dUAB
3 3
QAB = nR(TB − TA ) = (PB − PA )VA
2 2
Net Work done   1 2 3 
= 1 − 
Efficiency =
Heat Supplied   2  
3 3
12.25 Q AB = U AB = R(TB − T A ) = V A ( PB − PA )
2 2
QBc = U BC + WBC
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Answers
= ( 3/2) PB (VC − VB ) + PB (VC − VB )
= (5 / 2 ) P B (V C − VA )
QCA = 0
QDA =( 5/2) PA (VA-VD)
12.26 Slope of P = f (V), curve at (Vo, Po)
= f (Vo)
Slope of adiabat at (Vo, Po)
= k (-γ) Vo–1– γ = -γ Po/Vo
Now heat absorbed in the process P = f (V)
dQ = dV + dW
= nCvdT + P dV
Since T = (1/nR) PV = (1/nR) V f (V)
dT = (1/nR) [f (V) + V f ′ (V)] dV
Thus
dQ CV
= [ f (Vo ) + Vo f '(Vo )] + f (Vo )
dV V = Vo R
 1  Vo f '(Vo )
=  γ − 1 + 1 f (Vo ) +
  γ −1
γ Vo
= Po + f '(Vo )
γ −1 γ −1
Heat is absorbed when dQ/dV > 0 when gas expands, that is when
γ Po + Vo f ′ (Vo) >0
f ′ (Vo) > - γ Po/Vo
12.27 (a) Pi = Pa
k
(b) P f = Pa + (V − Vo ) = Pa + k (V − Vo )
A
(c) All the supplied heat is converted to mechanical energy. No
change in internal energy (Perfect gas)
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1
∆Q = Pa (V − Vo ) + k (V − Vo )2 + CV (T − To )
2
where To = Pa Vo/R,
T = [Pa+(R/A)-(V-Vo)]V/R
Chapter 13
13.1 (b)
Comment for discussion: This brings in concepts of relative motion
and that when collision takes place, it is the relative velocity which
changes.
13.2 (d)
Comment for discussion: In the ideal case that we normally consider,
each collision transfers twice the magnitude of its normal
momentum. On the face EFGH, it transfers only half of that.
13.3 (b)
13.4 (c) This is a constant pressure ( p = Mg / A ) arrangement.

13.5 (a)
13.6 (d)
Comment for discussion: The usual statement for the perfect gas law
somehow emphasizes molecules. If a gas exists in atomic form
(perfectly possible) or a combination of atomic and molecular form,
the law is not clearly stated.
13.7 (b)
Comment: In a mixture, the average kinetic energy are equating.
Hence, distribution in velocity are quite different.
13.8 (d)
Comment for discussion: In this chapter, one has discussed constant
pressure and constant volume situations but in real life there are
many situations where both change. If the surfaces were rigid, p
would rise to 1.1 p. However, as the pressure rises, V also rises such
that pv finally is 1.1 RT with p final > p and Vfinal > V. Hence (d).
13.9 (b),(d)
13.10 (c)
13.11 (a), (d)
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Answers
( )
Comment : The equation <K.E. of translation> = 3 2 RT , <Rotational
energy> = RT is taught. The fact that the distribution of the two is
independent of each other is not emphasized. They are
independently Maxwellian.
13.12 (a), (c)
13.13 (a)
Comment : Conceptually, it is not often clear to the students that
elastic collisions with a moving object leads to change in its energy.
13.14 ∴ Molar mass of gold is 197 g mole–1, the number of atoms = 6.0 ×
1023
6.0 × 1023 × 39.4
∴ No. of atoms in 39.4g = = 1.2 × 1023
197
13.15 Keeping P constant, we have
V1T2 100 × 600
V2 = = = 200cc
T1 300
P1V1 P2V2
13.16 =
T1 T2
V1 P2T1 2 × 300 3
= = =
V2 P1T2 400 2
1 M −2 1 M −2
P1 = c1 ; P2 = c2
3 V1 3 V2
V2 P2
∴ c 22 = c12 × ×
V1 P1
2
= (100)2 × ×2
3
200
c2 = m s–1
3
v12 + v 22
13.17 vrms =
2
(9 × 106 )2 + (1 × 106 )2
=
2
(81 + 1) × 1012
= = 41 × 106 m s −1.
2
5
13.18 O2 has 5 degrees of freedom. Therfore, energy per mole = RT
2
∴ For 2 moles of O2, energy = 5RT
3
Neon has 3 degrees of freedom ∴ Energy per mole = RT
2
∴ For 4 mole of neon, energy = 4 × 3 RT = 6RT
2
∴ Total energy = 11RT.
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1
13.19 l α
d2
o o
d1 = 1 A α2 = 2 A
l1 : l 2 = 4 :1
13.20 V1 = 2.0 litre V2 = 3.0 litre
µ1 = 4.0 moles µ2 = 5.0 moles
P1 = 1.00 atm P2 = 2.00 atm
P1V1 = µ1RT1 P2V2 = µ2 RT2
µ = µ1 + µ2 V = V1V2
2
For 1 mole PV = E
3
2
For µ1 moles µ1E1
P1V1 =
3
2
For µ2 moles P2V2 = µ2 E 2
3
3
Total energy is ( µ1E1 + µ2 E 2 ) = (P1V1 + P2V2 )
2
2 2
PV = E total = µ E per mole
3 3
2 3
P (V1 + V2 ) = × (P1V1 + P2V2 )
3 2
P1V1 + P2V2
P= *
V1 + V2
= 
1.00 × 2.0 + 2.00 × 3.0 
 atm
 2.0 + 3.0 
8.0
= = 1.60 atm.
5.0
Comment: This form of ideal gas law represented by Equation marked*
becomes very useful for adiabatic changes.
13.21 The average K.E will be the same as conditions of temperature and
pressure are the same
1
vrms α
m
m A > m B > mc
vC > v B > v A
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Answers
13.22 We have 0.25 × 6 × 1023 molecules, each of volume 10–30m3.
Molecular volume = 2.5 × 10–7m3

Supposing Ideal gas law is valid.
Vin (3)3 × 10−6

Final volume = = ≈ 2.7 × 10 −7 m 3
100 100
which is about the molecular volume. Hence, intermolecular forces
cannot be neglected. Therfore the ideal gas situation does not hold.
13.23 When air is pumped, more molecules are pumped in. Boyle’s law is
stated for situation where number of molecules remain constant.
13.24 µ = 5.0
T = 280K
No of atoms = µ N A = 5.0 × 6.02 × 1023
= 30 × 1023
3
Average kinetic energy per molecule = kT
2
3
∴ Total internal energy = kT × N
2
3
= × 30 × 1023 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 280
2
= 1.74 × 104 J
13.25 Volume occupied by 1gram mole of gas at NTP = 22400cc
∴ Number of molecules in 1cc of hydrogen
6.023 × 1023
= = 2.688 × 1019
22400
As each diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom,
hydrogen being diatomic also has 5 degrees of freedom
∴ Total no of degrees of freedom = 5 × 2.688 × 1019
= 1.344 × 1020
1
13.26 Loss in K.E of the gas = ∆E = (mn )v o 2
2
where n = no: of moles.
If its temperature changes by ∆T , then
3 1 mvo 2
n R ∆T = mn vo 2 . ∴ ∆T =
2 2 3R
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13.27 The moon has small gravitational force and hence the escape velocity
is small. As the moon is in the proximity of the Earth as seen from the
Sun, the moon has the same amount of heat per unit area as that of
the Earth. The air molecules have large range of speeds. Even though
the rms speed of the air molecules is smaller than the escape velocity
on the moon, a significant number of molecules have speed greater
than escape velocity and they escape. Now rest of the molecules
arrange the speed distribution for the equilibrium temperature. Again
a significant number of molecules escape as their speeds exceed escape
speed. Hence, over a long time the moon has lost most of its
atmosphere.
3kT 3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 300

At 300 K Vrms = = = 1.7 km/s
m 7.3 × 10−26
Vesc for moon = 4.6 km/s
(b) As the molecules move higher their potential energy
increases and hence kinetic energy decreases and hence
temperature reduces.
At greater height more volume is available and gas expands and
hence some cooling takes place.
13.28 (This problem is designed to give an idea about cooling by evaporation)
(i)
n i vi 2
V 2rms = i
ni
10 × (200)2 + 20 × (400)2 + 40 × (600)2 + 20 × (800)2 + 10 × (1000)2
=
100
10 × 1002 × (1 × 4 + 2 × 16 + 4 × 36 + 2 × 64 + 1 × 100)
=
100
= 1000 × (4 + 32 + 144 + 128 + 100) = 408 × 1000m 2/s2
∴ vrms = 639m/s
1 3
mv 2rms = kT
2 2
1 mv 2rms 1 3.0 × 10−26 × 4.08 × 105
∴T = = ×
3 k 3 1.38 × 10−23
= 2.96 × 102 K = 296K
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Answers
2 10 × (200)2 + 20 × (400)2 + 40 × (600)2 + 20 × (800)2

(ii) V rms =
90
10 × 1002 × (1 × 4 + 2 × 16 + 4 × 36 + 2 × 64)
=
90
308
= 10000 × = 342 × 1000 m 2/s 2
9
vrms = 584m/s
1 mV 2rms
T = = 248K
3 k
λ
13.29 Time t =
v
1
λ= , d = diameter and n = number density
2π d 2n
N 10
n= = = 0.0167 km −3
V 20 × 20 × 1.5
1
t=
2π d 2 ( N / V ) × v
1
=
1.414 × 3.14 × (20)2 × 0.0167 × 10−3 × 150
= 225 h
13.30 V1x = speed of molecule inside the box along x direction

n1 = number of molecules per unit volume
In time ∆ t, particles moving along the wall will collide if they are
within (V1x ∆t ) distance. Let a = area of the wall. No. of particles
1
colliding in time ∆t = n i (Vix ∆t )a (factor of 1/2 due to motion towards
2
wall).
In general, gas is in equilibrium as the wall is very large as compared
to hole.
∴ V12 x + V12y + V12z = V 2rms

V 2rms
∴ V12x =
3
1 3 3kT
mV 2rms = kT  V 2rms =
2 2 m
kT
∴ V 21x =
m
1 kT
∴ No. of particles colliding in time ∆t = n1 ∆t a . If particles
2 m
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collide along hole, they move out. Similarly outer particles colliding
along hole will move in.
1 kT
∴ Net particle flow in time ∆t = (n1 − n 2 ) ∆t a as temperature
2 m
is same in and out.
PV
pV = µ RT  µ =
µ N A PN A RT
n= =
V RT
After some time τ pressure changes to p1′ inside
P1′N A
∴ n1′ =
RT
1 kT
n1V − n1′V = no. of particle gone out = (n1 − n 2 ) τa
2 m
P1N A P ′N 1 N kT
∴ V − 1 A V = ( P1 − P2 ) A τa
RT RT 2 RT m
 P − P1  V m
′
∴τ = 2  1 
 P1 − P2  a kT
46.7 × 10−27
= 2 
1.5 − 1.4  5 × 1.00

 1.5 − 1.0  0.01 × 10−6 1.38 × 10−23 × 300
= 1.38 ×105 s
13.31 n = no. of molecules per unit volume

vrms = rms speed of gas molecules
When block is moving with speed vo, relative speed of molecules w.r.t.
front face = v + vo
Coming head on, momentum transferred to block per collission
= 2m (v+vo), where m = mass of molecule.
1
No. of collission in time ∆t = (v + v o )n ∆tA , where A = area of cross
2
section of block and factor of 1/2 appears due to particles moving
towards block.
∴ Momentum transferred in time ∆t = m (v + vo )2 nA ∆t from front
surface
Similarly momentum transferred in time ∆t = m (v − vo )2 nA ∆t from
back surface
∴ Net force (drag force) = mnA (v + v o ) − (v − v o )  from front
2
= mnA (4vvo) = (4mnAv)vo

= (4 ρ Av )v o
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Answers
1 1
We also have mv 2 = kT (v - is the velocity along x-axis)
2 2
kT
Therefore, v = .
m
kT
Thus drag = 4 ρ A v0 .
m
Chapter 14
14.1 (b)
14.2 (b)
14.3 (d)
14.4 (c)
14.5 (c)
14.6 (d)
14.7 (b)
14.8 (a)
14.9 (c)
14.10 (a)
14.11 (b)
14.12 (a), (c)
14.13 (a), (c)
14.14 (d), (b)
14.15 (a), (b), (d)
14.16 (a), (b), (c)
14.17 (a), (b) (d)
14.18 (a), (c), (d)
14.19 (i) (A),(C),(E),(G) (ii) (B), (D), (F), (H)
14.20 2kx towards left.
14.21 (a) Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement.
(b) Acceleration is directed opposite to displacement.
14.22 When the bob of the pendulum is displaced from the mean position
so that sinθ ≅ θ
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14.23 + ω
14.24 Four
14.25 -ve
14.27
1 1
14.28 lm = l E = m
6 6
14.29 If mass m moves down by h, then the spring extends by 2h (because
each side expands by h). The tension along the string and spring is
the same.
In equilibrium
mg = 2 (k. 2h)
where k is the spring constant.
On pulling the mass down by x,
F = mg - 2k ( 2h + 2x )
= – 4kx
m
So. T = 2π
4k
14.30 y = 2 sin (ωt − π / 4) ; T = 2π / ω
A
14.31
2
14.32 U = U o (1 − cos α x )
–dU –d
F= = (U o – U o cos a x )
dx dx
= –U oα sin α x
−U o αα x ( for small α x ,sin α x α x )

= –U oα 2 x
We know that F = –kx
So, k = U oα 2
m
T = 2π
U oα 2
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Answers
14.33 x = 5 sin 5t.
14.34 θ1 = θo sin ( ωt + δ1 )
θ2 = θo sin (ωt + δ 2 )
For the first, θ = 2°, ∴ sin (ωt + δ1 ) = 1
For the 2nd, θ = −1°, ∴ sin (ωt + δ 2 ) = −1/ 2
∴ ωt + δ1 = 90°, ωt + δ 2 = −30°
∴ δ1 − δ 2 = 120°
14.35 (a) Yes.
(b) Maximum weight = Mg +MAω2

5
= 50 × 9.8 + 50 × × ( 2π × 2 )2
100
= 490 + 400 = 890N.
Minimum weight = Mg –MAω2

5
= 50 × 9.8 − 50 × × ( 2π × 2 )2
100
= 490–400
= 90 N.
Maximum weight is at the topmost position,
Minimum weight is at the lowermost position.
14.36 (a) 2cm (b) 2.8 s–1

14.37 Let the log be pressed and let the vertical displacement at the
equilibrium position be xo.
At equilibrium
mg = Buoyant force
= Ax o ρ g
When it is displaced by a further displacement x, the buoyant force
is A( x o + x )ρ g.
Net restoning force
= Buoyant force – weight
= A( x o + x )ρ g – mg
= ( A ρ g )x . i.e. proportional to x.
m
∴ T = 2π
Aρg
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14.38 Consider the liquid in the length dx. It’s mass is A ρdx at a height x.
PE = A ρdx gx
dx
The PE of the left column
h1 x l l h2
h1
=  A ρ gxdx
o
45° 45°
h1
x2 h12 A ρ gl 2 sin 2 45°
= Aρg = Aρg =
2 o 2 2
h 22 A ρ gl 2 sin 2 45°
Similarly, P.E. of the right column = A ρ g =
2 2
h1 = h2 = l sin 45° where l is the length of the liquid in one arm of the
tube.
A ρ gl 2
Total P.E. = A ρ gh 2 = A ρ gl 2 sin2 45° =
2
If the change in liquid level along the tube in left side in y, then
length of the liquid in left side is l–y and in the right side is l + y.
Total P.E. = A ρ g(l – y )2 sin 2 45° + A ρ g(l + y )2 sin2 45°
Change in PE = (PE)f – (PE)i
Aρg
=  (l – y )2 + (l + y )2 − l 2 
2  
Aρg  l 2 + y 2 − 2 ly + l 2 + y 2 + 2 ly − l 2 
=
2  
= A ρ g y 2 + l 2 
1
Change in K.E. = A ρ 2ly 2
2
Change in total energy = 0
∆( P .E ) + ∆( K .E ) = 0
A ρ g l 2 + y 2  + A ρly 2 = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time,
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Answers
A ρ g 0 + 2y
dy 
+ 2 A ρlyy = 0
 dt 
2 A ρ gy + 2 A ρly = 0
ly + gy = 0
g
y+ y =0
l
g
ω2 =
l
g
ω=
l
l
T = 2π
g
g.x
14.39 Accelertation due to gravity at P = , where g is the acceleration
R
at the surface.
mgx mg
Force = = –k .x , k =
R R
m R
Motion will be SHM with time period T = = 2π
K g
14.40 Assume that t = 0 when θ = θ0. Then,
θ = θ0 cos ωt
Given a seconds pendulum ω = 2π
At time t1, let θ = θ0/2

1
∴ cos 2πt1 = 1/2  t1 =
6

•  • dθ 
θ = –θ0 2π sin 2πt θ = dt 
At t1 = 1/6
• 2π
θ = –θ 0 2π sin = – 3πθ 0
6 H
Thus the linear velocity is
A
u = – 3πθ0l perpendicular to the string.
The vertical component is
u y = – 3πθ 0l sin θ0
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and the horizontal component is
u x = – 3πθ0l cos θ0
At the time it snaps, the vertical height is
H ′ = H + l (1 – cos (θ0 /2 ) )
Let the time required for fall be t, then
H ′ = u y t + (1/2 ) gt 2 (notice g is also in the negative direction)
1 2
Or, gt + 3πθ0l sinθ0 t – H ′ = 0
2
– 3πθ 0l sin θ0 ± 3π 2θ 02 e 2 sin 2 θ 0 + 2 gH ′
∴t =
g
– 3π lθ 02 ± 3π 2θ04 l 2 + 2 gH ′
g
Neglecting terms of order θ02 and heigher,

2H ′
t .
g
2H
Now H' H + l (1 – 1) = H ∴ t
g
The distance travelled in the x direction is uxt to the left of where it
snapped.
2H
X = 3πθ0l cos θ0
g
To order of θ0 ,
2H 6H
X = 3πθ0l = θ0 l .
g g
At the time of snapping, the bob was
l sin θ0 lθ0 distance from A.
Thus, the distance from A is

6H
l θ0 – lθ0 = lθ0 (1 – 6H / g ).
g
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Answers
Chapter 15
15.1 (b)
15.2 (c)
15.3 (c)
15.4 (c)
15.5 (b)
15.6 (c)
15.7 (d)
15.8 (b)
15.9 (b)
15.10 (c)
15.11 (a), (b), (c)
15.12 (b), (c)
15.13 (c), (d)
15.14 (b), (c), (d)
15.15 (a), (b), (d)
15.16 (a), (b)
15.17 (a), (b), (d), (e)
15.18 Wire of twice the length vibrates in its second harmonic. Thus if the
tuning fork resonaters at L, it will resonate at 2L.
15.19 L/2 as λ is constant.
15.20 517 Hz.
15.21 5cm
1
15.22 1/3. Since frequency α m = πr 2ρ
m
15.23 2184oC, since C α T
1
15.24 n − n
1 2
 1 T 
15.25 343 m s–1. n = 
 2l m
 v 
15.26 3nd harmonic  since n o = = 412.5 with v = 330 m/s 
 4l 
  c 
15.27 412.5Hz n ' = n  
  c − v  
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15.28 Stationary waves; 20cm
15.29 (a) 9.8 × 10-4s. (b) Nodes-A, B, C, D, E. Antinodes-A1, C1. (c) 1.41m.
15.30 (a) 348.16 ms-1
(b) 336 m/s
(c) Resonance will be observed at 17cm length of air column, only
intensity of sound heard may be greater due to more complete
reflection of the sound waves at the mercury surface.
nv
15.31 From the relation, ν = , the result follows.
2L
 6400 − 3500 2500 1000  × 2
15.32 t =  + +
 8 5 8 
= 1975 s.
= 32 minute 55 second.
3P 3RT γP γ RT
15.33 c = = ,v = =
ρ M ρ M
c 3 7
= and γ = for diatomic gases.
v γ 5
15.34 (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i).
15.35 (a) 5m, (b) 5m, (c) 50Hz, (d) 250ms-1, (e) 500π ms-1.
15.36 (a) 6.4π radian, (b) 0.8π radian, (c) π radian, (d) 3π /2 radian, (e)
80π radian.
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SAMPLE
QUESTION PAPERS
DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
PHYSICS
CLASS XI
TIME: 3 HRS. MAX. MARKS: 70
The weightage or the distribution of marks over different dimensions of the question
paper shall be as follows:
A. Weightage to content/subject units
Sr. No. Unit Marks
1. Physical world and measurement 03

2. Kinematics 10
3. Laws of motion 10
4. Work, Energy and Power 06
5. Motion of system of particles and rigid body 06
6. Gravitation 05
7. Properties of bulk matter 10
8. Thermodynamics 05
9. Behaviour of perfect gas and kinetic theory of gases 05
10. Oscillation and waves 10
Total 70
B. Weightage to form of questions
Sr. No. Form of Question Marks for each No. of Question Total Marks
question
1. Long Answer Type (1A) 5 3 15

2. Short Answer (SAI) 3 09 27
3. Short Answer (SAII)/ 2 10 20
Multiple Choice Question (MCQ)
4. Very Short Answer (VSA)/ 1 08 08
Multiple Choice Question (MCQ)
Total – 30 70
20/04/2018

1 Mark quesiton may be Very Short Answer (VSA) type or Multiple choice Quesition
with only one option correct.
2 Mark question may be Short Answer (SAII) or Multiple choice Question with more
than one option correct.
C. Scheme of options
1. There will be no over all option.
2. Internal choices (either for type) on a very selective basis has been given in some
questions.
D. Weightage to difficulty levels of questions
Sr. No. Estimated difficulty level Percentage
1. Easy 15
2. Average 70
3. Difficult 15
182
20/04/2018

Sample Paper 1
Blue Print
Topic VSA (1 Mark) SAI (2 Marks) SA II (3 Marks) LA (5 Marks) Total
I Physical Work and 1(1) 2 (1) — — 3 (2)

Measurement
II Kinematics 1 (1) 4 (2) — 5 (1) 10 (4)
III Laws of Motion 1 (1) — 9 (3) — 10 (4)
IV Work, Energy and Power 1 (1) 2 (1) 3 (1) — 6 (3)
V Motion of System of Particles 1 (1) 2 (1) 3 (1) — 6 (3)

& Rigid body
VI Gravitation — 2 (1) 3 (1) — 5 (2)
VII Properties of bulk of Matter — 2 (1) 3 (1) 5 (1) 10 (3)
VIII Thermodynamics — 2 (1) 3 (1) — 5 (2)
IX Behavior of Perfect gas & 1 (1) 4 (2) — — 5 (3)

Kinetic Theory of gases
X Oscillation & Waves 2 (2) — 3 (1) 5 (1) 10 (4)
Total 8 (8) 20 (10) 27 (9) 15 (3) 70 (30)

Sample Question Papers
183
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SAMPLE PAPER I
PHYSICS – XI
Time : Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
General Instructions
(a) All questions are compulsory.
(b) There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to 18
carry two marks each, questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to
30 carry five marks each.
(c) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question
of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each.
You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
(d) Use of calculators is not permitted.
(e) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary :
c = 3 × 108ms-1
h = 6.6 × 10-34Js
µo = 4π × 10–7 TmA–1
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 1023 JK-1
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.023 × 1023/mole
1. If momentum (P), area (A) and time (T) are taken to be fundamental quantities, then
energy has the dimensional formula
(a) [P1 A-1 T1]
(b) [P2 A1 T1]
(c) [P1 A-1/2 T1]
(d) [P1 A1/2 T-1]
2. The average velocity of a particle is equal to its instantaneous velocity. What is the
nature of its motion?
3. A Force of F = ( 6i - 3 j ) N acts on a mass of 2kg. Find the magnitude of acceleration.
4. The work done by a body against friction always results in

(a) loss of kinetic energy
(b) loss of potential energy
(c) gain of kinetic energy
(d) gain of potential energy.
184
20/04/2018

5. Which of the following points is the likely position of the centre of

Hollow sphere
mass of the system shown in Fig. 1. Air
(a) A
R/2
A
(b) B B
C
(c) C Fig. 1 R/2
(d) D D
Sand
6. Two molecules of a gas have speeds 9 × 106 m/s and 1.0 × 106 m/s,
respectively. What is the r.m.s. speed?
7. A particle in S.H.M has displacement x given by x = 3 cos (5πt+π) where x is in metres

and t in seconds. Where is the particle at t = 0 and t = 1/2 s?
8. When the displacement of a particle in S.H.M. is one-fourth of the amplitude, what

fraction of the total energy is the kinetic energy?
9. The displacement of a progressive wave is represented by
y = A sin(ωt – kx), where x is distance and t is time.
Write the dimensional formula of (i) ω and (ii) k.
10. 100 g of water is supercooled to –10oC. At this point, due to some disturbance mechanised
or otherwise some of it suddenly freezes to ice. What will be the temperature of the
resultant mixture and how much mass would freeze?
 S w = 1cal/g/o C and Lw Fusion = 80cal/g 

OR
One day in the morning to take bath, I filled up 1/3 bucket of hot water from geyser.
Remaining 2/3 was to be filled by cold water (at room temperature) to bring the mixture
to a comfortable temperature. Suddenly I had to attend to some work which would take,
say 5-10 minutes before I can take bath. Now I had two options: (i) fill the remaining
bucket completely by cold water and then attend to the work; (ii) first attend to the work
and fill the remaining bucket just before taking bath. Which option do you think would
have kept water warmer? Explain.
11. Prove the following;

For two angles of projection ‘θ’ and (90-θ) (with horizontal) with same velocity ‘V’
(a) range is the same,
(b) heights are in the ratio: tan2 θ:1.
12. What is meant by ‘escape velocity’? Obtain an expression for escape velocity of an object
projected from the surface of the earth.
185
20/04/2018

13. A fighter plane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km with speed 720 km/h. At
what angle of sight (w.r.t. horizontal) when the target is seen, should the pilot drop
the bomb in order to hit the target?
14. A sphere of radius R rolls without slipping on a horizontal road.

A, B, C and D are four points on the vertical line through the
point of contact ‘A’ (Fig.2). What are the translational velocities
of particles at points A, B, C, D? The velocity of the centre of
mass is Vcm. Fig. 2
15. A thermodynamic system is taken from an original state D to an intermediate state E
by the linear process shown in the Fig. 3.
Its volume is then reduced to the original value from

E to F by an isobaric process. Calculate the total work
done by the gas from D to E to F.
16. A flask contains Argon and Chlorine in the ratio 2:1

by mass. The temperature of the mixture is 37°C.
Obtain the ratio of (i) average kinetic energy per
molecule and (ii) root mean square speed Vrms of the
molecules of the two gases. Atomic mass of argon =
39.9u; molecular mass of chlorine = 70.9u.
Fig. 3
-17
17. Calculate the root mean square speed of smoke particles of mass 5 × 10 kg in Brownian
motion in air at NTP?
18. A ball with a speed of 9m/s strikes another identical ball at rest such that after collision
the direction of each ball makes an angle 30° with the original direction. Find the speed
of two balls after collision. Is the kinetic energy conserved in this collision process?
19. Derive a relation for the maximum velocity with which a car can safely negotiate a
circular turn of radius r on a road banked at an angle θ, given that the coefficient of
friction between the car types and the road is µ.
20. Give reasons for the following:–

(a) A circketer moves his hands backwards while holding a catch.
(b) It is easier to pull a lawn mower than to push it.
(c) A carpet is beaten with a stick to remove the dust from it.
21. A helicopter of mass 1000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m s–2. The crew
and the passengers weight 300 kg. Give the magnitude and direction of the
(a) force on the floor by the crew and passengers,
(b) action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air,
(c) force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air.
22. A woman pushes a trunk on a railway platform which has a rough surface. She ap-
plies a force of 100 N over a distance of 10 m. Thereafter, she gets progressively tired
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and her applied force reduces linearly with distance to 50 N. The total distance through
which the trunk has been moved is 20 m. Plot the force applied by the woman and the
frictional force, which is 50 N. Calculate the work done by the two forces over 20m.
23. Derive equations of motion for a rigid body rotating with constant angular accelera-
tion ‘α’ and initial angular velocity ωo.
24. Derive an expression for the kinetic energy and potential energy of a statellite orbiting
around a planet. A satellite of mass 200kg revolves around a planet of mass 5 × 1030
kg in a circular orbit 6.6 × 106 m radius. Calculate the B.E. of the satellite.
G = 6.6 ×10-11 Nm 2 / kg2 .
25. State and prove Bernoulli’s theroem.
26. Consider a cycle tyre being filled with air by a pump. Let V be the volume of the tyre
(fixed) and at each stroke of the pump ∆V ( V ) of air is transferred to the tube
adiabatically. What is the work done when the pressure in the tube is increased from
P1 to P2?
OR
In a refrigerator one removes heat from a lower temperature and deposits to the sur-
roundings at a higher temperature. In this process, mechanical work has to be done,
which is provided by an electric motor. If the motor is of 1kW power, and heat is trans-
ferred from -3o C to 27o C , find the heat taken out of the refrigerator per second assum-
ing its efficiency is 50% of a perfect engine.
27. Show that when a string fixed at its two ends vibrates in 1 loop, 2 loops, 3 loops and 4
loops, the frequencies are in the ratio 1:2:3:4.
28. (a) Define coefficient of viscosity and write its SI unit.
(b) Define terminal velocity and find an expression for the terminal velocity in case of
a sphere falling through a viscous liquid.
OR
The stress-strain graph for a metal wire is shown in Fig. 4. The wire returns to its
original state O along the curve EFO when it is gradually unloaded. Point B corre-
sponds to the fracture of the wire.
(i) Upto what point of the curve is Hooke’s law obeyed?

Stress
(ii) Which point on the curve corresponds to the elastic
C
limit or yield point of the wire?
B
A
(iii) Indicate the elastic and plastic regions of the stress-
E
strain graph.
F
(iv) Describe what happens when the wire is loaded up
to a stress corresponding to the point A on the graph
and then unloaded gradually. In particular explain O O Strain
the dotted curve. Fig. 4
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(v) What is peculiar about the portion of the stress-strain graph from C to B? Upto
what stress can the wire be subjected without causing fracture?
29. It is a common observation that rain clouds can be at about a kilometre altitude above
the ground.
(a) If a rain drop falls from such a height freely under gravity, what will be its speed?
Also calculate in km/h. (g = 10m/s2).
(b) A typical rain drop is about 4mm diameter. Estimate its momentum if it hits you.
(c) Estimate the time required to flatten the drop i.e. time between first contact and
the last contact.
(d) Estimate how much force such a drop would exert on you.
(e) Estimate to the order of magnitude force on an umbrella. Typical lateral separation
between two rain drops is 5 cm.
(Assume that the umbrella cloth is not pierced through !!)

OR
A cricket fielder can throw the cricket ball with a speed vo. If he throws the ball while
running with speed u at an angle θ to the horizontal, find
(i) The effective angle to the horizontal at which the ball is projected in air as seen by
a spectator.
(ii) What will be time of flight?
(iii) What is the distance (horizontal range) from the point of projection at which the
ball will land?
(iv) Find θ at which he should throw the ball that would maximise the horizontal
range as found in (iii).
(v) How does θ for maximum range change if u >vo, u = vo, u < vo?
30. (a) Show that in S.H.M., acceleration is directy proportional to its displacement at a
given instant
(b) A cylindrical log of wood of height h and area of cross-section A floats in water. It is
pressed and then released. Show that the log would execute S.H.M. with a time
period,
m
T = 2π
Aρg
where m is mass of the body and ρ is density of the liquid
OR
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A progressive wave represented by
y = 5 sin (100πt-0.4πx)
where y and x are in m, t is in s. What is the

(a) amplitude
(b) wave length
(c) frequency
(d) wave velocity
(e) magnitude of particle velocity.
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SAMPLE PAPER I
SOLUTIONS AND MARKING SCHEME
1. (d) (1)
2. Uniform motion (1)
3. a = ( 3î − 1.5 ˆj ) m/s2 ; a = 3.35m/s2 (½)+(½) (1)
4. (a) (1)
5. (c) (1)
6. 6.4 × 106 m/s (Formula ½ , Result ½) (1)
7. –3m; O m. (½)+(½) (1)
K .E . 15
8. = (Formula ½ , Ratio ½) (2)
E 16
9. (i) [ M °L °T –1 ] , (ii) [ M °L–1T °] 1 + 1 (2)
10. Resultant mixture reaches 0oC. 12.5 g of ice and rest of water. (1+1)
OR
The first option would have kept water warmer because according to Newtons law of
cooling the rate of loss of heat is directly proportional to the difference of temperature of
the body and the surrounding. In the first case the temperature difference is less so
rate of loss of heat will be less. (2)
h1 tan 2 θ
11. Proof R1 = R2 and = 1 + 1 (2)
h2 1
12. The minimum velocity of prejection of an object so that it just escapes the gravitational
force of the planet from which its is projected. (1)
1 GMm 2GM
mv 2 = or v = (1)
2 Re Re
13. Let the time taken by the bomb to hit the target be t.
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1 2
1500 = gt
2
Or, t = 300 = 17.32 s (1)
Horizontal distance covered by the bomb = 17.32 × v
= 17.32 × 200 = 3464m.
1500
∴ tan θ =
3464
or θ = tan –1 0.43 (1)
14. v A = v CM – ωR = 0
vCM = ωR (½)
ωR
v B = v CM – = v CM / 2 (½)
2
ωR 3
vC = vCM + = vCM (½)
2 2
v D = v CM + ω R = 2v CM (½)
15. Work done = area under the P-V curve (1)
1
= (300)(30) = 450J (1)
2
16. Since Argon and Chlorine are both at the same temperature, the ratio of their
1
average K.E. per molecule is 1:1 (½)
2
3
MV 2rms=K.E. per molecule = kT. (½)
2
Vrms ( Argon) M (Cl ) 70.9

∴ = =
Vrms (Chlorine ) M ( Ar ) 39.9
= 1.77 = 1.33 (½+½)
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1 2 m
17. PV = mVrms = RT (1)
3 M
3 ( Nk ) T 3kT
Vrms = = (½)
Nµ µ
3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 273

= (½)
5 × 10 –17
= 15 × 10–3 m s–1
= 1.5 cm s–1 (1)
18. m × 9 = mv1 cos 30° + mv 2 cos 30° (½)
0 = mv1 sin 30° – mv 2 sin 30° (½)
v1 + v2 = 6 3
v1 = v 2
v1 = v2 = 3 3 m s –1
1 2 1
Tf – Ti = m ( 3 3 ) × 2 – m × 92 = –13.5m joule (½)
2 2
m is mass of either balls. So, K.E. is not conserved. (½)
rg ( tanθ + µ )
19. Diagram, derivation of relation V = (1) + (2)
1 – µ tan θ
dv
20. (a) He does so to increase the time taken for the catch. Since F = Ma = M , (1)
dt
therefore increasing the time for the catch reduces the impact of force by the
ball on the hands.
(b) As seen from the figure, when the lawn mower is pulled by force F at θ ° to the (1)
horizontal, the horizontal component F cos θ causes translatory motion of the
lawn mower while the vertical component cancels the weight of the lawn mower.
If the lawn mower is pushed by a force F at θ° to the horizontal, the horizontal
component is again F cos θ, while the
vertical component F sin θ adds on to the F
weight mg, making it move difficult to F
F
push the lawn mower. F F
F
mg
mg
(Pull)
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(c) By Newton’s law of inertia, when the carpet is beaten by the stick, it suddenly
moves forward but the dust particles tend to remain at their original positions
at rest, so they fall down under gravity. (1)
21. (a) 7.5 × 103 N, downwards
(b) 3.25 × 104N, downwards
(c) 3.25 × 104N, upwards (1+1+1)
22. Work done by the women = 1750 J

Work done by the frictional force = –1000 J
(1+1+1)
1 2 2
23. ω f = ωi + α t ;θ = ωi t + α t ; ω f = ωi2 + 2αθ
2
(1+1+1)
GMm
24. Derivation of K.E. = ,
2r
GMm
P.E. = –
r
1 1 GMm
Vb = – mv 2 = – = –5 ×1015 J (1+1+1)
2 2 r
25. Statement and proof of Bernoulli’s theorem. (1 + 2)
26. P (V + ∆v )γ = ( P + ∆p )V γ
P 1 + γ
∆v 
= P 1 +
∆p 
  (1)
 V   P 
∆v ∆p dv V
γ = ; =
V P dp γ p
P2 P2
V ( P2 − P1 )
W.D. = 
P
P dv =  P γ p dp =
P
γ
V (2)
1 1
OR
270 1
η =1− = (1)
300 10
1
Efficiency of refrigerator = 0.5η = (1)
20
If Q is the heat/s transferred at higher temperture
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W 1
then = or Q = 20W = 20µKJ
Q 20
and heat removed from lower temperture = 19 kJ. (1)
nv
27. From the relation, ν = , the result follows.
2L
1 1 1 1
Calculation of ratio of frequencies: + + + +1
2 2 2 2
28. (a) Coefficent of viscosity for a fliud is defined as the ratio of shearing stress
to the strain rate:
F / A Fl
µ= = (1)
v /l vA
SI unit of viscosity is poiseiulle (Pl) (½)
(b) Terminal velocity is the constant maximum velocity attained by a body

falling through a viscous fluid when viscous force nullifies the net downward
force.
(1)
2 2 ( ρ – ρL )
Derivation of v T = r (2½)
9 η
OR
(i) Upto point P. (1+1+1+1+1)

(ii) Point E
(iii) Elastic region : O to E
Plastic region : E to B
(iv) Strain increases proporional to the load upto P. Beyond P, it increases by an
increasingly greater amount for a given increase in the load. Beyond the elas-
tic limit E, it does not retrace the curve backward. The wire is unloaded but
returns along the dotted line AO ′ . Point O ′ , corresponding to zero load which
implies a permanent strain in the wire.
(v) From C to B, strain increases even if the wire is being unloaded and at B it
fractures. Stress upto that corresponding to C can be applied without caus-
ing fracture.
29. (a) v = 2 gh = 2 × 10 × 1000 = 141m/s = 510 km/h (1+1+1+1+1)
4π 3 4π
(b) m = r ρ= (2 × 10 −3 )3 (103 ) = 3.4 × 10 −5 kg
3 3
P = mv ≈ 4.7 × 10 − 3 kg m/s ≈ 5 × 10 − 3 kg m/s
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(c) diameter ≈ 4mm
∆t ≈ d / v = 28 µ s ≈ 30 µ s
∆P 4.7 × 10−3
(d) F = = ≈ 168N ≈ 1.7 × 102 N
∆t 28 × 10−6
(e) A typical umbrella has 1m diameter
∴ Area of cross-section = π d 2 / 4 ≈ 0.8m 2
With average separation of 5cm, no. of drops that will fall almost simultaneously
0.8m 2
is ≈ 320
(5 × 10−2 )2
OR
 vo sin θ 
(i) tan −1   (1+½+1+1+½+½+½)
 v o cos θ + u 
2vo sin θ
(ii) g
2v o (v o + u )
(iii) R =
g
 −u + u 2 + 8v 2 
(iv) θ max = cos −1  o

 4vo 
(v) θ max = 60o for u = vo , θ max = 45o for u = 0
u < vo :
 1 u 
θ max ≈ cos −1  −  = π 4 (if u vo )
 2 4v o 
vo
u > vo : θmax ≈ cos −1 = π /2 (if vo u)
u
30. (a) In S.H.M. the displacement of the particle at an instant is given by
y = r sin ωt
dy
Velocity, v = = r ω cos ωt
dt
dv
Acceleration a = = –ω 2r sin ωt = –ω 2y (1)
dt
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So, acceleration of a body executing S.H.M. is directly proportional to the displacement

of the particle from the mean position at that instant.
(b) Let the block be pressed and let the vertical displacement at the equilibrium position
be xo.
At equilibrium
mg = Buoyant force
= A.x o .ρ .g
When it is displaced by a further displacement x, the buoyant force is A( x o + x )ρ g
Net restoring force
= Buoyant force — weight
= A( x o + x )ρ g — mg
= ( A ρ g )x . i.e. proportional to x.
m
∴ T = 2π
Aρg
OR
-1
(a) 5m (b) 5m (c) 50Hz (d) 250ms (e) 500π ms-1. (1+1+1+1+1)
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Sample Paper II
Blue Print
Topic VSA (1 Mark) SAI (2 Marks) SA II (3 Marks) LA (5 Marks) Total
I Physical Word and 1(1) 1(2) — — 3

Measurement
II Kinematics — 2(2) 2(3) — 10
III Laws of Motion — 1(2) 1(3) 1(5) 10
IV Work, Energy and Power 1(1) 1(2) 1 (3) — 6
V Motion of System of Particles — 2 (3) — 6

& Rigid Body —
VI Gravitation 1(1) 2(2) — — 5
VII Propertics of Bulk Modules 2(1) — 1(3) 1(5) 10

Bulk Matter

VIII Thermodynamics 2(1) — 1(3) — 5
IX Behavior of Perfect Gas & 1(1) 2(2) — — 5

Kinetic Theory of Gases
X Oscillations & Wave — 1(2) 1(3) 1(5) 10
Total 70
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SAMPLE PAPER II
Time : Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
(a) All questions are compulsory.
(b) There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to 18
carry two marks each, questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to
30 carry five marks each.
(c) There is no overall choice.
(d) Use of calculators is not permitted.
(e) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary :
c = 3 × 108ms-1
h = 6.6 × 10-34Js
µo = 4π × 10–7 TmA–1
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 1023 JK-1
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.023 × 1023/mole
1. Modulus of rigidity of liquids is
(a) infinity; (b) zero; (c) unity; (d) some finite small non-zero constant value.
2. If all other parameters except the one mentioned in each of the options below be the
same for two objects, in which case (s) they would have the same kinetic energy?
(a) Mass of object A is two times that of B.
(b) Volume of object A is half that of B.
(c) Object A if falling freely while object B is moving upward with the same speed at any
given point of time.
(d) Object A is moving horizontally with a constant speed while object B is falling freely.
3. If the sun and the planets carried huge amounts of opposite charges,
(a) all three of Kepler’s laws would still be valid.
(b) only the third law will be valid.
(c) the second law will not change.
(d) the first law will still be valid.
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4. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have the same dimensional
formula?
(a) Work and torque.
(b) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant.
(c) Tension and surface tension.
(d) Impulse and linear momentum.
5. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from same initial state (Fig.1). Four
processes are adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out of A, B, C, and D, which
one is adiabatic? P
(a) (B) A
(b) (A) B
(c) (C) C
D
(d) (D)
Fig. 1 V
6. Why do two layers of a cloth of equal thickness provide warmer covering than a single
layer of cloth of double the thickness?
7. Volume versus temperature graphs for a given mass of an ideal gas are shown in Fig 2 at
two different values of constant pressure. What can be inferred about relations between
P1 & P2?
V
(l) P2
(a) P1 > P2
40
(b) P1 = P2 30
P1
20
(c) P1 < P2
10
(d) data is insufficient.
100 200 300 400500
8. Along a streamline T (K)
Fig. 2
(a) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant.
(b) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given position is constant.
(c) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant is constant.
(d) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant.
9. State Newton’s third law of motion and use it to deduce the principle of conservation of
linear momentum.
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x
B
10. A graph of x v/s t is shown in Fig. 3. Choose correct A
alternatives from below. (2) C E
(a) The particle was released from rest at t = 0.

(b) At B, the acceleration a > 0.
(c) At C, the velocity and the acceleration vanish. O D t
Fig. 3
(d) Average velocity for the motion between A and D is
positive.
(e) The speed at D exceeds that at E.
11. A vehicle travels half the distance L with speed V1 and the other half with speed V2
then its average speed is
V1 + V2
(a)
2
2V1 + V2
(b) V1 + V2
2V1V2
(c) V + V
1 2
L (V1 + V2 )
(d) V1V2
12. Which of the diagrams shown in Fig. 4 most closely shows the variation in kinetic
energy of the earth as it moves once around the sun in its elliptical orbit?
(a) (b)
K.E
(c) (d)
Fig. 4
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13. The vernier scale of a travelling microscope has 50 divisions which coincide with 49
main scale divisions. If each main scale division is 0.5 mm, calculate the minimum
inaccuracy in the measurement of distance.
14. A vessel contains two monatomic gases in the ratio 1:1 by mass. The temperature of the
mixture is 27°C. If their atomic masses are in the ratio 7:4, what is the (i) average kinetic
energy per molecule (ii) r.m.s. speed of the atoms of the gases.
15. A 500kg satellite is in a circular orbit of radius Re about the earth. How much energy is
required to transfer it to a circular orbit of radius 4Re? What are the changes in the
kinetic and potential energy? ( R e = 6.37 × 106 m, g = 9.8 × m s –2 ,)
16. A pipe of 17 cm length, closed at one end, is found to resonate with a 1.5 kHz source.
(a) Which harmonic of the pipe resonate with the above source? (b) Will resonance with
the same source be observed if the pipe is open at both ends? Justify your answer. (Speed
of sound in air = 340 m s-1)
17. Show that the average kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas is directly propotional
to the absolute temperature of the gas.
18. Obtain an expression for the acceleration due to gravity at a depth h below the surface
of the earth.
19. The position of a particle is given by r = 6t î + 4t 2 ˆj + 10k

ˆ where r is in metres and t in
seconds.
(a) Find the velocity and acceleration as a function of time.
(b) Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity at t = 2s.

N
20. A river is flowing due east with a speed 3m/s. A swimmer can
swim in still water at a speed of 4 m/s (Fig. 5). E
(a) If swimmer starts swimming due north, what will be his

resultant velocity (magnitude and direction)? B
3m/s
(b) If he wants to start from point A on south bank and reach
opposite point B on north bank,
(i) which direction should he swim? A
(ii) what will be his resultant speed?
(c) From two different cases as mentioned in (a) and (b) above,
in which case will he reach opposite bank in shorter time? Fig. 5
21. (a) A raindrop of mass 1 g falls from rest, from a height of 1 km and hits the ground with
a speed of 50 m s-1.
(i) What are the final K.E. of the drop and its initial P.E.?
(ii) How do you account for the difference between the two?
(Take g = 10ms–2).
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(b) Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting on a frictionless
table are hit head-on by another ball bearing of the same mass moving initially
with a speed V as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
If the collision is elastic, which of the following (Fig. 7) is a possible result
after collision?
1 1 2 3
(a) (c)
V=0 V/2 V /3
1 2 3
(d)
(b)
V /1 V /2 V /3
Fig. 7
22. Explain why:
(a) It is easier to pull a hand cart than to push it.

(b) Figure 8 shows (x, t), (y,t) diagrams of a particle moving in 2-dimensions.
If the particle has a mass of 500 g, find the force (direction and magnitude) acting
on the particle.
1s 2s 3s t
Fig. 8
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23. (a) State parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorem.
(b) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the
moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be 2MR2/5, where M
is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the sphere.
24. A 3m long ladder weighing 20 kg leans on a frictionless wall. Its feet rest on the floor
1 m from the wall Find the reaction forces of the wall and the floor. (3)
25. A fully loaded Boeing aircraft has a mass of 3.3×105 kg. Its total wing area is 500 m2.
It is in level flight with a speed of 960km/h. (a) Estimate the pressure difference
between the lower and upper surfaces of the wings. (b) Estimate the fractional
increase in the speed of the air on the upper surface of the wing relative to the lower
surface.
(The density of air ρ = 1.2 kg m –3 )
26. Explain briefly the working principle of a refrigerator and obtain an expression for its
coefficient of performance.
27. Derive an expression for the apparent frequency of the sound heard by a listener when
source of sound and the listener both move in the same direction.
28. (a) Show that for small amplitudes the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic,
hence obtain an expression for its time period.
(b) Consider a pair of identical pendulums, which oscillate independently such that
when one pendulum is at its extreme position making an angle of 2° to the right with
the vertical, the other pendulum is at its extreme position making an angle of 1° to
the left of the vertical. What is the phase difference between the pendulums?
29. (a) What is capillary rise? Derive an expression for the height to which a liquid rises in
a capillary tube of radius r.
(b) Why small drops of a liquid are always spherical in shape.
30. (a) Derive an expression for the maximum safe speed for a car on a banked track,
inclined at angle α to the horizontal. µ is the cofficient of friction between the tracks
and the tyres.
(b) A 100 kg gun fires a ball of 1kg from a cliff of height 500 m. It falls on the ground at
a distance of 400m from the bottom of the cliff. Find the recoil velocity of the gun.
(acceleration due to gravity = 10 m s-2)
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SAMPLE PAPER II
SOLUTIONS AND MARKING SCHEME
1. (b) (1)
2. (e) (1)
3. (c) (1)
4. (c) (1)
5. (c)
6. Air enclosed between two layers of cloth prevents the transmission of heat from
our body to outside. (1)
7. (a) (1)
8. (b) (2)
9. Statement (1)
dp1 dp d
= − 2 or ( p1 + p2 ) = 0 (½)
dt dt dt
 p1 + p2 = constant . (½)
10. (a), (c), (e) (2)
11. (c) (2)
12. (d) (2)
13. 0.01 mm (2)
14. (i) 1:1, (ii) 1.32:1 (2)
15. ∆E = 11.75 ×109 J (1)
∆KE = -11.75 ×109 J (½)
∆PE = -23.475 ×109 J (½)
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n × 340 × 102
16. (a) = 500n , where n is the harmonic for a closed pipe. Closed pipe vibrates
4 × 17
in 3rd harmonic with source of 1.5 KHz. (1)
(b) For a pipe open at both ends,
n × 340 × 102
= 103 n where n is the harmonic. No integral value of n is possible for
2 × 17
1.5KHz. So answer is No. (1)
1 MC 2
17. P = (½)
3 V
1 2
PV = M C 2 = K .E (½)
3 3
PV = nRT (½)
K.E ∝ T (½)
18. AP = h (½)
GM ′
g′ = 2 (½)
( Re −h) A
h
P
4 3
M ′ = π ( Re − h ) ρ (½)
3 Re
 h 
g ′ = g 1 −  (½)
 R e 
19. (a) v = 6 i + 8t j (1+1+1)
a =8j
(b) v = 6i + 16 j or v = 36 + 256 = 19.8m/s .
v makes an angle of tan-1 (8/3) with x-axis.
20. (i) 5 m / s at 37° to N. (3)
(ii) (a) tan −1 ( 3 / 7 ) of N, (b) 7 m/s

(iii) in case (i) he reaches the opposite bank in shortest time.
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21. (i) (a) 1.25 J , 10J
(b) Difference is due to the work done by viscous force of air
(ii) (b) (3)
22. (a) (1)

F
F
F
F F
F
mg
mg
(Pull)
FSinθ reduces the downward force in the case of pull.
(b) x = t , y = t 2
a x = 0, a y = 2 m s −1
F = 0.5×2 = 1N. along y-axis (2)
23. (a) Statement of parallel axis theorem (1)
7
(b) MR 2 (Using parallel axis) (1)
5
Statement of perpendicular axis theorem (1)
24. Let F1 and F2 be the reaction forces of the wall and the floor respectively.
N–W = 0 (3)
F–F1 = 0 (½)
2 2 F1 – (1/ 2 ) W = 0 (½)
W = N = 20 × 9.8 N = 196 N
F = F1 = w / 4 2 = 34.6N (½)
F2 = F 2 + N 2 = 199.0N (½)
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The force F2 makes an angle α with the horizontal
tan α = N / F = 4 2, α = tan –1 4 2 (½)
25. (a) The weight of the Boeing aircraft is balanced by the upwards force due to the pressure
difference:
∆P × A = 3.3 × 105 kg × 9.8m s –2 (½)
∆P = (3.3 × 105 kg × 9.8m s –2 )/500m 2 (½)
= 6.5×103Nm–2
(b) The pressure difference between the lower and upper surfaces of the wing is
∆P = ( ρ / 2 ) (v 22 – v12 ) (½)
where v2 is the speed of air over the upper surface and v1 is the speed under the
bottom surface.
2∆p
v 2 – v1 = (½)
ρ ( v 2 + v1 )
v av = ( v1 + v 2 ) /2 = 960km/h = 267m s –1 (½)
(v 2 – v1 ) / v av = ∆P / ρ v 2av ≅ 0.08 (½)
26. (a) Principle of reverse heat engine (1)
(b) (1)
Source T2
W = Q1 Q1 System
Sink T2
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T2
(c) β = T − T (1)
1 2
 v + vo 
27. v = vo  . (3)
 v + vS 
28. (a) Diagram of simple pendulum with forces (1)
Deviation of
l
T = 2π (2)
g
(b) θ1 = θo sin ( ωt + δ1 )
θ2 = θo sin (ωt + δ 2 )
For the first, θ = 2°, ∴ sin (ωt + δ1 ) = 1
For the 2nd θ = −1°, ∴ sin (ωt + δ 2 ) = −1/ 2

∴ ωt + δ1 = 90°, ωt + δ 2 = −30°
∴ δ1 − δ 2 = 120° (2)
29. (a) Definition of capillary action (1)
Diagram of capillary rise (½)
Derivation (1½)
(b) Due to surface tension, liquid drops take the shape of minimum area which
is sphere (2)
30. (a) Diagram (1)
Devivation of
1/ 2
 µ + tan α  
formula Vs =   rg  (2)
 1 − µ tan α  
(b) 0.4 m s-1 (2)
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Notes
20/04/2018

Notes
20/04/2018

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Chapter One

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) – 2005 initiated a new phase

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The purpose of assessment is to determine the extent to which learning

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Though most of the questions given in a particular chapter are based

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(c) Be neat and organised.

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(a) 1.6048 g cm–3

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2.9 Which of the following measurements is most precise?

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2.20 The radius of atom is of the order of 1 Å and radius of nucleus is

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2.22 Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.

2.23 A function f (θ ) is defined as:

Why is it necessary for q to be a dimensionless quantity?

2.28 The vernier scale of a travelling microscope has 50 divisions which

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2.31 Give an example of

2.33 Calculate the solid angle subtended by the periphery of an area of

2.34 The displacement of a progressive wave is represented by

2.35 Time for 20 oscillations of a pendulum is measured as t1= 39.6 s;

2.38 A physical quantity X is related to four measurable quantities a,

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quantity X ? If the value of X calculated on the basis of the above

2.39 In the expression P = E l 2 m–5 G–2, E, m, l and G denote energy,

2.40 If velocity of light c, Planck’s constant h and gravitational contant

2.42 In an experiment to estimate the size of a molecule of oleic acid

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

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the earth. Due to atmospheric fluctuations, eye can’t resolve

(Comment : This is to illustrate why a telescope can magnify planets but

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3.2 A lift is coming from 8 t h floor and is just about to reach

3.5 The displacement of a particle is given by x = (t – 2)2 where x is in

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3.11 A ball is bouncing elastically with a speed 1 m/s between walls of

3.12 Refer to the graphs in Fig 3.1. Match the following.

3.13 A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting it with a

3.14 Give examples of a one-dimensional motion where

(a) the particle moving along positive x-direction comes to rest

3.15 Give example of a motion where x > 0, v < 0, a > 0 at a particular

3.16 An object falling through a fluid is observed to have acceleration

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(a) Plot qualitatively velocity vs time graph.

3.18 A particle executes the motion described by x (t ) = x o (1 − e −γ t ) ; t ≥ 0 ,

3.21 A ball is dropped from a building of height 45 m.

3.22 The velocity-displacement graph of a particle is shown

(a) Write the relation between v and x.

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(Comment : This is to illustrate why vehicles carry the message on the

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(a) 45° (b) 90° (c) –45° (d) 180°

4.2 Which one of the following statements is true?