Duhok Polytechnic University Technical College of Engineering Petrochemical Department Transport Phenomena Fourth Year-2018-2019

Duhok Polytechnic University
Technical College of Engineering

Petrochemical Department
Transport Phenomena
Fourth Year- 2018-2019
Central of pressure on a
submerged plane surfacce
Ex. No. (6)
Name : Bryar Khalil Abdullqadr
Group:A
Date of Submitting : 14/ 12/ 2019
Introduction: -
From this experiment we are enable to measure the
moment due to the total fluid thrust on a wholly, or
partially, submerged plane surface to be directly measured
and compared with theoretical analysis. The
plane area may be tilted relative to the vertical so that the
general case may be studied.
The water is contained in a clear Perspex quadrant, the
cylindrical sides of which have their central axes
coincident with the axis about which the turning moments
are measured. The total fluid pressures on these
curved surfaces therefore exert no moment about this
pivot, the only moment being due to the fluid
pressure on the plane test surface. This moment is simply
measured by weights suspended from a level.
OBJECTIVE:
· To determine the hydrostatic thrust acting on a plane
surface immersed in water.
· To determine the position of the line of action of the
thrust and to compare the
position determined by experiment with the theoretical
position.
· The object of this experiment was to calculate the
hydrostatic force a fluid
exerts on a submerged plane surface and then compare the
experimental
hydrostatic force to the theoretical hydrostatic force.
THEORY:
Below is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus
defining the physical
dimensions, this nomenclature will be used throughout this
theory discussion. Whilst the
theory for the partly submerged and fully submerged plane is
the same, it will be
clearer to consider the two separately.
Where:
L is the horizontal distance between the pivot point and the
balance pan.
D is the height of the quadrant face.

B is the width of the quadrant face.
H is the vertical distance between the bottom of the quadrant
face and the pivot arm.
C is the centroid of the quadrant.
P is the Centre of Pressure on the quadrant face.
Theory-Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface

Below is a diagrammatic represented of the apparatus defining
the physical dimensions,
in addition to those shown earlier. This nomenclature will be
used throughout this theory
discussion.
Where:
d is the
depth of
submersion.
F is the
hydrostatic
thrust exerted on the quadrant.
h is the depth of the centroid.
h’ is the depth of the Pressure P.
h” is the distance of the line of action of thrust below the pivot.
This line of action passes
through the Centre of Pressure, P.
Theory - Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –

Thrust on Surface
The hydrostatic thrust F can be defined as:
F = ρgAh (Newtons)
Where area A = Bd
And
2
h= C= d
Hence
2
F pg Bd
2
= ……….. (1)
Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –

Experimental Depth of Centre of
Pressure
The Moment, M, can be defined as:
M = Fh” (Nm)
A balancing moment is produced by the weight, applied to the
hanger at the end of the
balance arm. The moment is proportional to the length of the
balance arm, L
For the static equilibrium the two moments are equal.
That is:
Fh” = WL = mgL
By substitution of the derived hydrostatic thrust, F from (1) we
have:
(meters)
ρBd
2mL
F
h" mgL 2 = =
Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface – Theoretical
Depth of Centre of
Pressure
The theoretical result for depth of centre of pressure P, below
the free- Surface is:
Ah
h'= Ix ……….. (2)
Where:
Ix is the 2nd moment of the area in immersed section about an
axis in the free surface. By
use of the parallel axes theorem.
Ix = Ic + Ah²
( 4)
223
xm
3
Bd
2
Bd d
12
I Bd = ÷ø
ö çè
= + æ ……….. (3)
The depth of the centre of pressure below the pivot is

h” = h’ + H – d (m) ……….. (4)
Substitution of (3) into (2) and thence to (4) yield the theoretical
result of:
h"= H - d
Theory – Fully Submerged Vertical Plane surface:=
Where:
d is the depth of submersion.
F is the hydrostatic thrust exerted on the quadrant.
h is the depth of the centroid.
h’ is the depth of Centre of Pressure, P.
h” is the distance of the line of action of thrust below the pivot.
This line of action passes
through the centre of pressure, P.
Theory – Fully Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –
Hydrostatic Thrust
The hydrostatic thrust F can be defined as:
(N)
2
F ρgAh ρgBD d D÷ø
ö çè
= = æ - ……….. (5)
Theory – Fully Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –
Experimental Depth of
Centre of Pressure
The moment, M, can be defined as:
M = Fh” (Nm)
A balancing moment is produced by the weight, W, applied to the
hanger at the end of
the balance arm. The moment is proportional to the length of the balance
ann, L
For static equilibrium the two moments are equal.
That is:
Fh” = WL = mgL
By substitution of the derived hydrostatic thrust, F, from (5) we have:
(m)
2
ρBD d D
h" mL
Apparatus/EQUIPMENT:
· The Hydraulics Bench
· The Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
· A set of weights
· A jug
· Calipers or ruler, for measuring the dimension of the quadrant
· A measuring cylinder, or other container of water of similar
height to the hydrostatic
pressure tank
· A length of small bore flexible tubing
DISCUSSION & Recommendation:

Discussion
For summing the moments about the pivot of the apparatus, the buoyant
force
is neglected. As seen in the apparatus setup, the fluid resides inside the
torus. The presence
of buoyancy comes from the air outside of the torus. Because the density
of air is a mere
fraction of that of the material of the torus and the fluid it contains, it can
be neglected in
the hydrostatic force calculations. The weight of the torus can also be
neglected. Because
the center of the curvature of the torus is at the location of the pivot, it is
negated. The
weight of the torus was not included in the calculations because the
device was calibrated
with ballast water so as to begin the experiment with a net moment of
zero about the pivot:
RECOMMENDATION
source of error would be the use of the accepted density of
water, 1000kg/m^3, for the
theoretical calculation of the hydrostatic force. This accepted
value is the density of sea
water at 4oC. The water used in this experiment was tap water at
approximately 23oC.
However, if the actual density of the tap water was used, the
theoretical calculations
would not differ greatly enough to compensate for the
magnitude of the error.
CONCLUSION:-
IT WAS NOTED THAT A LARGE DISCREPANCY

BETWEEN THE THEORETICAL AND
EXPERIMENTALVALUES
OCCURRED. THIS IS MOST LIKELY DUE TO ERRORS IN
MEASUREMENT OF THE HEIGHT OF THEFLUID INSIDE
OF THE TORUS. ANOTHER POSSIBLE CAUSE COULD BE
THAT THE APPARATUS WAS NOTSITTING LEVEL ON
THE COUNTER WHERE THE EXPERIMENT WAS
PERFORMED. IF THE APPARATUS IS NOTSITTING
LEVEL, THE
MOMENT CALCULATIONS WILL YIELD INACCURATE
RESULTS. A LEVELING DEVICE ONOR NEAR THE
TESTING APPARATUS WOULD AID IN ENSURING THE
MOMENT BALANCE IS ACCURATE.

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Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering

Name : Bryar Khalil Abdullqadr

D is the height of the quadrant face.

Theory-Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface

Theory - Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –

Partly Submerged Vertical Plane Surface –

The depth of the centre of pressure below the pivot is

DISCUSSION & Recommendation:

IT WAS NOTED THAT A LARGE DISCREPANCY

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