Ucsp Notes

UCSP NOTES
Culture - people’s way of living
Society - Group of individuals living in cooperative efforts
Politics
- Process which the community selects a leader and give them the power to rule them
- Is a process of making government policies (McKeon, 1941)
Social Science
- societal relationships
- study of how people interact with one another
- “NO MAN IS AN ISLAND”
5 major branches of Social Science:

 Anthropology
 Economics
 Political science
 Sociology
 Social psychology
Anthropology
Political Science is from the Greek word “polis” means city (sovereign state) and a Latin word
“scire” which means knowledge.
State and Nation
I. CONCEPT OF THE STATE

A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of the territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants
render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control (De Leon & De Leon. 2011).
A nation is a group of people sharing the same language, culture, tradition and history.
II. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

 Divine right theory: - it holds that the state is of DIVINE CREATION and the ruler is
ordained by GOD to govern the people.
 Necessity or force theory: - It maintains the state must have been created through force
by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.
 Paternalistic theory: - It attributes the origin of the state to the enlargement of the
family which remained under the authority of the FATHER or MOTHER.
 Social contract theory: - It asserts that the early states must have been formed by
deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize
government for their common good.
III. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

1. People: - This refers to the inhabitants living within a state.
2. Territory: - A state must possess a definite territory with a limit to its size.
2 Types of Territory:
 Territorial Domain: - fixed portion of the land over which the jurisdiction of the state
extends.
 Fluvial and Maritime Domain: - rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which
abuts upon its coasts.
3. Government: - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated,
expressed and carried out.
4. Sovereignty: - the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience and to
have a freedom from foreign control.
2 Types of Sovereignty:
 Internal Sovereignty: - the power of the state to rule within its territory.
 External Sovereignty: - freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection
to or control by other states.
IV. INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
Police Power: - According to (Agpalo, 2006), the power to prescribe regulations or enact laws
or ordinances to promote public health, morals, safety, general public convenience, prosperity
and welfare, or negatively put, to prohibit all things hurtful to the comfort, safety and welfare of
society.
Power of Eminent Domain: - is the power of the State to forcibly acquire private property
intended for public use or purpose upon payment or just compensation to the owner.
Power of Taxation: - the power of the state to enforce proportionate contributions from the
people for support of all government programs and services.
(Defining culture and society from the perspectives of anthropology and sociology)
Society
- describes a group of people who share a common territory and a culture.
- ex: barangay, city, country, asia
Culture
- refers to that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns as a member of
society’
Culture represents beliefs, practices, and artifacts while Society represents social structures and
organizations.
Neither society nor culture could exist without the other.
TYPES OF SOCIETY:
Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into 6 categories, each of which
possesses its own unique characteristics.
1. Hunting and Gathering Societies – these are the earliest forms of society
2. Pastoral Societies – rely on products through the domestication and breeding of animals
for transportation and food.
3. Horticultural Societies – these societies rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and
plants in order to survive.
4. Agricultural Societies – focuses on mode of production; they rely on the use of
technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas including wheat, rice, and corn.
5. Industrial Societies – sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the
production of goods in mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution.
6. Post-Industrial Societies – the economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must
pursue greater education, and the new communications technology allows work to be
performed from a variety of locations.
Culture - the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life)
shared by people in a place or time.
Classification of Culture:
1. Material Culture
- Cultural components that are visible and tangible
- All material objects or those components or elements of culture with physical
representation such as tools, furniture, buildings, bridges, gadgets, etc.
2. Nonmaterial Culture
- nontangible or without physical representation
- can be categorized into cognitive and normative nonmaterial culture.
Nonmaterial
Cognitive Culture
- includes the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc that are products of the mental or
intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.
Normative Culture
- includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human behavior.
Elements of Culture
All culture consists of key elements that are crucial to human existence;
1. Beliefs – are conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the environment
around them.
Philippines Superstitious Beliefs:
 Do not comb hair at night, because your parents can die.
 Do not sleep with wet hair, because you can become crazy.
 Bad luck is when the picture falls from a wall.
 Do not break the mirror, because you will be unhappy.
2. Values
– describes what is appropriate or inappropriate (good or bad; desirable or undesirable;
worthy or unworthy) in a given society or what ought to be.
- people live in culture wherein symbols are used to understand one another.
- symbols (verbal (words) or nonverbal)
- acts, gestures, signs and objects that communicate meaning that people recognize and
shared.
3. Language
- a shared set of spoken and written symbols.
- is basic to communication and transmission of culture. It is known as the storehouse of
culture.
4. Technology – refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of
living and maintaining the environment.
5. Norms – are specific rules/standards to guide appropriate behavior.

2 Types of Norms:
 Proscriptive – defines and tells us things not to do
 Prescriptive – defines and tells us things to do
(Culture and Society: The Perspectives of Anthropology and Sociology)
Xenophobia - Xenophobia, or fear of strangers, is a broad term that may be applied to any
fear of someone different from an individual. Hostility towards outsiders is often a reaction
to fear.
Characteristics of Culture:
 culture is learned
 culture is dynamic
 culture is integrated
 culture is shared
 culture is based on symbols
Elections – season of choosing leaders
Scire – to know
Polis – city – state
Cultura – cultivation
Anthropos – human
Logos – study
Socius – companion
There is no power when you are not able to meet your goal in influencing other people.
- TRUE
Political Science studies the relationship between the interaction between a man and another man
- TRUE
Culture defines how people relate to nature in their physical environment.

- TRUE
Theoretical perspective is used to analyze and explain objects of social study and facilitate
organizing...
- TRUE
Anthropology always describes everything about humans around the world

- TRUE
Beliefs refers to the state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is passed on a person or...
- TRUE
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions
- TRUE
Political Science is a social science

- TRUE
Material culture includes beliefs..

- FALSE
The winning political candidate is powerful because he/she was able to convince people to vote
him/her
- TRUE
Political science does not involve culture and social structure

- FALSE
Police power is the power of state that prescribe regulations to promote public health and
security
- TRUE
Power of eminent domain is a power of the state to acquire private property for public use
without proper compensation
- FALSE
What was culture 50 years ago is still the same culture until today.
- FALSE
There is only one version of culture in our country

- FALSE
No man is an island
- TRUE

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UCSP NOTES

Culture - people’s way of living

Society - Group of individuals living in cooperative efforts

5 major branches of Social Science:

State and Nation

I. CONCEPT OF THE STATE

II. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

III. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

IV. INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

Neither society nor culture could exist without the other.

5. Norms – are specific rules/standards to guide appropriate behavior.

Polis – city – state

Culture defines how people relate to nature in their physical environment.

Anthropology always describes everything about humans around the world

Political Science is a social science

Material culture includes beliefs..

Political science does not involve culture and social structure

There is only one version of culture in our country

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