i.

Introduction
Division 1 defines requirements for pressure vessels, including their design,
production, inspection, testing, and certification, that operate at internal or external
pressures more than 15 psig. Such vessels have two firing options: either on or off. The
application of heat from a direct or indirect source, from an external source, or by any
combination of the two can create this pressure. Pressure vessel construction uses a
variety of classes of materials, and fabrication techniques including brazing, welding,
and forging all have special requirements. Additional design criteria, non-destructive
testing, and inspection acceptance standards are covered in the necessary and optional
appendices in Division 1. Additionally, there are rules for using the single ASME
certification mark when the U, UM, and UV designators are present.
Differences between ASME Section VIII Division 1, 2 and 3: -
1. Division 1 provide a guideline for design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures
exceeding 3000 psi.
2. Division 2 provides requirements for the materials, design, and Non-destructive
examination for pressure vessels. Division 2 standards are more rigorous than
division 1. However, it allows for higher stress intensity values. These rules
may also be applied to human occupancy pressure vessels such as those used in
the diving industry. This Division provides guidelines for pressure vessels
operating at or more than 600 psi and larger (less than 10,000 psi).
3. Division 3 provides guidelines for pressure vessels operating at or more than
10,000 psi (in general) either internally or externally. The maximum pressure
limit is nowhere mentioned in the code even in divisions 1 and 2 too.

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 The standards of ASME Section VIII Division 1 have been developed based on
design ideas and construction procedures that apply to vessels intended for pressures
no greater than 20 MPa (3000 psi). To comply with the criteria for pressures higher
than this amount, these rules must be altered or added to. The vessel may only be
stamped with the Code symbol if, despite using such new design concepts and
construction techniques, it still complies with all the requirements of the Code.
ii. Scope of the codes & standards

This Code section addresses the mandatory requirements, specific

prohibitions, and non-mandatory guidance for Pressure Vessel Materials, design,
fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief.

In this article you will learn about the different subsections and guidelines
for the use and application of this code.

The scope of the Code shall include the following:

i. General Requirements of Pressure Vessel and Boiler
o Material Selection must be complied to this code in fabricated vessel
which suitable with pressure design.
ii. Requirement to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessel
o This code and standard also mention method of fabrication must be
complied to this code in fabricated by welding, forging, and brazing.
iii. Requirement to the Classes of Material
o This code and standard also mentioned classes of material that
suitable with pressure vessel.

iii. Summary of the codes and standards

ASME Section VIII Division 1 is standard which references to Boiler and Heat
Exchanger. This Standard has been updating the latest version in 2019. In this Standard,
there are divided in three Subsection which is A, B and C.
The mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and non-mandated guidelines
for pressure vessel materials, design, fabrication, examination, testing, certification,
and pressure relief are all contained in ASME BPVC Section VIII, Div. 1 (hereafter
referred to as the Code).
Not every aspect of these acts is covered by the Code, thus those that are not clearly
mentioned shouldn't be taken as prohibited.
This section is divided into three Subsections, Mandatory Appendices, and No
mandatory Appendices.

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Subsection A consists of Part UG, covering the general requirements applicable to all
pressure vessels.
Subsection A: General requirements for all methods of construction, including:
• Materials
• Design
• Openings and Reinforcements
• Braced and Stayed Surfaces
• Ligaments
• Fabrication
• Inspections and Tests
• Markings and Reports
• Pressure Relief Devices
• Figures and Tables

Fabrication of Pressure Vessel

Subsection B covers specific requirements that are applicable to the various methods
used in the fabrication of pressure vessels.
It consists of Parts UW, UF, and UB dealing with welded, forged, and brazed methods,
respectively.
Subsection B: Requirements pertaining to methods of fabrication of pressure
vessels:
• UW Pressure vessels fabricated by welding
• UF Pressure vessels fabricated by forging
• UB Pressure vessels fabricated by brazing

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 Pressure Vessel Fabrication Using welding.
Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused
together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. From
that all part of pressure vessel will be attached. This welding method also must be
complied to code and standard in selection welding method. This process also be
inspected by radiographic testing to detect if there is any defect that may be effect
to the vessel.

Pressure Vessel Forging Process

Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of a metal through
hammering, pressing, or rolling. These compressive forces are delivered with a
hammer or die. Forging is often categorized according to the temperature at which
it is performed cold, warm, or hot forging. A wide range of metals can be forged.
This process also needs to comply to this code and standard to make sure material
selection are suitable in this process.

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 Subsection C covers specific requirements applicable to the several classes of materials
used in pressure vessel construction.
It consists of Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD, UHT, ULW, and
ULT dealing with carbon and low alloy steels, nonferrous metals, high alloy steels,
cast iron, clad and lined material, cast ductile iron, ferritic steels with properties
enhanced by heat treatment, layered construction, and low temperature materials,
respectively.
For example, if you need to manufacture a pressure vessel with SA 516 Gr.70
material (Carbon Steel), then you need to meet the marked items in ASME Section
VIII Division 1.
Subsection C: Requirements pertaining to classes of materials:
• UCS Carbon and low alloy steels
• UNF Non-ferrous materials
• UHA High alloy steel
• UCI Cast Iron
• UCL Material with corrosion-resistant integral cladding, weld metal
overlay cladding, of applied linings
• UCD Cast ductile iron
• UHT Ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment
• ULW Layered construction
• ULT Materials having higher allowable stresses at low temperature
• UHX Shell & tube heat exchangers
Mandatory Appendices: They address specific subjects not addressed elsewhere
in the Code, and their requirements are mandatory when the subject covered is
included in the construction.
Non-Mandatory Appendices: They provide information and suggested good
practices.
iv. Area / activities covered by the codes and standards
Since its original publication in 1914, ASME's BPVC has led the way in the
creation of contemporary standards, upholding a dedication to improving public safety
and technological advancement to meet the demands of a changing world. This
"International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark" is currently covered by
local laws in United States and several countries.
Industries like electric power generation, petrochemicals, the oil and gas
industry, transportation, and others have widely considered the boiler and pressure
vessel components of the BPVC as important. As a result of several failures and the
manufacturing of pressure vessels and boilers as examples. From this, ASME Section

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 VIII Division 1 establish. This standard guideline is to avoid any problem and to make
sure safety of pressure vessel and boiler in industry.
The requirements for designing, fabricating, inspecting, testing, and certifying
pressure vessels operating at internal or exterior pressures greater than 15 psig are
provided by this Division of Section VIII. These pressure vessels can either be fired or
not. Several kinds of materials used in pressure vessel construction as well as
fabrication processes including welding, forging, and brazing are subject to specific
criteria. It includes both required and optional appendices that provide details on
additional design requirements, nondestructive testing, and inspection acceptance
standards. There are also guidelines for using the U, UM, and UV ASME Product
Certification Marks.
By carefully implementing this Section, users will be able to comply with
applicable laws in their jurisdictions and benefit from the operational, financial, and
safety advantages of the numerous industry best practices described in these volumes.
Designed with manufacturers, users, builders, designers, and anyone else
interested in pressure vessel design, fabrication, assembly, installation, examination,
inspection, and testing in mind, as well as any prospective governing institutions, in
thought.
v. One sub-topic in the codes and standard procedure/guideline
Subsection A: General Requirements
UG 1: Scope
The specifications in this section must be used in connection with the
specifications as stated in Subsections B and C and the Mandatory Appendices for
pressure vessels and vessel parts.
UG 4: Material
Various Pressure Parts Materials Shall comply with the requirements stated in
ASME SEC II Part D, subpart 1, which is Part D. Part D contains appendices which
contain criteria for establishing allowable stress, the bases for establishing external
pressure charts, and information necessary for the approval of new materials. Part
D facilitates ready identification of materials to specific Sections of the Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code. Tables 1A, 1B, and 3 with all pertinent notes. Materials may
be dual certified (for instance, a plate may be certified by a mill as SA 516 Gr 60
and SA 516 Gr 70 in accordance with ASME SEC II PART A), provided that the
material satisfies all specifications for the designated material grade or grades.
Non-Pressure pieces (Lugs, Skirts, etc.) do not need to be recognized, but they
must be of weldable quality if they are attached by welding. No materials other than
those listed in this division's rules may be utilized.

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 The manufacturer must use engineering judgement to ensure the user that the
materials used to build pressure vessels will function effectively for the specified
service. Refer to the useful advice in ASME SEC II part D non-mandatory appendix
A on the metallurgical phenomenon.
The material physical properties required by design shall be taken from ASME
SEC II Part D subpart 2. If the Code does not contain the properties values, the
manufacturer may use other authoritative sources for the needed information. The
manufacturer MDR in the remarks shall mention the source of the information.

UG-5-6-7-8: Base Materials

The Plate, Forgings, Castings, Pipe, and Tubes used in the construction of
pressure vessels for pressure parts shall conform to the requirements of specific
clauses except as otherwise permitted.
UG-9: Welding Materials
The welding material must comply with the requirements of this code, ASME
SEC IX, Qualified WPS, and ASME SEC II Part C which is guidelines, and
requirements for Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications
UG-10: Materials Identified with or Produced to a Specification Not Permitted
by This Division, and Material Not Fully Identified
Any unspecified material (single production lot) for the construction of vessel
may be accepted provided the following conditions are met Recertification shall be
vessel and part manufacturer only. The documentation shall be available to show
to the part or vessel manufacturer that all the requirements of this code are met.
Material marking acceptable to the inspector. If any material with the specification
which is not permitted by ASME Section VIII Div. 1 but belongs to a particular
production lot as per the requirements of a specification permitted by this division,
but which cannot be qualified in above condition shall meet the following
conditions to be acceptable: Recertification shall be by the vessel and part
manufacturer only. When documentation demonstrating complete conformance to
the chemical requirements is not available, chemical analyses are made on different
pieces from the lot to establish a meaningful analysis that is to be accepted as
representative of the lot. The chemical analysis shall conform to the specifications.
Those mechanical properties which are not reported shall be tested and should
conform to the specification. The material if not heat treated as per specification
shall be heat treated either before or during fabrication. All other applicable
requirements (including, but not limited to, melting method, melting practice,
deoxidation, chemical analysis, mechanical properties, grain size, and quality) of
the specification permitted by this Division, to which the material is to be
recertified, have been demonstrated to have been met. The material marking shall

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be acceptable to the inspector and the material shall be marked as required by the
specifications. Material not fully identified: Won’t discuss this part in detail as it
would be recommended to avoid such material in pressure vessels.
UG-11: Pressure Parts (prefabricated or preformed) Furnished without a
Certification Mark
The pressure parts (Prefabricated or preformed) to be used for pressure
vessels, which are subject to stresses due to pressure and have been furnished by
others or by the manufacturer (of the completed vessel) shall conform to all
applicable requirements of this Division. Parts that are prefabricated (Preformed)
may be supplied as follows: Cast, forged, rolled, or die formed non-standard
pressure parts: Pressure parts like shells, heads, etc. that are entirely formed by
casting (ex: Shell), forging (ex: Nozzle, Shell), rolling (ex: Rolled Shell), or die
forming (ex: Head) that do not require shop inspection may be supplied basically
as materials. Cast (ex: Shell), forged (ex: Nozzle), rolled, or die formed (ex: Head)
standard pressure parts that comply with an ASME product standard (ASME SEC
II PART-A-B), either welded or seamless. Cast, Forged, Rolled, or Die Formed
Standard Pressure Parts that comply with a standard other than an ASME product
standard (ANSI Standard), either welded or seamless. The Code recognizes that
manufacture (ASME Certificate Holder) may fabricate parts in accordance with
UG-11(d), and that is marked in accordance with UG-11(d)(8).
Instead of the requirement in UG-11(d)(4)(-a), the manufacturer may
subcontract to an individual or organization not holding an ASME Certificate
standard pressure parts that are fabricated to a standard other than an ASME product
standard.
UG-15: Product Specification
For a wrought product such as forged, rolled, extruded when there is no
particular specification listed in subsection C, but there is an approved specification
listed in subsection C of some other wrought product of that grade the product for
which there is no specification can be provided The chemical and physical
properties, heat treating requirements, and requirements for deoxidation, or grain
size requirements conform to the approved specification listed in Subsection C.
The manufacturing procedures, tolerances, tests, and markings are in
accordance with a Section II specification covering the same product form (Forged,
Rolled, Extruded etc.…) of similar material. For the case of welded tubing made of
plate, sheet, or strip, without the addition of filler metal, the appropriate stress
values are reduced by 15%.
The product is not pipe or tubing fabricated by fusion welding with the addition
of filler metal unless it is fabricated following the rules of this Division as a pressure
part. Mill test reports reference the specifications used in producing the material

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and also refer to this paragraph. Example Alloy 316L is available as a plate and is
listed under SA 240. It can be used as bar or pipe materials under SA-479 and SA-
312, even though it is not listed under these specifications.
The material must meet the chemical and physical requirements of SA 240 and
the product and quality requirements of the applicable product specification).UG-
16 DESIGN The design of pressure equipment and its parts shall conform to the
requirements in the following paragraphs and in addition to the specific
requirements given in the applicable Parts of Subsections B and Minimum
thickness of pressure retaining components shall be 1.5 mm excluding corrosion
allowance except that the above does not apply to heat transfer plates, inner pipe of
double pipe heat exchangers for NPS 6(150), or less.
The minimum thickness of shells and heads of unfired steam boilers shall be 6
mm exclusive of any corrosion allowance. The minimum thickness of shells and
heads used in compressed air service, steam service, and water service, shall be 2.5
mm exclusive of any corrosion allowance. This minimum thickness does not apply
to the tubes in air-cooled and cooling tower heat exchangers if all the following
provisions are met: The tubes shall not be used for lethal UW-2(a) service
applications. The tubes shall be protected by fins or other mechanical means. The
tube outside diameter shall be a minimum of 10 mm and a maximum of 38 mm.
The minimum thickness used shall not be less than that calculated by the formulas
given in UG-27 or 1-1 and no case less than 0.5 mm.
The Plate Under Tolerance:
Plate material shall not be ordered with a nominal thickness thinner than the
design thickness. Plate material with an actual thickness less than the design
thickness shall not be used unless the difference in thicknesses is less than the
smaller of 0.3 mm or 6% of the design thickness. If plate material is ordered to a
specification that allows an under tolerance greater than the smaller of 0.3 mm or
6% of the nominal thickness, the thickness of the plate ordered shall be increased,
if required, so that the plate material will meet the requirement of (1.5 mm) when
used.
The Pipe Under Tolerance:
Pipe and tube material may be ordered by its nominal wall thickness. However,
manufacturing under tolerance must be considered when designing or ordering the
component. The under tolerance need not be considered when designing nozzle
wall reinforcement. Corrosion Allowance Used in Design Formulas: It is included
in every dimensional formula used in this code. Examples showing the application
of the design rules of this Division are contained in ASME PTB-4, ASME Section
VIII, Division 1, and Example Problem Manual.
UG-21: Design Pressure

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 Each part of pressure containing equipment must be designed for worst
combination of equivalent pressure and temperature expected in normal operation.
UG-24: Castings
Quality Factor: A factor not to exceed 80% shall be applied to static castings
that are examined in accordance with the minimum requirements of the material
specification, in addition all the surfaces of centrifugal castings shall be machined
after heat treatment to a finish not coarser than 6.3 micro m, arithmetic average
deviation, and a factor not exceeding 85% shall be applied.
For nonferrous and ductile cast iron materials, the factor shall be taken from code.
For carbon, low alloy, or high alloy steels, higher quality factors may be applied
if in addition to the minimum requirements mentioned in the first point above.
For other additional requirements (Vessels to be used in Lethal Service) refer code.
Identification and Marking: Each casting to which a quality factor greater than
80% is applied shall be marked with the name, trademark, or other traceable
identification of the manufacturer and the casting identification, including the
casting quality factor and the material designation.
UG-25: Corrosion
The material thickness of pressure equipment's and its parts that is reduced by
rusting, wearing away, or mechanical scratching must be taken into account by the
designer in one of two methods to ensure that the equipment performs as needed
for the duration for which it was designed:
Utilizing the data available for the corrosion rate thereby increasing the
thickness over those for which pressure equipment was designed.
Utilizing other methods such as painting, cathodic protection, hard facing,
corrosion resistant overlays etc.
Rate of attack (Corrosion) may be different for different parts of the pressure
equipment’s and accordingly the allowance shall be added.
Indicative Hole: These holes can be used to provide the information that the
original design thickness may have reduced to the alarming levels. They shall not
be used in the pressure equipment’s meant for lethal service.
Drain passage: Pressure equipment’s undergoing rusting should have drain
passage at the lowest point practicable in the pressure equipment; or a pipe may be
used extending inward from any other location to within 6 mm of the lowest point.

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vi. Significant important of standards in the industry.
Since there is a lot of energy stored inside pressure vessels, it is not easy to construct
them, and safety is always a priority. If not handled carefully, this energy can result in
catastrophic accidents.
These vessels are necessary to maintain the internal pressure of gases and
flammable liquids. Consequently, it is necessary for the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers to control the effectiveness, operating capability, and quality of
these vessels (ASME).
To ensure that pressure vessel manufacture in the United States complies with
industry standards, ASME has established rules and recommendations. This indicates
that a vessel is not permitted for use in the United States if it does not comply with
ASME specifications. In addition to indicating the precision, effectiveness, and
efficiency of pressure vessels, ASME code also makes sure that a high level of caution
and safety is observed throughout the construction of pressure vessels in businesses to
protect the workers from any potentially hazardous situations.
The ASME codes, which were created in 1900, contain fundamental laws, norms,
and prescriptions that direct all pressure vessel manufacturers. These codes require that
all pressure vessels be built in accordance with the listed rules and principles in order
to guarantee precision, safety, and protection during usage and vessel reading. The
pressure vessels won't be ASME approved, and their use will be declared illegal if the
manufacturer doesn't comply to the ASME regulation.
Several industrial sites and companies experienced catastrophic catastrophes
because of inconsistent and subpar pressure vessel fabrication, which resulted in the
development of the ASME code and regulations. In addition to complying to ASME
rules, pressure vessel fabricators are expected to follow laws governing routine
inspections of the pressure vessels since they can assist prevent accidents caused by
undiscovered faults.
Manufacturers must make sure that pressure vessels help store materials for
increased production rather than failing pressure vessels cause loss of lives and
property. Manufacturers may ensure that their pressure vessels fulfil recommended
criteria and are secure for usage in a variety of environments by complying to ASME
code.

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 Kemaman Bitumen Company (KBC) tragedy in 2018.
Based latest tragedy, massive blaze which engulfed two of the Kemaman Bitumen
Company's (KBC) giant crude oil tanks at the KBC industrial area here were
successfully extinguished. However, the tank that stored of petroleum still can holding
the storage. This is because of this vessel are constructed by following ASME code
which this code has been reach the highest safety prospect to avoided more worst from
incident. Fabrication of pressure vessel and boiler must be complied to this ASME
Section viii. To make sure the safety of pressure vessel and boiler, there is competence
person that professional in pressure vessel and boiler which will in charge to approve
either pressure vessel can be used to the process and check the limitation of pressure
vessel.

vii. References
ASME SECTION VIII Division 1.

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