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    S 6 TOSModul 5

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    wafa
    1. Reinforced concrete structures use concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist earthquake forces. Shear walls, bracing, and adding reinforcement to beams, columns, and joints improve earthquake resistance. 2. Base isolation and mass dampers help absorb earthquake energy and protect structures. Infill walls and reducing irregularities in designs also increase stability. 3. Reinforcing details like closed stirrup loops in beams and closely spaced ties in columns improve ductility and prevent brittle failures during shaking. Continuity of reinforcement is important at beam-column joints.

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    S 6 TOSModul 5

    Uploaded by

    wafa
    21 views18 pages
    1. Reinforced concrete structures use concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist earthquake forces. Shear walls, bracing, and adding reinforcement to beams, columns, and joints improve earthquake resistance. 2. Base isolation and mass dampers help absorb earthquake energy and protect structures. Infill walls and reducing irregularities in designs also increase stability. 3. Reinforcing details like closed stirrup loops in beams and closely spaced ties in columns improve ductility and prevent brittle failures during shaking. Continuity of reinforcement is important at beam-column joints.

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    s6TOSModul5

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    1. Reinforced concrete structures use concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist earthquake forces. Shear walls, bracing, and adding reinforcement to beams, columns, and joints improve earthquake resistance. 2. Base isolation and mass dampers help absorb earthquake energy and protect structures. Infill walls and reducing irregularities in designs also increase stability. 3. Reinforcing details like closed stirrup loops in beams and closely spaced ties in columns improve ductility and prevent brittle failures during shaking. Continuity of reinforcement is important at beam-column joints.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views18 pages

    S 6 TOSModul 5

    Uploaded by

    wafa
    1. Reinforced concrete structures use concrete reinforced with steel bars to resist earthquake forces. Shear walls, bracing, and adding reinforcement to beams, columns, and joints improve earthquake resistance. 2. Base isolation and mass dampers help absorb earthquake energy and protect structures. Infill walls and reducing irregularities in designs also increase stability. 3. Reinforcing details like closed stirrup loops in beams and closely spaced ties in columns improve ductility and prevent brittle failures during shaking. Continuity of reinforcement is important at beam-column joints.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    THEORY OF STRUCTURESVI

    MODULE 5 (KEY NOTES)

    CLASS: S6ARC
    BATCH: A
    STAFF IN CHARGE : Prof. LEKSHMI S
    Ref PDF OF IITKBMTPC –SERIES(EARTHQUAKETIPS)

    1
    Earthquake resistant Reinforced Concrete
    Structures
     Reinforced concrete consists of two primary
    materials…………………..concrete with reinforcing steelbars.
     RCFrame
     Columns and walls at lower storeys experience higher earthquake-
    induced forces.
     Designed to be stronger than those in storeys above.(fig1.page33)
     Rigid diaphragm action (floorslabs and masonary walls)
     Infill walls………fill between columns and floors…….help to share
    load of beams and column.
     Irregularity …….Shortcolumn Effect and Torsion.(pg43/44)
    2
     Shortcolumn effect more common : Slope floor……Mezzanine
    floor…….partial height buildings.

    EARTHQUAKE RESISTING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES


    1. Shear walls
    2. Bracings
    3. Base isolation
    4. Mass dampers
    5. Infill walls
    6. Mass reduction
    7. Wall thickening
    8. Jacketing of beams
    3

    9. Jacketing of columns
    Shear wall building (pg:45)

     Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate -


    like RC walls called ShearWalls.
     These walls generally start at foundation level and are
    continuous ………..throughout the building height.
     Thickness can be…….as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm
    in high rise buildings
     Provided along both length and width of buildings.
     They are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry
    Earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.

    4
    ADVANTAGES OF SHEARWALL IN BUILDINGS
     Shearwalls are easy to construct,because reinforcement
    detailing of walls is relatively straight-forward and therefore
    easily implemented at site.
     Shearwalls are efficient………. construction cost…………..
    in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and
    nonstructural elements.
     Significantly reduces lateral sway
     Provide ….strength and stiffness……in direction of
    orientation

    5
    ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS
     Provide ….strength and stiffness……in direction of
    orientation……reduce lateral sway …..reduces damage to
    structures.
     Overturning effects are large…………….design of
    foundation…..give attention
     Moment resistant frames provided…………along the
    direction…….to resist earthquake..
     Special design to carry horizontal earthquake force.
     Shear walls must be symmetric in plan…layout- twist in buildings
    can be avoided. (fig.pdf)

    6
    Buildings in shear wall preferred in
    seismic region..(pg46)
     Ductile design of shear wall The Indian Standard Ductile Detailing Code for RC
    members (IS:13920-1993) provides special design guidelines…
    overall geometry of walls : obliged c/s…..rectangular c/s…….L or U shape…….
    Thin-walled hollow RC shafts around the elevator core of buildings also act as shear
    walls
    Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls: Steel reinforcing bars are to be provided in
    walls in regularly spaced vertical and horizontal grids……curtains….. The minimum
    area of reinforcing steel to be provided is 0.0025 times the cross-sectional area, along
    each of the horizontal and vertical directions.
    Boundary elements: Portions along edges of shear wall strengthened by
    longitudinal and transverse reinforcement…..develop good flexural
    strength…………adequate axial load carrying capacity……………..thickness same
    or more compared to wall ……
    7
    BRACINGS…….
     Cross bracing……reinforced walls using two steel beams..
     Provided at horizontal…vertical…inclined sections..
     Used to support…..structure members..
     To prevent…structure movement..
     Can withstand wind loads….seismic loads..
     To improve the strengthening of structure

    8
    BASE ISOLATION (pg47)
     Placing flexible isolation system between foundation and
    superstructure.
     Increase strength and durability of structure….
     Controls flow from the structure to foundation and viceversa
     Protects buildings from seismic loads
     Absorbs earthquake energy
     Safety against collapse and reduces large damage…earthquake..

    9
    Earthquake resistant Reinforcement
    details
    BEAMS (pg35/36)
     Has 2 sets of steel reinforcement…………Longitudinal
    Bars…………….Stirrups……..(fig)
     Two basic failures …….Flexural/Bending Failure………Shear
    Failure
    ………beam sags due to high loading……..fail in two ways……….
    (1)Tension side more steel……crushes in
    compression….brittle….undesirable
    (2).......lesssteel…………..crushes…………….ductile…desirable..(ste
    el elongates)
     Shear failure:…crack @45degrees to horizontal…..closed loops to
    10
    avoid S.F
    DESIGN STRATEGY

     Material properties(i.e.grades of steel bars and concrete)


     Shape and size
     Amount and distribution of steel to be provided in the beam
    must be determined by performing design calculations as per
    is:456-2000andIS13920-1993.

    11
    How beams in RC Building resist
    earthquake
     Longitudinal bars……. Provided to resist flexural cracking on the
    side of the beam that stretches.
     Stirrups …(i) they carry the vertical shear force and thereby resist
    diagonal shear cracks (ii) protect the concrete from bulging outwards
    due to flexure (iii) they prevent the buckling of the compressed
    longitudinal bars due to flexure.
     The Indian Standard IS13920-1993 prescribes
     Diameter of stirrups …..6mm
    Both ends of the vertical stirrups should be bent into 135° hook

    12
    The spacing of vertical stirrups in any portion of the beam should be determined
    from calculations
    (c) The maximum spacing of stirrups is less than half the depth of the beam.
    (d) For a length of twice the depth of the beam from the face of the column, an even
    more stringentspacing of stirrups is specified, namely half the spacing

    13
    COLUMNS (pg37)
     Two types of steel reinforcement:…..long straight bars (called
    longitudinal bars) placed vertically along the length……. closed
    loops of smaller diameter steel bars (called transverse ties) placed
    horizontally at regular intervals along its full length.

     Columns can sustain two types of damage, namely axial-


    flexural(or combined compression-bending)failure and
    shearfailure.

    14
    DESIGN STRATEGY
     Selection of materials to be used (i.e, grades of concrete and
    steel bars),

     choosing shape and size of the cross-section

     Calculating amount and distribution of steel reinforcement.

    15
    How do columns in RC Buildings resist Earthquakes
    (pg38)
    The Indian Standard IS13920-1993 prescribes :

     Closely spaced ties must be provided at the two ends of the column over a length
    not less than larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column height or
    450mm.

     The vertical spacing of ties in columns should not exceed D/4for where D is the
    smallest dimension of the column..

     The length of tie beyond the135°bends must be at least 10 times diameter Of


    steel bar used to make the closed tie; this extension beyond the bend should not
    be less than 75mm.

    16
    BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS

     In RC buildings, portions of columns that are


    common to beams at their intersections……beam-column joints.
     Limited force carrying capacity.
     Reinforcement of joints……..to prevent diagonal cracking and
    concrete crushing.
    ……………..Using large column sizes……closely spaced
    closed-loop steel ties…. Intermediate column bars

    17
    How do beam-column joints resist
    Earthquakes?? (pg.40)

    Indian Standard IS:13920-1993 recommends

     continuing the transverse loops around the column bars through the
    joint region……………preparing the cage of the reinforcement(both
    longitudinal bars and stirrups) of all beams at a floor level to be
    prepared on top of the Beam formwork of that level and lowered into
    the cage.

     Anchorage of beam bars in interior and exterior joints.

    18

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