Word Storm/Detect Transform Plate Boundaries – are plate boundaries where,

instead of moving toward or moving apart from each other, the

Mantle – most solid bulk of the Earth’s interior. Lies between The Mechanical Layer of Earth
the Earth’s dense, superheated core and its thin outer layer the Lithosphere – is composed of the crust and the upper mantle.
crust. Makes up 84% percent of the Earth’s volume. It is solid, rigid, and brittle, extending to about 100 kilometers
Mountain Range – a series of mountains or hills ranged in a in depth.
line and connected by a high ground. Asthenosphere – is region of partially molten mantle
Oceanic Trench – the long narrow depressions on a seafloor. materials that can flow. It is a ductile layer under the solid
Also known as the chasms, the deepest parts of the ocean. lithosphere.

Continental Crust – the portion of the outer layer/thin shell Mesosphere – is region of increased pressure where the flow
on the outside of the earth (crust). ceases. It is the lowest part of the mantle, next to the outer
core.
Rift – linear zone where lithosphere is being pulled apart.
Outer Core – is the external part of the core. This region is
Fault Line – a long crack on the surface of the earth, where liquid in form and is composed mainly of an iron-nickel alloy.
earthquakes usually occur.
Inner Core – is mainly made up of a very dense and heavy
Diverge – when two tectonic plates move away from each iron and nickel material, which does not melt easily at very
other. high temperatures.
Converge – an area on earth where two or more lithospheric Convection Currents – move the plates as the core heats the
plates collide. slowly-flowing asthenosphere (the elastic/plastic-like part of
the mantle).
Plate Tectonics Theory – states that Earth’s lithosphere is
composed of fragments or plates that move around and Tension – when rock gets thin in the middle as it is pulled
interact with one another. apart.
Alfred Wegener – in 1915, he hypothesized and suggested Normal Fault – when rock drops down as it breaks.
that the landmasses of Earth were once merged into a
supercontinent known as Pangaea. Compression – when boundaries between two plates that are
colliding.
Panthalassa – global ocean that surrounds Pangaea.
Reverse Fault – when rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.
The term “tectonic” (from the Latin word tectonicus or the
Greek word tektonikos, which means “to build”) has been Shearing – when rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or
coined to give rise to the idea of the formation or sculpting of sideways, but no rock is lost).
Earth’s lithosphere. Strike-Slip Fault – when rocks on each side of the fault slip
Crust – is made of various types of rocks and sediments past each other as they break.
floating on top of the malleable upper mantle. Anatomy of an Earthquake
The continental crust is thicker and less dense, which makes Earthquake – the shaking of the ground caused by the
it “float” over a denser and relatively thinner oceanic crust. tremendous release of energy due to pressure in Earth’s crust.
Plate Boundaries – also known as plate margins, a places Fault – a fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust.
where two plates meet.
Hypocenter or Focus – the origin at which the earthquake
Divergent Plate Boundaries – are plate boundaries where occurs.
plates move apart from each other, resulting in the production
of a new seafloor. Epicenter – the point directly above the focus on the surface.

Convergent Plate Boundaries – are plate boundaries where Seismic Waves – waves that transmit the energy released by
plates move toward each other. an earthquake.

Subduction – the process at which the oceanic crust sinks Body Waves – are in the form of primary or secondary waves.
down the continental crust and goes back to the mantle.
Primary Waves or Compressional Waves – travel through Natural Resources – are the resources available in nature like
the interior of the Earth and through solid and fluid air, water, sunlight and soil, minerals, forest, wildlife, and so
materials. on.

Secondary Waves or Transverse Waves – travel through Renewable Natural Resources – are the resources which can
solid materials only within the interior of Earth. be replenished in a short period of time like air, water,
sunlight and forest.
Surface Waves – are waves that occur on the surface of the
lithosphere. Non-Renewable Natural Resources – are the resources
which cannot be replenished in a short period of time like
Plates – massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the minerals (coal, petroleum, natural gas, metals, and so on)
Earth’s surface. because they take millions of years to be formed.
Seismograph – an instrument that records the shaking of the The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
Earth’s surface caused by seismic waves. are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
Seismometer – the internal part of a seismograph. (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Magnitude – is the quantitative measure of the amount of Coal – is formed from organic compounds such as dead plants
energy released by an earthquake. and animals.

Richter Scale – is the most common scale for the magnitude Tillites – are deposits of rock debris left by glaciers.
of an earthquake. Seismic Discontinuity – the quick change in seismic
The Impacts of Volcanic Eruption velocities in boundy.

1. Those that were near to human settlements may spill and The seismic discontinuities have given scientists the idea that
destroy life. People often have to be evacuated. there exists a boundary within the different layers of Earth.

2. Ash discharged very high into the atmosphere can have a Mohorovicic Discontinuity – the boundary between the crust
negative consequence on the ozone layer. and the mantle.

3. Landscapes and natural sceneries can be destroyed. Gutenburg Discontinuity – the boundary at which the mantle
meets the core.
4. Ash and mud can mix forming–lahars.
Lehmann Discontinuity – in the region between the inner and
Government efforts in reducing damage due to natural outer core.
calamities include:
Mantle Convection – happens when heat is transferred from
1. Information dissemination and educating communities have the core to the crust.
been a vital part of its campaign to manage risks.
Whole Mantle Convection Model – also known as the plume
2. Metro Manila Development Authority has instituted several model, in where the lithosphere sinks to a great depth, which
earthquake exercises in Metro Manila with public and private stirs the mantle.
offices taking part in the initiative.
Layer Cake Model – suggests that the mantle has two zones
3. The DepEd has also required schools to promote family of convection: (1) the upper mantle’s thin layer and (2) the
disaster preparedness for earthquakes through several school thicker mantle below the upper part.
based activities as part of National Disaster Consciousness
Month. Slab Pull – results from the sinking of the cold, dense slab of
oceanic lithosphere, due to its own gravity.
4. At the local government level, the Department of Interior
and Local Government (DILG) and the National Youth Ridge Push – driving mechanism that pushes the lithosphere
Commission (NYC) have signed an agreement that allows the from the elevated position along the ridge due to its own
youth to participate in a local government activities focused on gravity.
climate change, disaster risk reduction and preparedness as a
way of life.

The DILG’s Oplan Listo – also known as Oplan Alert, which