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    Error Detection

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    Ms. Sewdine
    Transmission errors can occur when data is sent between digital devices, impacting productivity. Common causes are power surges, synchronization issues, cable damage, and interference. To detect errors, computers use parity checks, check digits, check sums, ARQ, and echo checking. Parity checking works by assigning an odd or even parity bit to ensure data bits have an odd or even count, allowing the receiver to detect errors. Parity blocks apply this to rows and columns in a data table, enabling quick error detection and location.

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    Error Detection

    Uploaded by

    Ms. Sewdine
    27 views4 pages
    Transmission errors can occur when data is sent between digital devices, impacting productivity. Common causes are power surges, synchronization issues, cable damage, and interference. To detect errors, computers use parity checks, check digits, check sums, ARQ, and echo checking. Parity checking works by assigning an odd or even parity bit to ensure data bits have an odd or even count, allowing the receiver to detect errors. Parity blocks apply this to rows and columns in a data table, enabling quick error detection and location.

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    Transmission errors can occur when data is sent between digital devices, impacting productivity. Common causes are power surges, synchronization issues, cable damage, and interference. To detect errors, computers use parity checks, check digits, check sums, ARQ, and echo checking. Parity checking works by assigning an odd or even parity bit to ensure data bits have an odd or even count, allowing the receiver to detect errors. Parity blocks apply this to rows and columns in a data table, enabling quick error detection and location.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    27 views4 pages

    Error Detection

    Uploaded by

    Ms. Sewdine
    Transmission errors can occur when data is sent between digital devices, impacting productivity. Common causes are power surges, synchronization issues, cable damage, and interference. To detect errors, computers use parity checks, check digits, check sums, ARQ, and echo checking. Parity checking works by assigning an odd or even parity bit to ensure data bits have an odd or even count, allowing the receiver to detect errors. Parity blocks apply this to rows and columns in a data table, enabling quick error detection and location.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Error Transmission

    Transmission errors can also occur when one digital device attempts
    to transmit data to another, this can have a huge impact on
    productivity and as such methods have been designed to spot and
    correct these errors.

    What causes errors in transmission?


    When data does not arrive correctly, we know that there has been
    some sort of error. Some of the causes of these errors are:
     Power Surges
     Synchronization issues
     Broken or damaged cables
     Electrical interference
    Sometimes these issues can cause the bits to transpose - flip from 1
    to 0 or 0 to 1.

    Checking for Errors


    It is important that any errors in transmission are spotted to prevent
    miscommunication. Computers have a number of methods of spotting
    errors, these are:
    1. Parity Checks
    2. Check Digits
    3. Check Sums
    4. ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuests)
    5. Echo Checking

    Parity Checking

    Parity Bits

    When transferring data from one location to another, one method of


    error checking that can be used is the parity bit system.

    The parity bit system involves first deciding whether odd or even
    parity will be used.  This means that the number of ones and zeros in a
    string of bits will even or odd.

    When sending data, one single bit is added to ensure that the data has
    an odd or even number of 1s or 0s.

    1
    How Parity Bits Work
    Before data is transmitted, both parties agree to use either odd or even
    parity.
    The parity bit is set by the sending party and checked by the receiver
    If the number of bits does not match the even or odd system it is clear
    that there could have been an error.
    The receiver notifies the sender that the parity checks failed and asks
    for the data to be reset.
    Note:
    The parity check is not perfect, it will fail to detect an error in
    transmission if more than one bit is altered as the re still could be the
    correct (odd or even) parity, however the bits could be in the wrong
    order.
    Parity Blocks
    A parity block uses the same odd and even system to detect errors in
    data, however rather than focusing on a single binary value, the block
    system will allow errors to be detected within a virtual table of data.

    2
    Applying a parity bit to each row and each column of the data table
    will allow any error to be detected quickly and the erroneous value to
    be found.
    Example:

    In the table above, there are 8 bytes being transmitted.


    Column 1 and Row 8 have been designated to hold the parity bits in the
    parity block.

    In this system, the Even parity system has been used, this means that:

    Row 8 - The bits in row 8 are designated as 1 or 0 to ensure that the


    total number of 1s and 0s in each Column is EVEN
    Column 1 - The bits in Column 1 are designated as 1 or 0 to ensure that
    the total number of 1s and 0s in each Row is EVEN

    In the table above, all data is correct and all parity bits are correct.
    Finding an error
    Consider the table above, it has one bit that has beentransposed (flip
    from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1). There is an easy way to find it using the table.
    Step 1
    Check each column to ensure that there still remains an even number
    of 1s and 0s according to the even system that we are using.

    3
    Column 5 has been discovered as incorrect.  There are five 1s and
    three 0s therefore it has failed the parity check. But we do not know
    specifically which bit has transposed.
    Step 2
    To find the specific error we now need to work through each row of
    bytes searching for any byte that may fail the even parity check.

    Row 5 was discovered to fail the even parity check. This byte has
    three 1s andfive 0s.

    The bit in which the incorrect column and incorrect row


    intersectwill be the specific incorrect bit. 
    In this case the bit flipped from a 1 to a 0.

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