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Important SAQs
Electric Charges & Fields
Class-12 Physics Chapter-01

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1. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.
(ii) A Spherical rubber balloon carries a
charge that is uniformly distributed over
its surface. As the balloon is blown up and
increase in size,how does the total electric
flux coming out of the surface change ? Give
reason.
Ans. (i) Total number of electric field lines
crossing a surface normally is called
electric flux. Its SI unit is Nm2C-1 or Vm.
𝒒
(ii) Total electric flux through the surface =
𝜺𝟎
As charge remains unchanged when size
of balloon increases, electric flux through
the surface remains unchanged.
2. (i) An electric dipole of dipole moment
20 x 10-6 C is enclosed by closed surface. What
is the net electric flux coming out of this surface?
(ii) An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is
the electric flux through this surface?
(iii). Fig. show three point charge +2q, -q and +3q.
The charges +2q and -q are enclosed within
a surface 'S'. What is the electric flux due to
this configuration through the surface 'S’
[CBSE Delhi 2010]
Ans. (i) Zero.
Reason: Net charge enclosed by surface = Net charge on dipole= q – q = 0
𝟏
∴Total electric Flux = 𝜺 × net charge enclosed = 0
𝟎
(ii) Net charge on a dipole = -q + q = 0. According to Gauss's theorem,
electric flux through the Surface.

𝟏
(iii) Electric Flux = × ( Net charge enclosed within the surface)
𝜺𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜺 (2q – q) = 𝜺 q
𝟎 𝟎
3. (i) Two charges of magnitudes -2Q and + Q are
located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0)
respectively. What is the electric flux due
to these charges through a sphere of radius
'3a' with its centre at the origin?
[CBSE (AI) 2013]
(ii) How does the electric flux due to a point
charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian
surface get affected when its radius is
increased?
 −𝟐𝑸
Ans:- . (i) Electric flux, 𝝋 = 𝜺𝟎

Concept :- Imagine a sphere of radius 3a about the origin and observe

that only charge -2Q is inside the sphere. Use Gauss theorem to
get the result.
𝟏
(ii) Electric flux through a Gaussian surface, enclosing the charge q is ∅ E =
𝜺𝟎
q This is independent of radius of Gaussian surface, so if radius is
increased, the electric flux through the surface will remain unchanged.
4. (i) A charge Q 𝝁C is placed at the centre of a
cube. What would be the flux through one
face?
(ii) A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube
of side 1. What is the electric flux passing
through two opposite faces of the cube?
 𝑸
Ans:- (i) Electric flux through whole cube = 𝜺 . Electric flux through one
𝟎
𝟏 𝑸
face = 𝟔 𝜺𝟎
𝝁𝑽𝒎.
(ii) By symmetry, the flux through each of the six faces of the cube will
be same when charge q is placed at its centre.
𝟏 𝒒
∴ ∅𝑬 = 𝟔 . 𝜺
𝟎
5. (i) Sketch the electric field lines for two point
positive charges q1 and q2 for q1 = q2 and
q1 > q2 Separated by a distance d.
(ii) Figure shows a point charge +Q, located at a
distance from the centre of a spherical metal
shell. Draw the electric field lines for the
given system.
Ans:-(i) When the charges are equal, the neutral point N lies at the centre of
the line joining the charges. However when the charge are unequal,
the point N is close to the smaller charge.

(ii)
6. (i) Draw the electric field lines due to a
Uniformly charged thin spherical shell when
charge on the shell is
(a) positive and (b) negative.
(ii) Which among the curves shown in figure
Cannot possibly represent electrostatic field
lines?
Ans:- (i) The electric field lines are shown in the
figure. For a positively charged shell, the
field lines are directed in radially outward
direction and for negatively charged shell,
these are directed in radially inward direction.

(a) Positively charged shell (b) Negatively charged shell

 (ii) (a) Field lines are wrongly drawn because electric field lines must be
normal to the surface of the conductor at each point.
(b) Field lines are wrongly drawn because field lines cannot start from
a negative charge.
(c) Field lines are correctly drawn, because they are originating from a
positive charge.
(d) Field lines are wrongly drawn as the lines cannot intersect
(e) Field lines are wrongly drawn because they cannot form closed loops.
7. (a) A point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of
uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric
field lines between the charge and the plate.
(b) Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets
having surface charge densities 𝝈1 and 𝝈2 (𝝈1
> 𝝈2) are shown in the figure. Write the
magnitude and direction of the net electric
fields in the regions marked II and III.
Ans:- (a) The lines of force start from +Q and terminate at metal place
including negative charge on it. The line of force will be
perpendicular to the metal surface .
𝟏
(b). (i) Net electric field in region II = ((𝝈1 - 𝝈2) .Direction of electric
𝟐𝜺𝟎
field is from sheet A to sheet B.

𝟏
(ii) net electric field in region III = ((𝝈1 + 𝝈2). Direction is away from
𝟐𝜺𝟎
the two sheets i.e. towards right side.
8. (i) Why do the electrostatic field lines not form
closed loops?
(ii) A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform
electric field. Which one of paths a, b, c and
d shown in the figure will be followed by the
field lines and why?
Ans. (i) Electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at
negative charge. If there is a single positive charge, the field lines
start from the charge and terminate at infinity. So, the electric field
lines do not form closed loops.
(ii) Path (d) is followed by electric field line.

Reason:- There are no electric field lines within a metallic sphere and
field lines are normal at each point of the surface.
9. (a) An electrostatic field line is a continuous
curve. That is, a field line cannot have
sudden breaks. Why is it so?
(b) Explain why two field lines never cross
each other at any point.
Ans:- (a) An electrostatic field line is the path of movement of a positive test
charge (q0→0). A moving charge experiences a continuous force in an
electrostatic field, so an electrostatic field line is always a continuous
curve.

(b) Two electric lines of force can never cross each other because if they
cross, there will be two directions of electric field at the point of of
intersection (say A); which is impossible.
10. (i) Figure shows the field lines on a positive
charge. Is the work done by the field in
moving a small positive charge from Q to P
positive or negative? Give reason.
(ii) The field lines of a negative point charge
are as shown in the figure. Does the kinetic
energy of a small -ve charge increase or
decrease in going from B to A ?
Ans:- (i) The work done by the field is negative. This is because the charge
is moved against the force exerted by the field.

(ii) The kinetic energy of a negative charge decreases while going

From point B to point A. against the movement of force of
repulsion.
11. Two equal balls having equal positive charge
‘q’ coulombs are suspended by two insulating
strings of equal length. What would be the
effect on the force when a plastic sheet is
inserted between the two?
Ans. Force will decreased gas
Reason: Force between two charges each ‘q’ in vacuum is
𝟏 𝒒𝟐
F0 = 𝟒ᴫ𝜺 . 𝒓𝟐
𝟎
On inserting a plastic sheet (a dielectric K > 1)
𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑭𝟎
Then F = 𝟒ᴫ𝜺𝟎 𝑲
. 𝒓𝟐
i.e., Force F = 𝑲
The force between charged balls will decrease.
12. What is the Nature of electrostatics force
between two point electric charges q1 and q2 if
(i) q1q2 > 0 (ii) q1q2 < 0.
(iii) q1 + q2 > 0 ? (iv) q1 + q2 < 0 ?
Ans:- (i) Repulsive
(ii) Attractive
(iii) If both q1 and q2 are positive, the electrostatics force between these
will be repulsive.
However, if one of these charges is positive and is greater than the
other negative Charges , the electrostatics force between them will be
attractive.
Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive.
(iv) If both q1 and q2 are –ve, the force between these will be repulsive.
However, if one of them is -ve and it is greater than the second +ve
charge, the force Between them will be attractive.
Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive.
13. (i) Two insulated charged copper spheres A
and B of identical size have charges qA and
-3qA respectively. When they are brought in
contact with each other and then
separated, what are the new charges them?
(ii) Two insulated charged copper spheres A
and B of identical size have charges qA , and
qB respectively. A third sphere C of the
same size but uncharged is brought in
contact with the first and then in contact
with the second and finally removed from
both. What are the new charges on
A and B?
 𝒒𝑨 − 𝟑𝒒𝑨
Ans:- (i) Change on each = 𝟐
= -qA
𝒒𝑨 𝒒𝑨 + 𝟐𝒒𝑩
(ii) New charge on A is 𝟐
and New charge on B is 𝟒
14. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb
𝟏
force (F) versus ( 𝟐 ) where r is the distance
𝒓
between the two charge of each pair of
charge: (1 𝝁𝑪, 𝟐 𝝁𝑪) and (2 𝝁C, -3𝝁C).
Interpret the graphs obtained.
 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
Ans:- F = 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒓𝟐
𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
The graph between F and 𝒓𝟐 is a straight line of slope 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 passing
𝟎
through origin in both the cases.

Since, Magnitude of slope is more for attraction , therefore, attractive

force is greater than repulsive forces.
15. (i) The electric field E due to any point charge
𝑭
near it is defined as E =𝐥𝐢𝐦 where q is
𝒒→𝟎 𝒒
the test charge and F is the force acting on it.
What is the physical significance of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 in this
𝒒→𝟎
expression ?
(ii) Draw the electric lines of point charge Q
when (i) Q> 0 𝐴𝑛𝑑 (𝒊𝒊)𝑸 < 0.
Ans:- (i) The physical significance of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒊𝒏 the definition of electric field
𝒒 →𝟎
𝑭
E= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒒.
𝒒→𝟎
The point test charge q produces its own electric field, hence it will
modify the electric field strength to be measured.Therefore, the test
charge used to measure the electric field must be too small.
(ii) Shape of electric field lines when Q > 0 and Q < 0
16. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1
and outer radius r2 has a charge ‘Q’. A charge
‘q’ is placed at the centre of the cell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the
(i) inner surface
(ii) Outer surface of the shell ?
(b) Write expression for the electric field at a
point x > r2 from the centre of the shell.
Ans:- (a) Charge Q resides on Outer Surface of spherical conducting shell . due
to charge q placed at centre,charge included on inner surface is – q
and on outer surface it is +q. So , total charge o inner surface –q and
on outer surface it is Q + q.

𝒒
Surface charge density on inner surface =
𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟏𝟐
𝑸+𝒒
Surface charge density on outer surface =
𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟐
(b) For external points,whole charge can be assumed to be at the centre,so
 𝟏 𝑸+𝒒
electric field at distance x > r2 , E(x) = 𝟒𝝅𝝐 𝒙𝟐
.
𝟎
17. A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R
carries a charge Q on its surface. A point
𝑸
charge 𝟐 is placed at the centre C and another
charge +2Q is placed outside the shell at A at a
distance x from the centre as shown in the
figure.
(i) Find the electric flux through the shell.
(ii) State the law used.
(iii) Find the force on the charge at the centre C
of the shell and at the point.
 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
Ans:- (i) Electric flux through the Gaussian surface, ∅ = 𝜺𝟎
𝑸 𝟑𝑸
Total enclosed charge = Q + 𝟐 = 𝟐
∴ Electric flux through the shell
𝟑𝑸
∴ ∅ = 𝟐𝜺
𝟎
𝟏
(ii) Gauss’s Law : Electric flux through a Gaussian surface is 𝜺 times the net
𝟎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏
charge enclosed within it. Mathematically , ∮ = ⃗𝑬.𝒅𝒔 = 𝜺 × q
𝟎
(iii) We know that electric fields or net charge inside the spherical conducting
𝑸
shell is zero. Hence, the force on charge is zero.
𝟐
 𝑸
𝟏 𝟐𝑸 ×(𝑸+ )
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝑸𝟐
Force on charge at A, 𝑭𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒙𝟐
= 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒙𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
18. The dimensions of an atom are of the order
of an Angstrom. Thus there must be large
electric fields between the protons and
electrons. Why then is the electrostatic field
inside a conductor zero?
Ans. The electric fields bind the atoms to neutral entity. Fields are caused by
excess charges.
There can be no excess charge on the inner surface of an isolated
conductor. So, the electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero.