Unit

15 I have done (present perfect 1)

j cleaned my sh oee^

His shoes are dirty. He has cleaned his shoes.

(= his shoes are clean now)

They are at home. They are going out. They have gone out.
(= they are not at home now)

has cleaned / have gone etc. is the present perfect (have + past participle):
I cleaned I cleaned?
we have ('ve) finished have we
we finished?
finished? [ regular verbs
have
you have not (haven't) started you started?
they lost they lost?
he done he
he done? I irregular
has ('s) been hac been? verbs
she has she \
has not (hasn't) gone gone?
it it

past participle

Regular verbs The past participle is -ed (the same as the past simple):

clean —> I have cleaned finish —» we have finished start —>she has started

Irregular verbs The past participle is not -ed.

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same:

buy —> I bought / 1have bought have —> he had / he has had

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different:

break —> I broke / 1have broken see -» you saw / you have seen
fall —> it fell / it has fallen go —> they went / they have gone

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:
O I've lost my passport. (= I can't find my passport now)
O 'Where's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in bed now)
O We've bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
O It's Rachel's birthday tomorrow and I haven't bought her a present. (= I don't have a present
for her now)
O 'Bob is away on holiday.' 'Oh, where has he gone?' (= where is he now?)
O Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it? (= do you need it now?)

present perfect Units 16-19 present perfect and past simple Unit 20
irregular verbs Unit 24, Appendix 2-3______________________________________
Exercises
f O Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from the box.

go to bed c lean his shoes stop raining

close the door fall down have a shower

—> M They.

Hi 1 M M He.

—> The.

H g | Complete the sentences with a verb from the box.

break buy decide finish forget go go

invite lose see not/see take tell not/tell

1 I y e jo s t my keys. I don't know where they are.

2 I ........................................................................some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3 'Where is Helen?' 'She's not here. S h e ...................................................................... out.'
4 I'm looking for Paula...................................y o u ................................................. her?
5 Look! Som ebody........................................................................that window.
6 'Does Lisa know that you're going away?' 'Yes, I ........................................................................ her.'
7 I can't find my umbrella. Som ebody........................................................................it.
8 'Where are my glasses?' 'I don't know. I ...................................................................... them.'
9 I'm looking for Sarah. W h e re ...............................sh e ..................................................?
10 I know that woman, but I ........................................................................ her name.
11 Sue is having a party tonight. S h e a lot of people.
12 W hat are you going to do? ............................... y o u ..................................................?
13 a: Does Ben know about the meeting tomorrow?
B: I don't think so. I ........................................................................him.
14 I with this magazine. Do you want it?
 I've ju st... I’ve already...
16 I haven't... yet (present perfect 2)
I've j u s t ...

ju s t = a short time ago

O a: Are Laura and Paul here?
b: Yes, they've j u s t arrived.

O a: Are you hungry?

b: N o, I've j u s t had dinner.

O a : Is Tom here?
b: N o, I'm afraid he's j u s t gone. % mk
(= he h a s just gone)
They have just arrived.

I've alre a d y ...

already = before you expected / before I expected Yes, I know. We’ve

already met.
O a: W hat time are Laura and Paul coming?
b: They've already arrived.
(= before you expected)

O It's only 9 o'clock and Anna has already

gone to bed. (= before I expected)

O a: Jon, this is Emma.

b: Yes, I know. We've already met.

I h aven 't... yet / Have you ... yet?

yet = until now

We use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.

yet in negative sentences (I haven't... yet)

O a: Are Laura and Paul here?
b. No, they haven't arrived yet.
(but B expects Laura and Paul to arrive soon)

O a: Does James know that you're going away?

b: N o, I haven't told him yet.
(but B is going to tell him soon)
The film hasn't started yet.
O Silvia has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.

yet in questions (Have you ... yet?)

O a: Have Laura and Paul arrived yet?
b: N o, not yet. We're still waiting for them.

O a: Has Nicola started her new job yet?

b: N o, she starts next week.

O a: This is my new dress.

b: Oh, it's nice. Have you worn it yet?

42 ( present perfect Units 15,17-20 word order 4 Unit 94 still, yet and already 4 Unit 95 )
Exercises
Write a sentence with just for each picture.

1 Theyyeju s t arrived 3 T h e y ......

2 H e ............................................ 4 The race

Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect.

| g g } Write a sentence with just (They've ju s t ... / She's ju s t ... etc.) or a negative sentence with yet
(They haven't... yet / She h asn't... yet etc.).

CD a fe w minutes now {2} a few minutes now o/ew minutes

go uM< ago
(OUT
« . r

• * H lV -
(she / go / out) (the bus / go) (the train / leave)
Sha hasn’t.gpne out yet... The b u s............

© o/ew minutes now | GD o/ew minutes now © o/ew minutes

ago ago ago

(they / finish / their dinner) (it / stop / raining) u

Write questions with yet.

1 Your friend has a new job. Perhaps she has started it. You ask her:
Have you s.ta.rtad.your naw .......... .....................................................................
2 Your friend has some new neighbours. Perhaps he has met them. You ask him:
....................... y o u ..................................................................................................................................................
3 Your friend has to pay her electricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. You ask her:

4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. You ask a friend about Tom:
Unit
17 Have you ever... ? (present perfect 3)
Have you been
to Rome? Yes, I have.
Many times.

Have you ever

been to Japan? No, I've never
been to Japan.

We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time from
the past until now - for example, a persons life:

Have you ever been to Japan?

— time from the past until now -

past now

O 'Have you been to France?' 'No, I haven't.'

O I've been to Canada, but I haven't been to the United States.
O Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.
O I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember where.
O How many times has Brazil won the W orld Cup?
O 'Have you read this book?' 'Yes, I've read it twice.' (twice = two times)

present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:

O 'Has Ann ever been to Australia?' 'Yes, once.' (once = one time)
O 'Have you ever played golf?' 'Yes, I play a lot.'
O My sister has never travelled by plane.
O I've never ridden a horse.
O 'W ho is that man?' 'I don't know. I've never seen him before.'

gone and been

two weeks later

, Ben. ^

Hi. I've been

on holiday. I've
been to Spain.
BEN

Ben has gone to Spain. Ben has been to Spain.

(= he is in Spain now) (= he went to Spain, but now he is back)

Compare:
O I can't find Susan. Where has she gone? (= where is she now?)
O Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

44 ( present perfect 4 Units 15-16,18 present perfect and past simple 4 Unit 20
Exercises
You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you e v e r... ? Write the questions.

Helen

1 (be / London?) Have you ever ^ No, never.

2 (play/golf?) Have you.ever played j o l f ? ........... Yes, many times.
3 (be / Australia?) H ave.................................................................. Yes, once.
4 (lose / your passport?) No, never.
5 (fly / in a helicopter?) Yes, a few times.
6 (win / a race?) No, never.
7 (be / New York?) Yes, twice.
8 (drive / a bus?) No, never.
9 (break / your leg?) Yes, once.

Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.)

1 (be / New York) S t e 's bean, to Naw York tw ice ........................................
2 (be / Australia) S h e ...........................................................................................................
3 (win / a race) ........................................................................................................................
4 (fly / in a helicopter) ........................................................................................................

Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?
5 (be / New York) I ...........................................................................................................
6 (play / tennis) ...................................................................................................................
7 (drive / a lorry) ................................................................................................................
8 (be / late for work or school) .................................................................................

Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?
Jvum
11aVv be all over the world a lot of interesting things
do write many different jobs a lot of interesting people
travel meet ten books married three times
Mary

1 Sh e has. had. m anydifferentj'pbs..

2 She...................................................................
3 ..................................................................................
4 ...........................................................................
5 .....................................................................
6 ........................................................................

| Write gone or been.

1 Ben is on holiday at the moment. He's gone to Spain.
2 'Have you e ve r..................................... to Mexico?' 'No, never.'
3 M y parents aren't at home at the moment. They've ..................................... out.
4 There's a new restaurant in town. Have y o u ........................................ to it?
5 Rebecca loves Paris. She's........................................ there many times.
6 Helen was here earlier, but I think she's.........................................now.
7 'Where's Jessica?' 'She's not in the office. I think she's.........................................home.'
8 Hello, Sue. I was looking for you. Where have y o u .......................................?

-> Additional exercises 16,18 (pages 258-60)

Unit
19 for since ago
for and since

We use for and since to say how long:

for three days,

Helen is in Ireland. She has been there
since Monday.

We use for + a period of time We use since + the start of the period
(three days / two years etc.): (Monday / 9 o'clock etc.):

start of the
period

for three days

Monday since Monday

past now past now

for since

three days ten minutes Monday Wednesday

an hour two hours 9 o'clock 12.30
a week four weeks 24 July Christmas
a month six months January I was ten years old
five years a long time 1985 we arrived

O Richard has been in Canada for six O Richard has been in Canada since
months. (not since six months) January. (= from January to now)

We've been waiting for two hours. O We've been waiting since 9 o'clock.
(not since two hours) (= from 9 o'clock to now)

O I've lived in London for a long time. O I've lived in London since I was ten
years old.

ago

ago = before now:

O Susan started her new job three weeks ago.(= three weeks before now)
O 'W hen did Tom go out?' Ten minutes ago.' (=ten minutes before now)
O I had dinner an hour ago.
O Life was very different a hundred years ago.
We use ago with the past (started/did/had/was etc.).

Compare ago and for:

O When did Helen arrive in Ireland?
She arrived in Ireland three days ago.

O How long has she been in Ireland?

She has been in Ireland for three days.

SitlllSfl

48 ( present perfect + for/since -> Unit 18 from/until/since/for ^ Unit 104 for and during^ Unit 105 )
Exercises
| Write for or since.
1 Helen has been in Ireland sin ce Monday.
2 Helen has been in Ireland fo r three days.
3 M y aunt has lived in A ustralia................................ 15 years.
4 Tina is in her office. She has been there ............................... 7 o'clock.
5 India has been an independent co u n try...............................1947.
6 The bus is late. We've been w aiting...............................20 minutes.
7 Nobody lives in those houses. They have been e m p ty.................................many years.
8 Michael has been ill................................ a long time. He has been in hospital.................................October.

Answer these questions. Use ago.

1 When was your last meal? T h rcc.h cu rs ago...............................................................
2 When was the last time you were ill?.....................................................................................................................................
3 W hen did you last go to the cinema?....................................................................................................................................
4 W hen was the last time you were in a car? ..........................................................................................................
5 W hen was the last time you went on holiday? ..........................................................................................................

Com plete the sentences. Use for or ago w ith these words.
i ^
1 Helen arrived in Ireland Thraa d a y s ago............................................................................................ (three days)
2 Helen has been in Ireland f o r th re e d a y s......................................................................................... (three days)
3 Lynn and Mark have been m arried........................................................................................................... (20 years)
4 Lynn and Mark got m arried........................................................................................................................... (20 years)
5 Dan arrived.............................................................................................................................................................. (anhour)
6 I bought these shoes.......................................................................................................................................... (a few days)
7 Silvia has been learning English.................................................................................................................... (sixmonths)
8 Have you known Lisa........................................................................................................................................ ? (a long time)

Com plete the sentences w ith for or since.

1 (Helen is in Ireland - she arrived there three days ago)
Hejen has boon j.n.lrcland.fo^ ........................................... ............................ L ............
2 (Jack is here - he arrived on Tuesday)
Jack h as............................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 (It's raining - it started an hour ago)
It's b een...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 (I know Sue - I first met her in 2008)
I've............................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................
5 (Claire and M att are married - they got married six months ago)
Claire and M att have..............................................................................................................................................................................
6 (Laura is studying medicine at university - she started threeyears ago)
Laura h as.................................................................................................................................................’......................................................
7 (David plays the piano - he started when he was sevenyears old)
David h a s........................................................................................................................................................................................................

c m W rite sentences about yourself. Begin your sentences w ith:

I've lived ... I've been ... I've been learn ing... I've known ... I've had ...

1 IVeJivcdjn t h is town .fp .rth re e^ aars. ...............................

2 ...................
3 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

-*• Additional exercises 16-18 (pages 258-60)

 Key to Exercises

12.3 13.4 UNIT 16

2 I got up before 7 o'clock, or 2 He was carrying a bag.
16.1
I didn't get up before 3 He wasn't going to the dentist.
2 He's/He has just got up.
7 o'clock. 4 He was eating an ice cream.
3 They've/They have just
3 I had a shower, or I didn't 5 He wasn't carrying an umbrella.
bought a car.
have a shower. 6 He wasn't going home.
4 The race has just started.
4 I bought a magazine, or I 7 He was wearing a hat.
didn't buy a magazine. 8 He wasn't riding a bicycle. 16.2
5 I ate meat, or I didn't eat 2 they've/they have already
meat. UNIT 14 seen it.
6 I went to bed before 10.30. 14.1 3 l've/l have already phoned
or I didn't go to bed before 1 happened ... was painting ... him.
10.30. fell 4 He's/He has already gone
2 arrived ... g o t... were waiting (away).
12.4
3 was walking ... m e t ... was 5 l've/l have already read it.
2 did you arrive
going ... was carrying ... 6 She's/She has already started
3 Did you win
4 did you go stopped (it).
5 did it cost 14.2 16.3
6 Did you go to bed late 2 was studying 2 The bus has just gone.
7 Did you have a nice time 3 Did Paul c a ll... called ... was 3 The train hasn't left yet.
8 did it happen / did that having 4 He hasn't opened it yet.
happen 4 didn't go 5 They've/They have just
5 were you driving ... stopped finished their dinner.
12.5
... wasn't driving 6 It's / It has just stopped
2 bought 6 didn't have
6 Did your team win ... didn't raining.
3 Did it rain 7 did you do
4 didn't stay 8 didn't know play 16.4
5 opened 7 did you break ... were playing 2 Have you met your new
... k ick e d ... hit neighbours yet?
UNIT 13 8 Did you see ... was wearing 3 Have you paid your electricity
13.1 9 were you doing bill yet?
2 Jack and Kate were at the 10 lo s t... did you g e t... climbed 4 Has Tom/he sold his car yet?
cinema. They were watching UNIT 17
UNIT 15
a film.
3 Tom was in his car. He was 15.1 17.1
driving. 2 She has/She's closed the door. 3 Have you ever been to
4 Tracey was at the station. She 3 They have/They've gone to Australia?
was waiting for a train. bed. 4 Have you ever lost your
5 M r and Mrs Hall were in the 4 It has/it's stopped raining. passport?
park. They were walking. 5 He has/He's had a shower. 5 Have you ever flown in a
6 (Example answer) I was in 6 The picture has fallen down. helicopter?
a cafe. I was having a drink 15.2 6 Have you ever won a race?
with some friends. 2 've bought / have bought 7 Have you ever been to New
3 's gone / has gone York?
13.2
4 Have you seen 8 Have you ever driven a bus?
2 she was playing tennis
5 has broken 9 Have you ever broken your
3 she was reading a/the
6 Ve told / have told leg?
paper/newspaper
4 she was cooking (lunch) 7 has taken
5 she was having breakfast 8 haven't seen
6 she was cleaning the kitchen 9 has she gone
10 've forgotten / have forgotten
13.3
11 's invited / has invited
2 W hat were you doing
12 Have you decided
3 Was it raining
13 haven't told
4 W hy was Sue driving
14 've finished / have finished
5 Was Tom wearing

286
 Key to Exercises

17.2 18.3 19.5

Helen: 2 She has lived in Wales all her Example answers
2 She's/She has been to life. 2 I've been in the same job for
Australia once. 3 They have been on holiday ten years.
3 She's/She has never won a since Sunday. 3 I've been learning English for
race. 4 The sun has been shining all six months.
4 She's/She has flown in a day. 4 I've known Chris for a long
helicopter a few times. 5 She has been waiting for ten time.
You (example answers): minutes. 5 I've had a headache since I
5 I've/I have never been to 6 He has had a beard since he got up this morning.
New York. was 20.
UNIT 20
6 I've/I have played tennis 18.4
many times. 2 I know 20.1
7 I've/I have never driven a lorry. 3 I've known 2 I started (it)
8 I've/I have been late for work 4 have you been waiting 3 they arrived
a few times. 5 works 4 she went (away)
17.3 6 She has been reading 5 I wore it
2-6 7 have you lived 20.2
She's/She has done a lot of 8 I've had 3 I finished
interesting things. 9 is ... He has been 4 OK
She's/She has travelled all over 5 did you finish
UNIT 19
the world, or She's/She has 6 OK
been all over the world. 19.1 7 (Steve's grandmother) died
She's/She has been married 3 for 6 for 8 Where were you / Where did
three times. 4 since 7 for you go
She's/She has written ten books. 5 since 8 for ...since 20.3
She's/She has met a lot of 19.2 3 played
interesting people. 4 did you go
Example answers:
17.4 2 A year ago. 5 Have you ever met
2 been 6 gone 3 A few weeks ago. 6 wasn't
3 gone 7 gone 4 Two hours ago. 7 's/has visited
4 been 8 been 5 Six months ago. 8 switched
5 been 9 lived
19.3
3 for 20 years 10 haven't been
UNIT 18
4 20 years ago 20.4
18.1 5 an hour ago 1 Did you have ... was
3 have been 6 a few days ago 2 Have you seen ... w e n t...
4 has been 7 for six months haven't seen
5 have lived / have been living 8 for a long time 3 has worked / has been
6 has worked / has been working working ... w a s... worked ...
19.4
7 has had didn't enjoy
2 Jack has been here since
8 have been learning 4 've/have seen . . . 've/have
Tuesday.
18.2 3 It's been raining for an hour. never spoken ... Have you
2 How long have they been 4 I've known Sue since 2008. ever spoken ... met
there? or ... been in Brazil? 5 Claire and Matt have been
3 How long have you known married for six months.
her? or ...kno w n Amy? 6 Laura has been studying
4 How long has she been medicine (at university) for
learning Italian? three years.
5 How long has he lived in 7 David has played / David has
Canada? / How long has he been playing the piano since
been living... ? he was seven years old.
6 How long have you been a
teacher?
7 How long has it been raining?

287