How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus:

Inner-textual and Intertextual Composition

M A R T I N S C H W A R T Z

In this article I shall set forth my most recent dis- In some poems, the concatenations are
coveries concerning the principles of Gathic com- throughout formal, whereas in other poems, a
position. After summarizing the observations I few stanzas are concatenated only semantically.
had made in earlier publications1 as concerns (I.1) However, in all poems in which some stanzas
ring-composition, (I.2) proto-poems, and final po- are merely concatenated semantically, there is a
ems, I shall (I.2) update the latter exposition as long sequence of stanzas (totaling to a com-
to both principles and examples. Then (II) I shall parative majority in the poem) which them-
briefly explain the principles of cross-textual re- selves show the criteria of a completed poem:
cursive composition whereby Zarathushtra gen- systematic concatenation of concentrically re-
erated the sequence of his poems. This will be lated stanzas (in these instances, single stanzas),
followed (III.1 and 2) by illustration of these prin- and concatenation of central to first and last
ciples with instances involving the etymology of stanzas. These instances are to be regarded as
Gathic personal names. proto-poems, i.e. the first stage of poems which
were later expanded by the addition of more stan-
zas to form the final poems of our Gathic canon,
I.1 each of which has an overall concatenation,
whether or not all of the concentrically related
Each of the poems of the Gathic corpus belongs stanzas are concatenated formally (as e.g. Y46) or
to one of three basic patterns of systematic con- semantically.
catenation. These govern relations between
concentrically related (a) single stanzas; (b) con-
secutively paired stanzas; and (c) single stanzas I.2
regularly alternating with consecutively paired
stanzas. In addition, the central stanza or stan- My list of proto-poems now consists of the fol-
zas of each poem are in some instances concat- lowing (subsequent expansions are indicated
enated formally, i.e. by words showing the by “+”): Proto-Y28 (yielding Y28.1–8, + 9–
inflected form, or by stems or roots (sometimes 11); Proto-Y31 (> Y31.1–18, + 19–22); Proto-Y32
the concatenation pertains to a phrase consist- (> Y32.1–13, + 14–16); Proto-Y33 (> Y33.2–10, +
ing of such words); these features also serve in 10–14, + 1); Proto-Y34 (> Y34.1–11, + 12–15);
the consecutive pairing of stanzas in concatena- Proto-Y43 (> Y43.3–13, + 14–16, + 1–2); Proto-
tion-types (b) and (c). In other instances, the Y44 (> Y44.2–11, + 12–16, + 1); Proto-Y45 (>
concatenation consists of semantically, rather Y45.1–7, + 8–11); Proto-Y46 (> Y46.1–10, + 11–
than formally, related words. Frequently the 19); and Proto-Y49 (> Y49.4–11, + 1–3, + 12). It
concatenations consist of words related by form, should now be observed that in all of these in-
and words related by meaning. Rarely, the con- stances, the last line of the proto-poem acts as
catenation is based on paronomasia, e.g. Y(asna) the first line of a second technically complete
50.6au ma≥ qra /manqra’a/ ‘mant(h)ra’ and Y50.1buu (i.e. systematically concatenated) poem (see
m´@ .na qrata /mana qrata/ ‘my protector’. More Chart I). By contrast, Y48 consists of two com-
than one concatenation is often found between plete poems (1–6 + 7–12) joined without overlap;
the two related stanzas. similarly Y51 (1–11 + 13–22).

53
 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

All of this shows that formal relatedness is the structure, are confirmed by details of the cross-
primary basis of Gathic concatenation with con- textual correlations which result from the com-
centrism. The same formality in concatenation positional process, the basics of which are set
holds true for the other Old Avestan Yasna poems, forth in II.1.
each of which is also concentrically oriented, but
where single lines, rather than stanzas, are the com-
positional unit; thus, on the one hand, the “great II
prayers” (Y27.14, Y54.1, and probably Y27.15),
all of which I attribute to Zarathushtra; and on the Every Gathic poem composed by Zarathushtra
other hand, the Yasna HaptaÙhaiti (Y35–Y41), (by which I mean not only the seventeen Gathic
which I doubt is of Zarathushtra’s authorship.2 Yasnas of our corpus, but also the proto-poems
In connection with the term haptaÙhaiti- on which they are based) may be accounted for
‘consisting of seven haitis’, the compound, as according to the following process(es) of serial
well as the term haiti- for ‘complete Old Avestan recursive composition: Beginning with a single
poem’ were canonized in Young Avestan. How- complete haiti-, words from each stanza in for-
ever, the etymological sense of haiti- ‘(poem ward consecutive order, and then in backward
characterized by) concatenation’ is already illus- consecutive order from the last stanza to the
trated by Y32.9buu haitim, which refers to Zara- first, were recast to appear in every stanza, in
thushtra’s inspired speech, and, since it occurs both directions, in a second poem under con-
in the second central stanza of the poem, con- struction, which was filled out according to the
catenates with the finale, Y32.16cuu aÙhaiia */a overall message(s) to be conveyed, and in confor-
hayaya/ ‘I would fetter’, which, like haiti-, comes mity to ring-composition. The same process was
from ÷hai ‘to tie, chain’, whence ‘concatenation’. repeated, this time using every stanza, in both
Y27.13, traditionally reckoned among the directions, of the two completed poems, toward
“great prayers”, is instead the original last (11th) the generation of a third poem. All three com-
stanza of Y29,3 for which the present Y29.11 is pleted poems were then subjected to the same
a late substitute by Zarathushtra. One other tex- process toward the production of a fourth poem,
tual modification, this a matter of transmission and so on, until the last poem of the corpus was
after Zarathushtra’s lifetime, must also be ob- produced. On the basis of this analysis, it is pos-
served: In order to obtain a systematic set of sible (but beyond the scope of this paper) to state
concatenations, the present Y31.15 should be the precise order in which the poems were com-
reckoned as originally Y31.*13 (and consequently posed, and to produce scores of charts showing
the present Y31.13–14 should be counted as the interrelationships between the various po-
originally Y31.*14–15).4 ems (as I already have, in the course of my re-
The concatenating forms of Y31, with stanzas search during the last few months). Suffice it to
rearranged as suggested, may be stated concisely: say for now that I am convinced that Y29 was
1auu and 22buu vacah- ‘word’; 2buu and 20au aii- ‘to the first poem composed (its lexical material be-
come’; 3bu and 21cuu uruuat/q- ‘(bound by) solemn ing, in effect, reflected in all the other poems),
declaration’; 3bu and 21cu *vazd- ‘solidity, nour- and that Y53 was the last poem composed.
ishment, (cultic) support’;5 4cu and 19buu ÷xsai ‘to The interrelationship between the forms in-
rule’; 5bu and 17b bis ÷vid ‘to know’; 6bu and 18auu volved in the recasting process is identical to
ma≥ qra- ‘manthra, poetic formulation’; 7bu and the formal criteria for concatenation within any
16auu *xsaqra-6 ‘dominion’; 8buu and *14cu (= 13cu) poem: A word (or phrase) may be recast as an-
casman- ‘eye’; 9buu and *15bu (= 14bu) dada- ‘to set, other word (or phrase) showing the same inflected
give’; 9cu and *15auu (= 14au) ai(t)- ‘come’; 9cuu and form, stem, or root. The one recurrent banal
*15cuu (= 14cuu) aÙh- ‘to be’; 10auu and *13cu (= 15cu) correspondence in the recasting is the phrase
vastriia- ‘pasturer’. In the central stanzas, 11cuu vohu- manah- ‘Good Mind’, used only sparingly
(y)aqra ‘where’ and 12au aqra in a continuous ref- in the ring-composition. In many instances the
erence to right and wrong speech; 11cu and 22buu recasting is based on paronomasia (even, appar-
si⁄ iaoqanaca ‘and actions’; 12auu and 1auu (-)vacafi ently, at the level of the root).
‘words’. The lexicological and textual information
The above-suggested reconstructions for Y29 gained by the charting of the various recastings is
and Y31, based on the exigencies of Gathic ring great, but must be addressed elsewhere.

54
 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

III.1 cult and meant to co-opt Zarathushtra’s advo-

cacy of Mazda, an act paralleled by their patrons’
In illustration of the foregoing compositional robbery (apaiieiti) of inheritances as per Y32.11,
principles, we shall now consider the remark- in which apaiieiti- */apa-yati-/ ‘robbery’ repeats
able formal vicissitudes of the name Yima in /apa ÷yam/ (cf., for further correlations between
the Gathas. I have already shown that at Y32.8auu Y32.8 and 11, mor´ñda- ‘make go astray’, jiiatu-
viuuaÙhuso . . . yimascit ‘Indeed Yima, son of ‘life, vitality’, and vaÙh´@us/vahistat manaÙho
$ first element in Zara- $
ViuuaÙvhan’ represents the ‘from Good/Best Mind’).
thushtra’s series of pejorative recastings of tex- Y30.3 y´@ma itself, via the recasting of its lexi-
tual material originally in honor of Haoma in cal material in the backward course of the
an Old Avestan protoform of Yasnas 9–10.7 My composition of Y31 (from the final stanza Y31.22
various speculations as to the various Gathic to Y31.12) has the obligatory correspondence of
transformation of yima- /yama-/ will now be Y32.*14, with a . . . (a)iiamaite ‘takes (hold of),
corroborated through the facts of Gathic recur- receives’:
sive composition.
Of my proposals of the various recastings of Y31.*14 y´@ va kas´@ us aenaÙho a mazista≥ m
/yama-/, the most surprising, and thus most in aiiamaite buj´m
need of corroboration, proceeds from the etymo- ‘or who, for a minor violation, receives the
logical sense of the antihero’s name ‘Twin’ (of greatest penalty’.
prehistoric origin, in allusion to the Indo-Iranian
myth of the twin pair *Yama and his sister Here the noun /yama-/ ‘twin’ and the verb /a
*Yami, attested, in radically variant accounts, in yama-/ ‘take’ are connected through their root
the RgVeda and in Pahlavi; for reflexes of this yam (cf. the play at RgVeda 10.14.10 on Yama
word for ‘twin’ in later Iranian languages, see [yama⁄ya] and a yamat ‘will take [escort]’). The
de Blois 2003, p. 7). My suspicion that Y32.8 relationship of noun /yama-/ to verb a ÷ yam
yimascit (in which the form of the personal across our Gathic texts parallels that of /yama-/
$
name, yima-, is due to Young Avestan influence) to apa ÷yam at Y32.8–9. Furthermore, the cross-
prompted the application of the word ‘twin’ in textual connection is confirmed by the parallel-
Y30.3, where y´@ ma (with y´@ ma- as the expected ism between the collocation of aenah- ‘violation’
Gathic realization of /yama-/) refers to the two and a . . . (a)iiamaite in Y31.*14b vis-à-vis the
primordial twin Spirits (mainiiu), one benign and collocation of aenah- and the noun yima- in
one malign, arose from my discovery that the for- Y32.8a. The implicit intertextual relationship
ward course of Proto-Y32 (Y32.1–13) produced between the verbs apo . . . apaiiañta (apa ÷yam)
stanza-by-stanza lexical recastings in Y30 (Chart and a . . . aiiamaite is shown by the reverse re-
IIA).8 However, the occurrence of y´m @ a- at Y30.3 casting of the second half of Proto-Y32 in the
would be out of order in the forward recasting second half of Proto-Y31 (Y31.18–10) in reverse
of lexical material from Y32. The expected lo- (see Chart VI).
cation for the correspondence is now seen from In addition, via the recasting of Y30.1–10 in
the backward recasting (Chart IIB), in which the Y53 backwards (see Chart IV), we have the corre-
obligatory lexical correspondence between Y32.8 spondence Y30.3auu y´@ ma ‘the two twins’: Y53.6cuu
and Y30.3 is satisfied by Y32.8auu srauui yimascit aiiese ‘I will take’ from a ÷yam. Finally, via the
‘indeed Yima was heard’ vis-à-vis Y30.3auu y´@ ma$ reverse recasting of Y32 in Y53, it is Y32.8auu
. . . asruuat´m ‘the two twinned [Spirits] were yimascit, i.e. the name Yima, which has as its
$
correspondent Y53.6cuu aiiese. This is the final
heard’.9
I also suggested that, in effecting the obliga- corroboration for the concatenation of yimascit
tory concatenation of the two central stanzas of with apo . . . (apa)iiañta at Y32.8–9, whereby$
Y32, Zarathushtra, playing on the etymology of Yima’s name is etymologically pejorized through
Yima’s name (÷yam), linked Y32.8 yimascit and association with robbery.
$
Y32.9 apo . . . apaiiañta (*/apa . . . yanta/ < */apa This pejoration may have other resonances
. . . yam-ta/) ‘robbed’. He thus imparted a pejora- in Y53.6b–c. Y53.6c aiiese *hoi10 piqa tanuuo
tive nuance to Yima’s name and associated his para ‘I shall take his protections away from *his
false claim to divinity with the speech of poet- person/body’ must be construed as continuing
priests who honored Yima through the Haoma Y53.6b drujo haca raq´mo y´@ m´ spasuqa fraidim

55
 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

‘he whom you see as prospering(?) is an adher- III.2

ence of Wrong’. The somewhat syntactically un-
usual y´@ m´ ‘whom’ (with an exceptional spelling The Gathic cross-textual correspondence of a
in -´) is quite possibly a paronomastic recasting name to forms of its constituent elements, as
of Y32.8 yimascit (for *y´@ mascit), so that the lat- seen for both yimascit and viuuaÙhuso, has
ter form would be$ doubly represented
$ in Y53.6. numerous parallels. A$ simple instance is
I had also proposed that Yima’s patronymic Y53.2cuu f´rasaostrasca, where the etymology of
at Y32.8, viuuaÙhuso is a pejorative neologism, f´rasaostra-, ‘having splendid (f´rasa-) camels
formed as though an -a-stem adjectival deriva- (ustra-), correlates with Y30.9auu f´ras´@ m (see
tive from a perfect stem in Indo-Iranian *-vans- (of Chart IV). The name of Zarathushtra’s daughter,
the type nom. Vedic vidvan, Av. viduua,fi obl. Vedic pouru.cista ‘much (pouru-) insightful (cista-)’ at
viduß-, Av. vidus-), as against the stem in *-vant- Y53.3au correlates with Y30.9cuu cistis ‘insight’
in Vedic vívasvant-, Y9.3–5 viuuaÙvhañt-, the lat- in establishing the obligatory correspondence
ter form therefore having occurred in the text of between Y53.3 and Y30.9 in the backwards re-
the OAv. Haoma hymn. I explained viuuaÙhusa- casting of lexical material of Y30 in the for-
as a wordplay from vi- privative (as in YAv. vijuua- ward course of Y53.11 The same attestation of
‘without life, not living’) and vaÙhusa- ‘earning pourucista also corresponds to a cognate of cista-
something good’ (cf. Vedic pa¶u-ßá- ‘winning (i.e. another derivative of ÷cit ‘to perceive’), ciqra-
cattle’); thus viuuaÙhußa- as a pejorative pun ‘bright, clear, visible’ in the compound Y34.4buu
‘not earning anything good’, referring to Yima ciqra.auuaÙh´m ‘having visible help’.12
himself. This interpretation was grounded in the The name maidiioi.mafiÙha-, attested in the
fact that the mention of Yima’s violation (aenah-) vocative Y51.19au maidiioi.mafiÙha, is a thematic
in Y32.8 prefaced at Y32.6 by Mazda being ad- adjective ‘pertaining (by birth) to the midmonth’
dressed as hata.marane (*/hatamarnai/) ‘ac- from maidiia- ‘middle’ and mah- ‘moon, month’.
counter of things earned/deserved’ specifically The name corresponds to Y44.3du mafi ‘moon’
in reference to ‘the many, countless, violations (nominative of mah-) via the lexical recasting of
(aenah-)’ committed for the sake of gaining fame Y44.1–12 in the backwards course of the second
(srauuahiieiti). Here hata- ‘things earned/de- half of Y51 (Y51.12–22).
served’ is from ÷han ‘to earn, merit’ (whence -sa- The recasting of Y46.1–13 in the second half of
in *vaÙhusa-, cf. Vedic -ßá- < ÷sani), similarly Y51 (Y51.12–22) contains the correspondence of
haiti- ‘merit, earning’ in Y32.9, in the context of Y46.4bu gafi ‘bovines’, eu fro.gafi ‘leading-bovines’
misdirected attributions of fame (srauuafi): apo and Y51.14buu gauuoi ‘cow’ (dat.).13 In addition, in
. . . apaiiañta . . . haitim ‘robs merit’. I concluded the recasting of Y46 in the backwards course of
that through the substitution of the pejorative Y51,14 Y46.17buu huuo.guua (vocative of the fam-
adjective viuuaÙhusa- for Yima’s traditional des- ily name huuo.guua- /hauguva-/ ‘having good
ignation *viuuaÙvata- ‘Son of ViuuaÙvhañt-’, bovines’, with -guva- thematic adj. from gau- ‘bo-
Zarathushtra, as throughout the Gathas, avoided vine, cow’) has as correspondence Y51.7au ga≥ m
calling a denizen of Wrong by the real name. For ‘cow’ (acc.). A parallel correspondence is found in
haiti- also as ‘concatenation, poetry’, see p. 54, the ring composition of Y46, where the obliga-
para. 2. tory concatenation between stanzas 4 and 17 is
My interpretation of viuuaÙhusa- is now only supplied by Y46.4bu gafi ‘bovines’, eu fro.gafi
confirmed by the relationship between Y32.8auu ‘the leading bovines’ and the name Y46.17buu
viuuaÙhuso and Y53.5duu ‘may you win huuo.guua. The same series of correspondences
(viuu´n0 ghatu, ÷van) each other with Rightness, is seen for Y44.6euu ga≥ m (accusative of gau-) ‘cow’
for that will be its good earning (hus´@ n´m)’ and Y51.18auu huuo.guua.15 The same words are
(see Chart V). Here, in a context of contrast, the found in an identical relationship for Y46.16buu
phonic and semantic elements of viuu´@ Ùghatu huuo.guua vis-à-vis Y51.5auu in the recasting of
and hus´@ n´m are equivalent to those of lexical material from Y46 backwards in the for-
viuuaÙhuso. The words viuuaÙhuso and ward composition of the first half of Y51.16
viuu´n0 hatu phonically share [viva(N)h-], and The name tura- friiana- ‘Tura, of the Friiana
both viuuaÙhuso and hus´@ n´m are parallel as family/clan’ (friiana- ‘descended from Friia-) is
compounds with /vahu-/~ /hu-/ ‘good’ and /-sa-/ attested in the genitive Y46.12b turahiia . . .
~ /sana-/ ‘earning’, ÷han. friianahiia. By backwards recasting of Y46,

56
 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Y46.19–7 yields lexical material in the forward impetuous) horses’, with O1r. Ø alongside OInd.
composition of the first half of Y51 (Y51.1–11) i from*H. If this is so, the ptc. *visHta- would
whereby Y46.12bu turahiia has as its correspon- have been replaced in Avestan by *visata- (cf. Av.
dent Y51.7cuu t´uuisi ‘strengths’ (dual), from ÷tu haiti- ‘concatenation’, MPers. wisad ‘open(ed)’,
(PIE ÷teuH) ‘be strong, be able’. Thus we recover but Av. hita- ‘tied, attached’ [e.g. pn. hitaspa-!]
for Iranian an adj. *tura- ‘strong’, the equiva- from *sHita-, cf. Av. haeqa- ‘trap’; thus Vedic
lent of Vedic turá- (with u from cmpd. form tuvi- víßita- < vísHita, not vísHta-?) so that vista-
< *tuHi-) alongside taviyas- ‘stronger’ etc. (Bthl. would be prone to association with ÷ vis. Indeed,
s.v. tura- cites Kurd. “tur” for t’or⁄ etc. ‘wild’, for the name vistaspa- we now have Zarathush-
which however is from Arab. †ur, †uri). tra’s own etymology, via Y32.14buu vis´ñta ‘they
As for friiana-, the etymon friia- ‘intimate, ready themselves’; vistaspa- is to be understood
dear’ is represented through the verbal root fri as ‘having ready (vista-) horses (aspa-)’. This cor-
‘be/make intimate’ = ‘propitiate’ in the corre- relation is not accidental, as shown by Y53.2cu
spondence Y46.12buu friianahiia: Y49.12cuu frinai kauuaca vistaspo ‘and Kauui Vistaspa’ corre-
‘I shall propitiate’ at the end of the forwards re- sponding respectively to Y32.15auu k´uuitafiscit
casting of Y46.1–11 in Y49(1–12).17 ‘indeed, the kauuidom’ and Y32.14buu vis´ñta$
Several proper names are attested in the last ‘ready themselves’. The name vistaspa- was taken
five stanzas of Y46, which in its backward course as an OAv. compound, with the past participle
(Y46.19-14) supplied lexical material in the re- preserving the active voice of ÷vis, which is
verse course of the stanzas which were added to prominent in the Vedic cognate vi¶áti, vi߆á-,
Proto-Y32 to finalize the poem (Y32.16-14): In ad- against the generalization of the middle voice
dition to the non-onomastic correlations,18 we for ÷ vis in Avestan. From the basic active mg.
have Y46.15au haecat.aspa, voc. pl. ‘descendents ‘enter’ (Vedic vi¶áti), Iranian developed the mg.
$
of *hicat.aspa-’, the latter name = ‘who moistens ‘be ready’, whence middle voice mg. ‘to ready
$
horses (in grooming)’, cf. RV 4.43.6 sin$ cad á¶van. oneself, position oneself for’. The older situa-
The first element, *hicat-, represents the partici- tion may be found in Yt10.46, in which visaiti
ple of the attested stem hica- (= Vedic sicá-) ‘to (miqro), paralleled by (miqro . . .) jasaiti, ‘(M.)
pour, moisten’. The fem. equivalent of haecat. comes’, thus need not be emended to visaite.
aspa- is Y53.3auu haecat .aspana, which corre-$ The persistence of the active form in Old
sponds to Y46.15au via the $ reverse recasting of Avestan is implicit in Zarathushtra’s etymolog-
Y46 (Y46.19–8) in the progressive course of Y53 ical connection of vistaspo and vis´ñta. [A rein-
(Y53.1–9). Just as Y46.15au haecat.aspa has as its terpretation of vistaspa- as ‘having ready horses’
correspondent Y32.14bu hica, instr. $ of *hic- ‘a < ‘having horses let loose’ would be easy seman-
pouring (of haoma)’, so corresponding to this hica tically; as Garcia Ramon (2006, p. 83) on vistaspa-
is Y53.3auu haecat.aspana, the latter via the back- < *visHta-), Vedic víßita- á¶va-, stresses, “le
ward recasting of$ Y32 in the forward course of cheval est relâché pour se mettre à la course”.]
Y53 (see Chart V). These data confirm Geldner’s Finally, we come to the name zaraqustra-
reading in Y32.14bu two separate words, var´cafi itself. I had long ago suggested20 that in the
hica, which has received independent support richly and intricately linked stanzas Y44.17–18,
from Vedic comparisons by Gippert.19 The name Y44.17buu zar´m ‘old age’ and Y44.18cuu ustr´mca
*hicat.aspa- was proposed by Kellens and Pirart ‘and a camel’ refer to the elements of the name
1988, $p. 8. zaraqustra- ‘having old (*zarat– from *zarañt-,
For Y46.14c, the title plus name Kauui Vista- $
÷zar) camels (ustra-)’. This is now proven by the
spa (nom. kauua vistaspo) each has a correlation lexical correspondence between the aforecited
in the corresponding stanza Y32.14. Y32.14auu forms at Y44.17buu–Y44.18cuu, and Y46.19buu
kauuaiiascit ‘the kauuis’ (here as throughout zaraqustra.21
in the pl., a $ pejorized collective) matches the
inherited title kauua-. Following Szemerényi, IV
etymologists have taken vistaspa- as a hippolog-
ical compound with vista- = Vedic víßita- ‘untied, It is difficult at present to say why Zarathushtra
unharnessed’, with á¶va- ‘horses’, RV 6.6.4, chose such a complex means of generating his
3.33.1, whereby Av. vistaspa- could represent an corpus. Parallels are yet to be sought in ancient
Indo-Iranian name ‘he who has unrestrained (i.e. literature (e.g. in the Vedic poems). For modern

57
 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Chart I
Concatenations of Y32 (schema)22 Proto-Y32 Y32 Finalizing Coda

The Concentric Concatenations of Proto-Y32 (32.1–13)

1. duta- ‘messenger’ and ‘smoke’ (dutaÙho); ÷ah ‘to be’; qba- ‘Thy’
2. aeibiio mazdafi . . . (paiti.)mraot ‘Mazda speaks (back) . . . to those’; ÷var ‘to choose’ (var´maidi);
xsaqra- ‘Dominion’
3. ÷cit ‘perceive’ (ciqra-); maz- ‘great’ (mas)
4. acista- ‘worst’; ÷da ‘to establish, make’ (dan5 to)
5. (hu-)jiiatois ‘from (good) life’; mainiiu- ‘spirit’; ÷vac ‘to speak’ (vacaÙha)
6. aenah- ‘violations’ (aena)fi ; ÷sru ‘hear’ (srauuahiieiti); ÷sanh- ‘to proclaim’ (s´@ n5 gho); ÷vid ‘to know’
(voista); qbahmi ‘in Thy’
7. aenah- ‘violations’ (aesa 4m aenaÙha 4m); ÷sru ‘hear’; ÷sanh- ‘to proclaim’ (s´n @ 5 ghaite); ÷vid ‘to know’
(viduuafi, vaedisto); ÷han ‘to earn’ and ÷hai ‘to tie’; ÷ah ‘to be’ (ahi)
8. aenah- ‘violations’ (aesa 4m aenaÙha 4m); ÷sru ‘to hear’ (srauui); qbahmi ‘in Thy’; ÷ah ‘to be’ (ahmi)
9. (huuo) jiiat´u @ s ‘(he . . .) from/of life’; mainiiu- ‘spirit’; ÷vac ‘to speak’ (uxda)
10. acista- ‘worst’; ÷da (dadat) ‘establish, make’
11. ÷cit ‘to perceive’ (cikoit´r´s);$ maz- ‘great’ (mazbis)
fi
12. aeibiio mazda . . . mraot ‘Mazda speaks . . . to those’; ÷var ‘to choose’ (varata); xsaqra- ‘domin(at)ion’
13. duta- ‘messenger’ and ‘smoke’ $ (dut´m @ ); qba- ‘Thy’
Proto-Y32, Ties from Central to Outer Stanzas
1. fi hama)
÷ah ‘to be’ (aÙ
7. ÷ah ‘to be’ (ahi)
7. tu ‘Thee’; vahista- ‘best’
13. qbahiia ‘of Thy’; acista- ‘worst’
The Concentric Concatenations of the Finalizing Coda of Y32
13. ÷hai ‘to tie’ (hisasat); d´mane ‘in the house’; ÷xsai ‘rule’ (xsaqra-)
14. ÷hai ‘to tie’ (hoiqoi);$ dr´guuan5 t- ‘wrongsome’
15. d´mane ‘in the house’; ÷xsai ‘to rule’ (xsaiiamn´n @ 5 g)
16. ÷hai ‘to tie’ (aÙhaiia); ÷xsai ‘to rule’ (xsaiia 4s); dr´guuan5 t- ‘wrongsome’

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 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Chart II
A Proto-Y32 (forwards) > Y30
32.1cu uruuaz´ma 30.1cu uruuaza ÷uruuaz ‘(have) bliss’
32.2cuu var´maidi 30.2b a-uuar´nafi ÷var ‘choose’
32.3bu mas 30.2c maz´@ maz- ‘great’
32.3cu asrudum 30.3auu asruuat´m a-÷sru ‘to have been heard’
32.3cu si⁄ iaoma≥ n 30.3buu si⁄ iaoqanoi ‘action’
32.4au acista- 30.4cu acista- ‘worst’
32.5auu (hu-)jiiati- 30.4bu (a-)jiiati- ‘life’
32.5buu mainiius 30.5bu mainiius ‘spirit’
32.5a’ d´b´naota 30.6auu d´baoma ÷dbu ‘deceive’
32.5au mas5im (*/martiyam/) 30.6cuu mar´tano ‘mortal(s)’
32.5cuu daeuua- 30.6auu daeuua- ‘demons’
32.6buu manah- 30.6buu manah- ‘mind’
32.6cu xsaqra- 30.7au xsaqra- ‘dominion’
32.7buu aiiaÙha 30.7cuu aiiaÙha ‘by metal’
32.8auu aesa≥ m aenaÙha≥ m 30.8a aesa≥ m . . . aenaÙha≥ m ‘of those violations’
32.9cuu (dus-)sastis 30.8cu saste ‘proclaiming’
32.9cuu as5ai(-ca) 30.8cuu as5ai ‘to Rightness’
32.10buu dada- 30.8cuu dada- ‘establish, put’
32.11a tae(-cit) . . . yoi 30.9a toi . . . yoi ‘those who . . .’
32.11auu $
cikoit´r´s 30.9cuu cistis ÷cit ‘perceive’
32.12au srauuah- 30.10cuu srauuah- ‘*being heard’ = ‘fame’
32.12auu mar´tano 30.11auu mas5iiafiÙho ‘mortals’

B Proto-Y32 (backwards) > Y30

32.13cuu dar´sat 30.1cuu dar´sata ÷d(a)rs ‘see’

32.12c varata $ 30.2bu auuar´nafi ÷var ‘choose’
32.11auu mazbis 30.2cu maz´@ maz- ‘great’
32.10buu (daq´@ ñg dr´guuato) dadat 30.3c hudafiÙho.. duzdafiÙho ÷da ‘establish’
32.9cu mainiiu- $ 30.3au mainiiu- ‘spirit’
32.8auu yimascit 30.3auu y´@ ma ‘twin’
32.8auu srauui $ 30.3auu asruuat´m ‘have been heard’
32.7auu naecit 30.3cuu noit ‘not’
32.6b vahista $ . . . manaÙha 30.4cuu $
vahist´m mano ‘Best Mind’
32.5buu mainiiu- 30.4au mainiiu- ‘spirit’
32.5auu (hu-)jiiati- 30.4bu (a-)jiiati- ‘life’
32.4auu acista- 30.4cu acista- ‘worst’
32.3cuu si⁄ iaoma≥ n 30.5cuu si⁄ iaoqanais ‘actions’
32.3au daeuua 30.6auu daeuuacina ‘demons’
32.2cuu var´maidi 30.6buu v´r´nata ÷var ‘choose’
32.2cu armaiti- 30.7buu armaiti- ‘Regulative Mind’
32.2bu xsaqra- 30.8bu xsaqra- ‘Dominion’
32.2au aeibiio 30.8cu aeibiio ‘to those’
32.1cu afiÙhama 30.9au x⁄ iiama ÷ah ‘be’

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 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Chart III
Proto-Y32 (backwards) > Proto-Y31 (second half, backwards)
32.13cuu ma≥ qrano 31.18auu ma≥ qra≥ sca ‘manthra’
32.12c as5at. . . druj´m 31.17a as5auua va dr´guuafi va ‘Right(-)’ vs. ‘Wrong(-)’
32.12c var´ta$ 31.16cuu v´r´nuuaite ÷var ‘opt for, believe’
32.12auu si⁄ iaoqanat 31.*15buu (ya.)si⁄ iaoqanasca ‘action’
32.11cu as5aono $ 31.*15buu as5aono ‘righteous’ (acc. pl.)
32.11auu dr´guuañto 31.*15cu dr´guuo.d´biio ‘wrongsome’ (pl.)
32.10au vaenaÙ⁄he 31.*14cuu (aibi.)vaenahi ‘see’
32.9b (apa)iiañta 31.*14buu (a)iiamaite ÷yam ‘takes’
32.9au jiiat´@ us 31.*13buu jiiotum ‘life’
32.8au aenaÙha≥ m 31.*13bu aenaÙho ‘violation’
32.7buu viduuafi 31.12bu viduuafi ‘knowing’
32.6cuu s´@ ñgho 31.11cu s´@ ñgha≥ sca ‘proclamation’
32.6bu (hata.)marane 31.10cuu (hu)m´r´tois ÷m(a)r ‘to account’

Chart IV
Y30 > Y53 (backwards)

30.1au is´@ ñto 53.9bu aesasa ÷is ‘to seek, *crave’

30.2buu tanuiie 53.9buu (p´s5o.)tanuuo ‘body’
30.2bu (a)uuar´nafi 53.9au (duz)uuar´nais ‘choice’
30.2cu maz´@ 53.8duu mazisto ‘great(est)’
30.3au mainiiu 53.7buu mainiius ‘spirit’
30.3auu y´@ ma 53.6cu (a)iiese ÷yam *‘clasp; take’
30.4buu aÙhat 53.5du aÙhat ‘will be’
30.4buu aÙhus$ 53.5cuu ahum$ ‘existence’
30.5au var´ta 53.4au (ni)uuarani ‘choose’
30.6bu v´r´nata 53.3duu var´suua ‘choose’
30.7buu armaitis 53.3duu armatois ‘Regular Thought’
30.7buu dadat 53.2duuu dadat ‘gives’
30.8cuu dad´n$ 53.2du dafiÙho$ ÷da ‘deliver, give’
30.9auu f´ras´@ m 53.2cuu f´rasa(ostrasca) ‘splendid’
30.10cuu vaÙhau srauuahi 53.1au vahista . . . srauui ‘good(+)’ + *‘hear’

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 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Chart V
Y32 (backwards) > Y53
32.16cuu isii´@ ñg 53.1au istis ÷is ‘send/seek’
32.16au vahista(-cit) 53.1au vahista ‘best’
32.15auu $ )
k´@ uuitasfi (-cit 53.2cu kauua(-ca) kauui- ‘feudal ruler’
32.14buu vis´@ ñta $ 53.2cu *vista- (in name vistaspo) ÷vis ‘ready (oneself)’
32.14auu (ni . . .) dadat 53.2duuu dadat ‘put, establish’
32.14bu hica $ 53.3auu haecat$ .aspana ÷hic ‘pour (on)’
32.14auu xratu- 53.3du xratu- $ ‘intelligence’
32.13auu manaÙho 53.4cuu manaÙho ‘of/from . . . Mind’
32.12bu mraot 53.5au mraomi ÷mru ‘speak’
32.11cuu vaed´m $ 53.5cu vaedo.dum ÷vid ‘possess’
v
32.11c (aÙ his-ca) aÙhauuas-ca 53.5cuu ahum pun: ahu- ‘milord’/‘existence’
32.10cuu yas-ca vadar´@ 53.5bu (xsmaib)iiaca vad´mno paronomasia: vadar/n-
‘weapon’; vad´mna- ‘addressing’
32.9buu vaÙh´@ us manÙho 53.5cuu vaÙh´@ us manaÙho ‘of Good Mind’
32.8auu viuuaÙhuso 53.5duu viuu´@ ñghatu hus´@ n´m paronomasia; puns ÷han ‘earn’;
(vo)hu- ‘good’
32.8auu yimas-cit 53.6buu y´@ m´ . . . aiiese paronomasia: *y´m(-) ‘whom’/
$ ‘twin’, ÷yam ‘clasp’
32.8buu xvar´mno 53.6duu (dus.)xvar´q´m paronomasia: (/xvar/)
‘swear’/‘eat’
32.7cuu ahi 53.7au aÙhat ÷ah ‘be’
32.6cu v´@ (mazda) $
53.7au v´@ (mizd´m) ‘you’ + paronomasia: ‘Mazda’/
‘prize’
32.5buu mainiius 53.7cuu mainiius ‘spirit’
32.5cuu dr´guuañt- 53.7cuu dr´guuañt- ‘wrongsome’
32.4cuu nasiiañto 53.7cuu u ana≥ sat ‘go astray’
32.3bu mas 53.8duu mazisto $ maz- ‘great’
32.2cuu var´maidi 53.9au (duz-)uuar´nais ÷var ‘choose’
32.1buu–cu mazdafi qboi 53.9du mazda tauua ‘Mazda to Thee’/‘Thy’

Chart VI
Y30 (backwards) > Y31 (second half, backwards)

30.11cuu aÙhaiti 31.22cuu aÙhaiti ‘will be’

30.11auu uruuata 31.21cu uruuaqo ‘commitment(-)’
30.10bu vaÙh´@ us manaÙho 31.21cu vaÙh´@ us . . . manaÙho ‘Good Mind’
30.9auu ahum 31.20cu ahum ‘existence’
30.8buu voi.vidaiti 31.19cuu vidata vi ÷da ‘allot’
30.7cuu adanais 31.18b a . . . (a)dat a ÷da ‘give over, consign’
30.6auu d´baoma 31.17cu d´@ bauuaiiat$ ÷dbu ‘deceive, deceit’
30.5cuu si⁄ iaoqanais 31.16cu si⁄ iaoqanasca$ ‘action’
30.4auu dazde 31.*15bu dad´ñte ‘bring about’
30.3auu y´@ ma 31.*14buu a . . . (a)iiamaite ÷yam ‘clasp, take’
30.2buu nar´@ m nar´m 31.*13buu hanar´ (as though ha-nar ‘a nar- ‘man’
man singly’?; but = Vedic sanutás
‘separately’)
30.1auu viduse 31.12buu viduuafi ‘knowing’

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 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

literature, one is reminded of the Oulipo, a and Y53.7cuu mainiius; Y30.4cu and Y53.7cuu dr´guuat-;
French group of authors who endeavor to pro- Y30.4buu and Y53.7duu u aÙh(a)t(i) ap´@ m´m; Y30.3bu
duce literary works through artificial constraints and Y53.7duu u vacah-; Y30.2buu and Y53.8cu (-)narVm
and mechanical means. Apart from the recur- (-)narVm; see Chart I for rest.
12. The other correspondences are: Y34.1au and
sive means of poetic production endowing the
Y53.1duu si⁄ iaoqana; Y34.2auu and Y53.2buu yasna-;
corpus of interconnected poems with an overall
Y34.3cuu and Y53.2cuu u saosiiañto; Y34.5cuu and Y53.3cu
unity and constancy, this technique of compo- vaÙh´@ us . . . manaÙho; Y34.5cuu and Y53.3cuu dat(a);
sition may be regarded as yet another aspect of Y34.6buu and Y53.4duu vispa-; Y34.7cu and Y53.5du
Zarathushtra’s crypticism of style. ainii´@ m/ainim; Y34.8cuu and Y53.6euu manah-; Y34.9cu
and Y53.7bu yauuat; Y34.9cu and Y53.8duu maz-;
Y34.10cu and Y53.9du $ *tu- (‘thee/thy’) + xsaqra-.
13. Other correspondences: Y46.1au and Y51.12auu
Notes noit . . . xsnaus; Y46.1duu and Y51.13bu dr´guua(ñ)to;
$
Y46.2auu, buu and Y51.13buu ÷ah; Y46.3cu and Y51.14buu
1. See Schwartz 2003a, pp. 196–99 et passim, with s´@ ñghais; Y46.3euu and Y51.14cu ÷sanh or ÷sañd;
bibliography 196, n. 2. Y46.4cuu and Y51.14buu xvais si⁄ iaoqanais; Y46.5auu and
2. Schwartz 2006a. [For ring composition in gen- Y51.14cuu a÷da, etc. down to Y46.13 and Y51.22au as5a-
eral, see Mary Douglas, “Thinking in Circles” (Yale + ÷hac. Note Y46.8buu frosiiat and Y51.16auu na≥sat, at-
University Press, December, 2006), pp. 483–89.] testing ÷as and ÷nas ‘to reach’$ as variant outcomes $ of
3. Schwartz 2003a, pp. 199 seq. PIE *Henk⁄ and *Hnek⁄.
4. Y31, like Y44, shows concatenation-type (c). 14. For this recasting, cf. Part of I, on the role of
5. Y31.3bu *vazdoÙhuuad´biio in place of paronomasia.
cazdoÙhuuad´biio, confirming an independent sug- 15. The other correspondences in the series are the
gestion by Werba. (See Werba 1986.) Note also that phonically related Y44.1b (n´maÙho . . .) n´m´@ and
in the backwards recasting of Y45 in the forwards Y51.22cu *nam´@ ni (both paronomastic recastings of
course of Y31, Y31.3 cazdoÙhuuad´biio corresponds to Y46.1 n´moi . . . n´moi aiieni); Y44.1d and Y51.22a
Y49.10 vazdaÙha. as5a- + ÷hac; Y44.2duu and Y51.21au sp´ñto; Y44.2duu
6. For the reading Y31.7bu *xsaqra for mss. xraqba, and Y51.20auu vispa-; Y44.2euu and Y51.19au na;
cf. the parallel Y45.7e with Y45.8b, Y31.8b–cu, and Y44.5buu, cuu and Y51.18cu daidi; Y44.7bu and Y51.17au
Y45.4buu–c. Probable influence of Y31.9auu–b xratus, as b´r´xda≥m; Y44.8au and Y51.16buu ÷man; Y44.9eu and
at Y31.7 with mainiiu- and mazda. Y51.15bu quasi (-)dm-a- ‘house’; Y44.10duu and
7. See Schwartz 2006 for all aspects of the relation- Y51.14buu si⁄ iaoqana-; Y44.10du and Y51.14auu *ar´@ m;
ship of Y32 to the Haoma hymn. Y44.11cuu and Y51.13auu daena; Y44.12euu and Y51.12au
8. Cf. Schwartz 2004, pp. 16–17; 2003b, p. 389, with noit.
Schwartz, 2006a. $ The other correspondences: Y46.19auu and
16.
9. For Zarathushtra’s heuristic application of ‘twin’ Y51.1cuu var´sa-; Y46.18bu and Y51.2buu istois;
to the two Spirits, and their origin in a single, prob- Y46.17cuu and Y51.2cuu vahma-; Y46.16d and Y51.3buu
lematically ambiguous term mainiiu-, see Schwartz vaÙh´@ us manaÙho; Y46.16 and Y51.4b repeat respec-
2004, pp. 15–16. The eventual equation of Mazda tively the interrogative and relative directional forms
Ahura with Sp´ñta Mainiiu set the stage for the Sasa- is -qra (whereby the statements of Y46.16 concerning
nian Zurvanite myth of Ohrmazd and Ahriman as the location of the five pentadic divine entities are
(twin) brothers within the womb of a single parent posed as questions in Y51.4); Y46.15bu and Y51.5cu
Time. See Schwartz 2004, pp. 15–16. For the meaning data- pl.; Y46.14bu and Y51.5auu gau- (see below);
of mainiiu- in the Gathas, see Shaked 2003, esp. pp. Y46.14euu and Y51.6au vaÙh´@ us; Y46.13cuu and Y51.7a
392–95 for Y30.3 and the ‘twin’ Spirits, contra ÷da redup. pres.; Y46.12euu and Y51.7cuu ÷sanh;
Kellens’ interpretations (note also pp. 395–96, on Y46.12d and Y51.7cuu vohu + manaÙha; Y46.11bu and
xsaqra- and ÷da). Y51.8bu aka-; Y46.10buu and Y51.8c ÷vid; Y46.9cuu and
10. Mss. hois. Emendation as *hoi is would intro- Y51.9cuu as5auuan´m; Y46.8auu and Y51.10buu dazde/
duce a problematic plural object. I suggest that the -s duz-dafi (÷da); Y46.7a; and Y51.11a k´@ (m)(. . .)na.
of hois has incorporated Pahlavi 3rd pers. sg. enclitic 17. The other correspondences are: Y46.1 and
-s , a gloss of Av. hoi. Y49.1 ÷xsn(a)u; Y46.2du and Y49.1cuu ÷rap; Y46.3bu
11. The other correspondences are: Y30.11au and and Y46.3bu and Y49.2cu ÷dar; Y46.3euu and Y49.3auu
Y53.1du sasa ⁄ -; Y30.10buu and Y53.2au manaÙha; /v(V)rnVi/ (÷var); 46.4au and Y49.4duu dr´guuañt-;
Y30.8buu and Y53.4cuu manah- + vohu-; Y30.7cuu and Y46.5buu huz´ñtus and Y49.5cuu ÷mru; Y46.5duu and
Y53.5duu aÙhat; Y30.6cuu and Y53.6euu ahum; Y30.5bu Y49.7cuu xvaetu-; Y46.6euu and Y49.8auu dafi; Y46.7bu and
$

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 s c h w a r t z: How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus

Y49.9buu dr´guuañt-; Y46.7euu and Y49.9cu daena; Gippert 2002 J. Gippert. “The Avestan Lan-
Y46.8duu and Y49.10auu ÷pa; Y46.9cuu and Y49.10buu guage and Its Problems.” In
as5auuan-; Y46.10cuu and Y49.11au -xsaqra-; Y46.11e Indo-Iranian Languages and
and Y49.11d drujo *d´mane (. . .) astaiio. Peoples, ed. N. Sims-Williams,
18. Y46.19au and Y32.16buu ma-; Y46.18auu and 165–87. Oxford.
Y32.16au vahista; Y46.17euu and 32.16auu ÷danh; Kellens and J. Kellens and E. Pirart. Les
Y46.16duu and Y32.15buu ÷xsai. Pirart 1988 textes vieil-avestiques. Vol. 1,
19. Gippert 2002, pp. 184–86. Introduction, textes, et com-
20. Schwartz 1986, pp. 375–79. mentaire. Wiesbaden.
21. The surrounding correlations are Y46.19duu and Schwartz 1986 M. Schwartz. “Coded Sound
Y44.20bu gau-; Y46.19du and Y44.19eu ÷vid-; Y46.19c Patterns, Acrostics, and Ana-
and Y44.19b, 18buu mizd´m han-; Y46.18duu and grams in Zoroaster’s Oral Po-
Y44.17cu xsmaka-; Y46.17cuu and Y44.16duu s´raosa-; etry.” In Studia Grammatica
Y46.17auu and Y44.16buu s´@ ñ gha-. The further corre- Iranica: Festschrift für Helmut
lations, which include notably Y46.9buu and Y44.7cu Humbach, ed. R. Schmitt and
uz´ma-, end in the series Y46.5buu and Y44.4bu P. O. Skjærvø, 327–92. Munich.
*/dr(i)ta/, Y46.4auu and Y44.3buu as5ahiia; Y46.3buu and Schwartz 1998 “The Ties that Bind: On
Y44.2cu ÷su; Y46.3bu and Y44.2bu aÙh´@ us; Y46.2du and the Form and Content of
Y44.1cu–duu friiai . . . friia- ÷da; and finally the phoni- Zarathushtra’s Gathas.” In
cally similar Y46.1a n´moi (za≥m kuqra) n´moi and New Approaches to the
Y44.1bu n´maÙho (a yaqa) n´@ m´@ . Interpretations of the Gathas,
22. For the details, see Schwartz 1998, pp. 133–34, ed. F. Vajifdar, 127–97. Surrey.
to which add Y32.7buu and 10auu */(-)vaina-/ ‘see, sight’. Schwartz 2003a “Gathic Compositional
The evidence for relocation of Y32.7cuu irixt´m to History, Y29, and Bovine
Y32.6, in concatention with Y32.11buu raex´nafiÙho Symbolism.” In Paitimana:
(both ÷ric ‘to leave over’) will be discussed elsewhere. Essays in Iranian, Indo-
European, and Indian Studies
in Honor of Hanns-Peter
Schmidt, ed. S. Adhami,
195–249. Costa Mesa.
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Zarathushtra’s Variations on
de Blois 2003 F. de Blois. “Manes’ ‘Twin’ the Theme of Bliss.” In Reli-
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M. Maggi, and E. Provasi, 7–16. Schwartz 2004 “Revelations, Theology, and
Wiesbaden. Poetics in the Gathas.” BAI
Garcia Ramón 2006 J. L. Garcia Ramón. “Homme 14:1–18.
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Un motif onomastique et l’éty- Gathic Transformation.” In
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de travail de la Societé des A. Panaino, 85–106. Milan.
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(Indogermanische Gesell- Gathas and Other Old
schaft/Society for Indo- Avestan Poetry.” In La langue
European Studies), Paris, 22–24 poétique indo-européenne.
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Indo-européennes (Indogerma- and Central Asia: Studies in

nische Gesellschaft/Society for Honour of Professor Gherardo
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459–98. Leuven. M. Maggi, and E. Provasi (see
Shaked 2003 S. Shaked. “ ‘Mind’ and Schwartz 2003b), 391–98.
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