Biology Notes - CH - 5 Life Processes2

GRADE – 10
BIOLOGY NOTE BOOK ASSIGNMENT
Nutrition in human beings
Draw a well labeled diagram of human alimentary canal.
Answer the following:
1. Meat is easier to digest as compared to grass. Why?
It is easier to digest meat because our digestive juices contain enzymes which can easily digest meat .
. but our body does not digest cellulose which is a main component of grass.
2. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin etc. help in the breaking down of
complex food particles into simple ones. These simple particles can be easily absorbed by the
blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body.
3. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the surface
area for more efficient food absorption. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that absorb the
digested food and carry it to the blood stream. From the blood stream, the absorbed food is delivered to
each and every cell of the body
4. Why does medium become acidic in mouth? What is the ill effect of this acidic medium? How can this be
Prevented?
i) Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles in the mouth
that may bring down pH in the mouth below 5.5.
ii) Tooth enamel gets soften or demineralise and cause tooth decay.
iii) By cleaning the teeth with tooth paste which is basic in nature.
5. Bile juice does not contain any digestive enzymes, yet it is essential for digestion. Give reason.
Bile juice helps to emulsify the fat present in the food and make alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act.
RESPIRATION
Draw the human respiratory system and label the parts
Give reason for the following:

1. When sports man runs, he often gets muscle cramps.In order to release more energy to perform sudden
activity, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid in the lack of oxygen. Formation of lactic acid in muscles
causes muscle cramps.
2. Trachea does not collapse.
Trachea is made up of rings of cartilage. Theses ensure that trachea does not collapse
3. Lungs do not collapse even after the stressful exhalation.
Lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed
and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
4. How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area of exchange of
Gases?
Lungs have some adaptations in them so that efficient exchanges of gases take place. The
adaptations are –
a) Increased surface area

b) Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
c) Contain extensive network of blood vessels
5. With the help of schematic flow chart, show the breakdown of glucose in the cell to provide energy:
i) In the presence of oxygen ii) in the absence of oxygen iii) When there is lack of oxygen
Refer text book
TRANSPORTATION
Give reason for the following:
1. It is necessary to separate oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood by mammals and birds.
Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals. They constantly use energy to maintain their body
temperature. So they have high energy needs. For efficient supply of oxygen to all parts of the body, it is
important that their oxygenated blood does not get mixed with deoxygenated blood.
2. Ventricles have thicker walls than atria.
Since ventricles have to pump blood to various organs of the body, they have thicker walls than atria do.
3. Blood goes only once through the heart in fishes.
The fishes have only two chambered heart. The blood is pumped to the gills and is oxygenated there.
From the gills, this blood is transported to the rest of the body. Thus, the blood goes only once through
the heart in the fishes.
4. Left ventricles have thicker walls than right ventricle.
Left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body with much pressure. So they have thicker walls
than right ventricle.
EXCRETION
Draw the structur of human excretory system and label the parts.
Answer the following:

Write the function of the following:
i) Renal artery: It brings the impure blood containing nitrogenous waste into the kidney.
ii) Renal vein: It carries away pure blood from the kidney.
iii) Kidney: To regulate the amount of water in the body and helps in filtering outnitrogenous
waste like urea from the blood.
Draw the labeled diagram of an excretory unit of kidney and label the parts.
capillaries
NEPHRON
Structure
(i) Nephrons are tubular structures present inside the kidneys.
Nephrons are made of glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tube. It also contains a cluster of
thin-walled capillaries.
Function
The blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery which branches into many capillaries in the
glomerulus. The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule. Then the filtrate
moves through the proximal tubule and then down into the loop of henle. From henle’s loop, filtrate
passes into the distal tubule and then to the collecting duct. The collecting duct collects the urine from
many nephrons and passes it to the ureter. During the flow of filtrate, some substances such as glucose,
amino acids, and water are selectively re- absorbed.
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GRADE – 10

BIOLOGY NOTE BOOK ASSIGNMENT

Nutrition in human beings

Draw a well labeled diagram of human alimentary canal.

Answer the following:

1. Meat is easier to digest as compared to grass. Why?

2. What is the function of digestive enzymes?

3. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

Give reason for the following:

a) Increased surface area

Refer text book

Answer the following:

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