Biology Immune System

The Immune System
Click & Learn

Student Worksheet (General Immunology)
INTRODUCTION
This worksheet will guide your exploration of The Immune System Click & Learn. After completing this
worksheet, you will have more knowledge about how the immune system works. You will be able to apply that
knowledge to everyday situations, such as getting a vaccine or having a fever.
PART 1: Introduction to Immune System Anatomy
Open The Immune System Click & Learn and go through the “Immune System Anatomy” section. This section
explores the main organs of the immune system.
1. The body has physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering and infecting tissues.
a. Having a runny nose (and blowing your nose) protects your body from pathogens. How do you think that
works?
b. Why do cells that line the respiratory tract (including the nose and lungs) have hairs?
2. The table below is an example “report” from a blood test. It shows the numbers of five different cell types in
a person’s blood. It also shows the expected ranges of numbers if the person is currently healthy. (These
values are just examples — other people’s might be different.)
Type of cell Number of cells Expected number of cells
(per microliter of blood) (per microliter of blood)
Neutrophils 4,165 1,560–6,450
Lymphocytes 1,050 950–3,070
(T cells, B cells, NK cells)
Eosinophils 142 30–480
Monocytes 519 260–810
Basophils 24 10–80
a. Where in the body are these types of cells produced?
b. Are this person’s numbers of immune cells within their expected ranges? If not, which cell types are not
within their expected ranges?
3. Below is an example report for someone with leukemia, a cancer of immune cells. Cancer is caused by
uncontrolled cell division.
Neutrophils 2,580 1,560–6,450
Lymphocytes 124 950–3,070
www.BioInteractive.org Published March 2022
Page 1 of 6
Click & Learn
The Immune System Student Worksheet (General Immunology)
Monocytes 2,280 260–810

a. Which parts of this report might show that this person has leukemia? Be specific.
b. One treatment for leukemia is a bone marrow transplant. First, doctors use various methods to kill the
cancer cells in the person’s body. They can then replace these cells with stem cells from the bone
marrow of a person without leukemia. Why might a bone marrow transplant help a person with
leukemia?
4. In very rare cases, a baby may be born without a thymus. How might this affect their immune system?
5. When a person is sick, a doctor may check the lymph nodes under their jaw and on each side of their neck.
Swollen lymph nodes can be a sign that the body is responding to an infection. Why do you think this is?
6. An athlete injured their spleen during a game. At the hospital, doctors removed the spleen and then
recommended that the athlete get all their vaccines, including the flu vaccine. Vaccines are medicines that
help protect the body from infections. Explain why getting vaccines would be particularly important for
someone without a spleen.
7. Label two organs of the immune system on the figure below, and explain how they work together.
Figure 1. A diagram of the human body.

Page 2 of 6
Click & Learn
PART 2: Immune Response

Continue to the “Immune Response” section of the Click & Learn, which explores how the immune system
responds to pathogens.
Read the “Overview,” then all the pages under the “Innate Immune Response” part of the “Timeline” tab. Stop
when you reach the “Adaptive Immune Response” page.
8. Determine whether each statement in the table below is true or false. Write your decision in the “True or
False?” column.
Statement True or False?
Innate immune cells can distinguish between specific types of viruses and
bacteria.
Innate immune cells can activate adaptive immune cells.
The innate immune response provides longer-lasting protection than the
adaptive response.
The innate immune response includes phagocytes and proteins.
9. Cytokines are often referred to as “messengers.” Provide two examples of “messages” that cytokines can
deliver, and how cells or the body respond to each message.
10. Examine the diagram below. It represents some of the steps (A to F) that can occur when a person is
infected.
A B C
D E F
Assign each letter in the diagram to a step in the table below. Some of the letters have already been filled in.
Steps Letter
Phagocytes with antigens on their surface activate T cells to start the adaptive immune
response.
Pathogens get through the body’s physical and chemical barriers.
Innate immune cells, which include phagocytes, respond to the pathogens.
Pieces of pathogens (antigens) attach to proteins on the surface of phagocytes. D
The adaptive immune response destroys the pathogens, and the infection ends.
The innate immune response destroys the pathogens, and the infection ends. C
Read all the pages under the “Adaptive Immune Response” part of the “Timeline” tab. Stop when you reach the
“Repeated Infections” page.
11. In two or three sentences, describe how the innate and adaptive immune responses interact.

Page 3 of 6
Click & Learn
12. Fill in the table below with the following terms:

• humoral immune response
• fever
• inflammation
• cell-mediated immune response
• skin and mucous membranes
Immune response
Innate immune response Adaptive immune response
13. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a medical condition in which you have low levels of antibodies. People with
hypogammaglobulinemia tend to get a lot of infections. Why do you think this is?
14. Explain the difference between an antibody and an antigen.
15. What does it mean to say that the adaptive immune response has “memory”?

Page 4 of 6
Click & Learn
PART 3: Vaccines
Read all the pages under the “Repeated Infections” part of the “Timeline” tab.
16. The figure below shows the antibody levels of an individual who was injected with a specific antigen. The
individual was injected with this antigen twice: once in Week 1 and again in Week 5.
Figure 2. Antibody levels over time for an individual injected twice with a specific antigen.
a. Which cells produce antibodies?
b. Between the first and second antigen injections, when are antibody levels the highest?
c. Describe two differences between the antibody levels after the first and second injections.
d. What might explain the differences you described?
Now read the “Vaccines” tab under the “Immune Response” section.
17. The table below lists the four main types of vaccines.
a. Complete the table with a short description of what the vaccine consists of.
Type of vaccine Description
Live-attenuated
Inactivated
Subunit/recombinant
Toxoid

Page 5 of 6
Click & Learn
b. Explain why vaccines do not cause disease.
18. The graph below shows how many cases of measles were reported in the United States from 1921 to 2015.
Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Figure 3. The number of reported cases of measles in the United States from 1921 to 2015.
The measles vaccine has been available in the United States since 1963. What happened to the number of
reported measles cases at that time?

Page 6 of 6
Post Lab Questions
1. What muscle does the big balloon represent? What is the role of this muscle in
breathing?
The big balloon represents the diaphragm. When we inhale air, the diaphragm contracts and
pulls air into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and air is forced out of the
lungs.
2. When the diaphragm is extended, do the lungs fill up with air or expel?
The lungs will fill up with air.
3. What body part(s) do the straws represent? Specify their function.
The long straw represents the trachea – also known as the windpipe – which is a long tube that
transports air to the lungs. The two small straws represent the bronchi which further lead the air
from the trachea to a specific lung.
4. In the lung model that you built, why is it important to create a seal over the
neck of the plastic bottle? What would happen during “breathing” if there was a
leak?
A seal is important in order to prevent air from leaking out of the bottle. Should there be an
opening on the neck, no air will be trapped inside the bottle. As such, the “lungs”/balloons will
not inflate with air or contract therefore the process of “breathing” will not occur.
5. What if one of the lung balloons became punctured? Would it still change volume
in response to the movement of the diaphragm?
The volume of air taken in response to the movement of the diaphragm would be decreased. I
attempted puncturing a small hole into one of the lung balloons and noted that the size of the
inflation has decreased. Presumably, this is because the air is leaking out of the balloon which
relates to the lower volume of air taken in.
6. What does the plastic bottle represent in this model?
The plastic model represents the ribcage. The rib-cage provides protection for the vital organs
that are present in the chest cavity.
7. How does the extra “mucus” affect how much air can be inhaled?
Mucus plays an essential role in ensuring our body is protected from infection. However an
excess of mucus causes airways to be congested which decreases the volume of air inhaled.
8. How has the added water affected the capability of the lungs to perform
Correctly?
The added water has greatly affected the capacity of air that was taken in by the balloons. I
noted that the “lungs” were smaller when they had added water to them.
The Immune System
Click & Learn
Student Worksheet (General Immunology)
INTRODUCTION
This worksheet will guide your exploration of The Immune System Click & Learn. After completing this
worksheet, you will have more knowledge about how the immune system works. You will be able to apply that
knowledge to everyday situations, such as getting a vaccine or having a fever.
PART 1: Introduction to Immune System Anatomy
Open The Immune System Click & Learn and go through the “Immune System Anatomy” section. This section
explores the main organs of the immune system.
1. The body has physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering and infecting tissues.
a. Having a runny nose (and blowing your nose) protects your body from pathogens. How do you think that
works?
b. Why do cells that line the respiratory tract (including the nose and lungs) have hairs?
2. The table below is an example “report” from a blood test. It shows the numbers of five different cell types in
a person’s blood. It also shows the expected ranges of numbers if the person is currently healthy. (These
values are just examples — other people’s might be different.)
Neutrophils 4,165 1,560–6,450
Lymphocytes 1,050 950–3,070
Monocytes 519 260–810
a. Where in the body are these types of cells produced?
b. Are this person’s numbers of immune cells within their expected ranges? If not, which cell types are not
within their expected ranges?
3. Below is an example report for someone with leukemia, a cancer of immune cells. Cancer is caused by
uncontrolled cell division.
Neutrophils 2,580 1,560–6,450
Lymphocytes 124 950–3,070
Page 1 of 6
Click & Learn
Monocytes 2,280 260–810

a. Which parts of this report might show that this person has leukemia? Be specific.
b. One treatment for leukemia is a bone marrow transplant. First, doctors use various methods to kill the
cancer cells in the person’s body. They can then replace these cells with stem cells from the bone
marrow of a person without leukemia. Why might a bone marrow transplant help a person with
leukemia?
4. In very rare cases, a baby may be born without a thymus. How might this affect their immune system?
5. When a person is sick, a doctor may check the lymph nodes under their jaw and on each side of their neck.
Swollen lymph nodes can be a sign that the body is responding to an infection. Why do you think this is?
6. An athlete injured their spleen during a game. At the hospital, doctors removed the spleen and then
recommended that the athlete get all their vaccines, including the flu vaccine. Vaccines are medicines that
help protect the body from infections. Explain why getting vaccines would be particularly important for
someone without a spleen.
7. Label two organs of the immune system on the figure below, and explain how they work together.
Figure 1. A diagram of the human body.

Page 2 of 6
Click & Learn
PART 2: Immune Response

Continue to the “Immune Response” section of the Click & Learn, which explores how the immune system
responds to pathogens.
Read the “Overview,” then all the pages under the “Innate Immune Response” part of the “Timeline” tab. Stop
when you reach the “Adaptive Immune Response” page.
8. Determine whether each statement in the table below is true or false. Write your decision in the “True or
False?” column.
Statement True or False?
Innate immune cells can distinguish between specific types of viruses and
bacteria.
Innate immune cells can activate adaptive immune cells.
The innate immune response provides longer-lasting protection than the
adaptive response.
The innate immune response includes phagocytes and proteins.
9. Cytokines are often referred to as “messengers.” Provide two examples of “messages” that cytokines can
deliver, and how cells or the body respond to each message.
10. Examine the diagram below. It represents some of the steps (A to F) that can occur when a person is
infected.
A B C
D E F
Assign each letter in the diagram to a step in the table below. Some of the letters have already been filled in.
Steps Letter
Phagocytes with antigens on their surface activate T cells to start the adaptive immune
response.
Pathogens get through the body’s physical and chemical barriers.
Innate immune cells, which include phagocytes, respond to the pathogens.
Pieces of pathogens (antigens) attach to proteins on the surface of phagocytes. D
The adaptive immune response destroys the pathogens, and the infection ends.
The innate immune response destroys the pathogens, and the infection ends. C
Read all the pages under the “Adaptive Immune Response” part of the “Timeline” tab. Stop when you reach the
“Repeated Infections” page.
11. In two or three sentences, describe how the innate and adaptive immune responses interact.

Page 3 of 6
Click & Learn
12. Fill in the table below with the following terms:

• humoral immune response
• fever
• inflammation
• cell-mediated immune response
• skin and mucous membranes
Immune response
Innate immune response Adaptive immune response
13. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a medical condition in which you have low levels of antibodies. People with
hypogammaglobulinemia tend to get a lot of infections. Why do you think this is?
14. Explain the difference between an antibody and an antigen.
15. What does it mean to say that the adaptive immune response has “memory”?

Page 4 of 6
Click & Learn
PART 3: Vaccines
Read all the pages under the “Repeated Infections” part of the “Timeline” tab.
16. The figure below shows the antibody levels of an individual who was injected with a specific antigen. The
individual was injected with this antigen twice: once in Week 1 and again in Week 5.
Figure 2. Antibody levels over time for an individual injected twice with a specific antigen.
a. Which cells produce antibodies?
b. Between the first and second antigen injections, when are antibody levels the highest?
c. Describe two differences between the antibody levels after the first and second injections.
d. What might explain the differences you described?
Now read the “Vaccines” tab under the “Immune Response” section.
17. The table below lists the four main types of vaccines.
a. Complete the table with a short description of what the vaccine consists of.
Type of vaccine Description
Live-attenuated
Inactivated
Subunit/recombinant
Toxoid

Page 5 of 6
Click & Learn
b. Explain why vaccines do not cause disease.
18. The graph below shows how many cases of measles were reported in the United States from 1921 to 2015.
Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Figure 3. The number of reported cases of measles in the United States from 1921 to 2015.
The measles vaccine has been available in the United States since 1963. What happened to the number of
reported measles cases at that time?

Page 6 of 6
SOUTHVILLE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AND COLLEGES
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
A.Y. 2022-2023
SCIENCE BIOLOGY MAJOR
TERM 1: PASS MODULE

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES:
Differentiate mechanical and chemical digestion.
Explain the different processes involved in the digestive system
Explain why organisms need food
Explain the mechanism of gas exchange in humans.
Explain the function of the 4 lobes of the brain
Explain how homeostasis works in terms of Negative and Positive Feedback
Mechanisms
Discuss the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and methods by
which it may be controlled.
NAME: Bianca Isabella M. Raymundo
YR and SEC: 12-Tenacity
DATE: 15. November. 2022.
SCORE:
Page 1 of 5
Essay: Answer the following questions based on your own understanding of the
different human body systems. Write your answer in the space provided below
each question. The rubric is attached for your reference.
Rubric:
Points Content
5 Comprehensive and well-expressed relevant statements as an answer to what is required.
4 Well-expressed relevant statements as an answer to what is required.
3 Expression of statements to answer what is required is acceptable and relevant.
2 Expression of statements to answer what is required lacks depth or relevance.
1 Expression of statements to answer what is required is irrelevant.
1. Differentiate mechanical and chemical digestion and identify the organs

involved in each.
Mechanical digestion is the act of physically breaking down food into smaller particles while
chemical digestion is when large food molecules are broken down into their simplest forms
through the use of digestive enzymes.
Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth, wherein the teeth mash and
chew food until it becomes a soft pulp called bolus. The mouth also secretes saliva which
contains amylase— an enzyme that breaks down starch. The stomach also partakes in
mechanical and chemical digestion wherein the food is churned in a mixture of hydrochloric
acid and digestive enzymes secreted by the stomach to better aid in its chemical digestion.
The majority of chemical digestion, however, occurs in the small intestine. Enzymes secreted
from the pancreas break down the food even further in order for the nutrients to be absorbed
into the bloodstream through the villi that line the small intestine.
Page 2 of 5
2. Explain the different processes involved in the digestive system.
Ingestion is when food is taken in and consumed orally, occurs in the mouth. Digestion is the
breakdown of ingested food into smaller particles, it consists of both mechanical and
chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion is when food is physically broken down such as
through chewing or churning in the stomach while chemical digestion relies on digestive
enzymes and acids secreted by our pancreas, stomach, and salivary glands to break down
food. Absorption occurs in the small intestine as a result of chemical digestion. The small
intestine is lined with villi which help absorb the nutrients from the broken down food into the
bloodstream. Metabolism is when these raw nutrients that were absorbed are converted into
raw ATP so that our body may use them to power our cellular processes. Lastly, defecation is
when indigestible waste (eg. fiber) that was held in our rectum is excreted out of our body
through the anus.
3. Why do we need to eat food? Justify your answer.

We need to eat food in order for our body to have the energy that it needs to power our
cellular processes that enable us to grow, move, think, and repair cells. When we eat food, it is
broken down and digested by our body which absorbs the nutrients into our bloodstream.
Without these nutrients, our body fails to perform certain functions. We may find it difficult to
move or concentrate, become more prone to sickness since our body doesn’t have the energy
to repair itself, and stunt our growth. When we go without food for too long, we experience
starvation which can ultimately lead to death.
4. Differentiate Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms and cite 1

example each.
Page 3 of 5
Negative feedback mechanism is when the response will reverse/cause the opposite effect of
an original stimulus. Its aim is to ensure that the body will return back to its original state/set
values. For example, thermoregulation is a negative feedback loop. When our body gets
overheated, such as in a fever, a negative feedback mechanism is established, in order for our
body to return to its original temperature of 36-37°C. A positive feedback mechanism is when
the response will cause the body to move further away from its original state/set values. For
example, when giving birth, the body releases a hormone called oxytocin in order for the
muscle contractions to be stimulated so that the baby can move through the birth canal.
5. Explain the mechanism of gas exchange in humans.

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli which are air-sacs lined with capillaries that are present in
the lungs. Oxygen from the lungs diffuses into the bloodstream through the capillaries where
it will bind with the hemoglobin present in red blood cells to be transported throughout the
body while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses out to the alveoli so that it is exhaled
through the lungs.
Page 4 of 5
6. How is HIV transmitted and controlled?
HIV is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids from an infected person. This can
occur through sexual contact, using infected needles, and from a mother to a baby. Once
someone gets infected with HIV, they have it for life and there is no cure. However, those with
HIV can take HIV medicine as part of their treatment which lessens the amount of HIV in
their blood. This type of treatment is referred to as antiretroviral therapy or ART and can be
taken in the form of pills or shots. It is also possible to prevent HIV transmission by practicing
safe sex through the use of condoms and avoid sharing personal items such as needles to
avoid cross-contamination. It’s important for an infected patient to get the virus under control
in order to lessen the chances of transmission and to stop it from progressing into AIDS.
Page 5 of 5
Recitation Card
September 13, 2022- | | | | | | = 6
September 14, 2022 - | | | | | | | | = 8
The main function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the whole body.
Today, I learned that the arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood
towards the heart. I also learned that plasma is made of water, salts, enzymes and sugars.
Lastly, I learned that red blood cells are enucleated so they can increase their surface area in
order to contain more hemoglobin for oxygen transportation.
September 16, 2022 - ||||| ||||| ||||| ||||| = 20
September 19, 2022 - ||| ||||| ||| ||||| ||||| = 21
September 21, 2022 - || = 2
1. What is the importance of the immune system on the body?

The immune system protects the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses
that can cause infection. It’s important in ensuring that the body remains in optimal health.
2. How does the immune system work with the circulatory system?
White blood cells are a major component of the body’s immune system. They help fight against
diseases by targeting the bacteria that cause them. These white blood cells are transported to
the site of the infection through the arteries and veins which are part of the circulatory system.
3. How can we keep our immune system healthy?

We can keep our immune system healthy by ensuring that we get enough rest (8 hours of sleep
every night), exercising and eating a balanced diet. We may also take vitamins that can aid in
boosting our immune system.
Sep 27, 2022
1) Bronchioles (|)
2) Alveoli (|)
3) Inhalation (|)
4) Exhalation (|)
5) Nasal Cavity (|)
6) Pharynx (|)
7) Trachea (|)
8) Epiglottis (|)
9) Nose (|)
10) Lungs (|)
11) Diaphragm (|)
|| || ||||| = 20
EQ. Why do we need to breathe?
We need to breathe in order to intake oxygen for the process of respiration. This is because
oxygen is required to fulfill many of the crucial functions for living such as growth, cell
reparation, and turning food into energy (ATP). Breathing is also essential to ensure that each
cell in our body has enough oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide from our bloodstream.
28 September, 2022 - ||||| ||||| = 10
October 3rd, 2022 - ||||| ||||| ||||| ||||| = 20
October 4th, 2022 - || ||||| = 7
1. You’re standing at a park when you suddenly hear a loud, crashing sound. Your brain
interprets the sound and your hands cover your ears to muffle the noise.
2. You got bitten by a mosquito and your skin starts to itch. Your brain interprets the touch
so your fingers can scratch the mosquito bite.
3. You’re in your bedroom and your alarm goes off. You check the time and you realise that
you’re late from school. Your brain interprets the stimulus, and your legs rush out of bed
to get ready.
4. You’re waiting in line at the cafeteria and you smell really good food. Your brain
interprets the stimulus and your mouth waters as you imagine the taste.
5. It starts to snow outside and you begin to feel cold. Your brain interprets the stimulus and
your body starts to shiver.
October 7, 2022
- ||| ||| ||| = 6
October 10, 2022
- ||||| ||||| ||||| || = 17
October 17, 2022
- || || || || = 8
October 24, 2022
1. In asexual reproduction, there’s only one parent involved and the offspring will be a
genetic clone of the parent.
2. Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction in which an egg cell can fully develop into an
embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
3. Hermaphrodites are organisms that change sex/have both male and female organs, for
example barnacles.
Nov 8, 2022
- ||||| || = 7
Total Recitation Points =163

Theme of the Year:
Nurturing the 5Cs (Competence, Character, Commitment to Achieve, Collaboration,
Creativity) through Academic Rigor with Grit and Growth Mindset
Activity: Meiosis
Name: Bianca Raymundo Date: 7th. November. 2022.

Year and Section: 12 Tenacity Score: ______________
Part I. Directions: Determine the number of chromosomes and daughter cells

before and after meiosis. Write your answers on the blank.
1. There are 2,472 parent/daughter cells. Each has 10 chromosomes.
a. Before meiosis, how many parent cells were there? 618

b. Before meiosis, how many chromosomes does a parent cell have? 20
c. After meiosis, how many daughter cells will be produced? 9,888
d. After meiosis, how many chromosomes does a daughter cell have? 5
a. Before meiosis, how many parent cells were there? 1121.5

a. Before meiosis, how many parent cells were there? 2720.5


c. After meiosis, how many daughter cells will be produced? 360, 728

Part II.
Directions: Identify the disorders caused by nondisjunction in meiosis based on
their karyotype.Describe the genetic disorder in 4-5 sentences.
Case no. 1:
Name of Genetic Disorder: Klinefelter Syndrome
Case no. 2:
Name of Genetic Disorder: Edwards Syndrome
Case no. 3:
Name of Genetic Disorder: Patau Syndrome

12-Tenacity Bianca Raymundo
1. How does digestion and ingestion differ?

- Ingestion is the process in which food is taken into the body. Digestion is the breakdown
of food into smaller molecules for absorption.
2. The stomach secretes an acid that enables the breakdown of food into smaller
molecules. The stomach also contains a mucus lining called the “mucosa”. Name
the acid present in the stomach and explain what happens when the lining is
damaged.
- The acid present is hydrochloric acid. When the lining is damaged, it causes gastritis– an
inflammation of the mucosa.
3. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen- 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑟 blood 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 from the heart.
4. Names the 4 valves of the heart.

- Mitral valve
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary Valve
- Aortic Valve
5. What is the protein produced by the immune system that binds to a specific
antigen?
- Antibodies
6. What is phagocytosis?
- A cellular process in which a cell uses it’s plasma membrane to engulf another
cell or foreign particles.
7. Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

- This is because the space is taken up by the heart
8. What is the function of the pleural membrane?
- Cushions the lung to ensure optimal expansion and contraction during breathing
9. Give an example of a sympathetic response.

- Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, airway muscles relaxed to let in more air
10. What type of feedback is involved in thermoregulation?

- Negative feedback
11. A change in the organism caused by a difference in the environment is the…

- Response
12. What is a negative feedback loop?

- A negative feedback loop is when the response will reverse/cause the opposite
effect of the original stimulus.
13. Where does fertilisation occur?

- Fallopian tubes
14. What’s the difference between being sterile and being infertile?
- Sterile refers to the inability to conceive regardless of medical intervention, while
being infertile means having difficulty being able to complete a full-term
pregnancy.
15. What is the function of the scrotum?

- Holds and protects the testicles
Disease: Pancreatitis
Description (Bianca): Pancreatitis is a disease wherein the pancreas becomes inflamed. The
pancreas is a gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to break down food
and releases hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar.
There are two types of pancreatitis: chronic and acute. Acute pancreatitis is a sudden
inflammation. Most people will be able to recover once they receive proper treatment. Chronic
pancreatitis is long-term inflammation of the pancreas. It usually happens after an episode of
acute pancreatitis.
Cause (jam): Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland
that is hidden in the upper belly beyond the stomach. The pancreas creates hormones that
regulate how your body handles sugar and enzymes that aid in digestion. Large enough
gallstone can become lodged at the junction of the main pancreatic duct and the common bile
duct which results to having pancreatitis. The most common causes are alcoholism and solid
lumps (gallstones) in the gallbladder.
Symptoms (Yeju): Fever, higher heart rate, nausea and vomiting, swollen and tender belly, pain
in the upper part of belly.
Treatment (if available): It can be treated by antibiotics, Intravenous(IV) fluid, low-fat diet or
fasting. For more severe cases, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to
remove gallstones blocking your bile or pancreatic ducts, gallbladder surgery, and pancreas
surgery to clean out fluid.

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The Immune System

Click & Learn

a. Where in the body are these types of cells produced?

Monocytes 2,280 260–810

Figure 1. A diagram of the human body.

www.BioInteractive.org Published March 2022

PART 2: Immune Response

Innate immune cells, which include phagocytes, respond to the pathogens.

Pieces of pathogens (antigens) attach to proteins on the surface of phagocytes. D

www.BioInteractive.org Published March 2022

12. Fill in the table below with the following terms:

14. Explain the difference between an antibody and an antigen.

www.BioInteractive.org Published March 2022

a. Which cells produce antibodies?

d. What might explain the differences you described?

www.BioInteractive.org Published March 2022

b. Explain why vaccines do not cause disease.

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The lungs will fill up with air.

3. What body part(s) do the straws represent? Specify their function.

6. What does the plastic bottle represent in this model?

a. Where in the body are these types of cells produced?

Monocytes 2,280 260–810

Figure 1. A diagram of the human body.

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PART 2: Immune Response

Innate immune cells, which include phagocytes, respond to the pathogens.

Pieces of pathogens (antigens) attach to proteins on the surface of phagocytes. D

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12. Fill in the table below with the following terms:

14. Explain the difference between an antibody and an antigen.

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a. Which cells produce antibodies?

d. What might explain the differences you described?

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b. Explain why vaccines do not cause disease.

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TERM 1: PASS MODULE

NAME: Bianca Isabella M. Raymundo

YR and SEC: 12-Tenacity

DATE: 15. November. 2022.

5 Comprehensive and well-expressed relevant statements as an answer to what is required.

4 Well-expressed relevant statements as an answer to what is required.

3 Expression of statements to answer what is required is acceptable and relevant.

2 Expression of statements to answer what is required lacks depth or relevance.

1 Expression of statements to answer what is required is irrelevant.

1. Differentiate mechanical and chemical digestion and identify the organs

3. Why do we need to eat food? Justify your answer.

4. Differentiate Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms and cite 1

5. Explain the mechanism of gas exchange in humans.

September 13, 2022- | | | | | | = 6

September 14, 2022 - | | | | | | | | = 8

September 16, 2022 - ||||| ||||| ||||| ||||| = 20

September 19, 2022 - ||| ||||| ||| ||||| ||||| = 21

September 21, 2022 - || = 2

1. What is the importance of the immune system on the body?

3. How can we keep our immune system healthy?

Sep 27, 2022

EQ. Why do we need to breathe?

28 September, 2022 - ||||| ||||| = 10