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    Aberrations: Geometriic Optiics Lecture

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    بلسم محمود شاكر
    Aberrations occur when lenses do not produce a perfect point image due to violations of the thin lens approximation. The two main types of aberration are: 1. Spherical aberration, where rays farther from the optical axis focus closer to the lens, producing a blurred image rather than a point. It can be reduced by decreasing the aperture size. 2. Chromatic aberration, where different wavelengths of light focus at different distances due to the lens's varying refractive index. It can be corrected by using a lens combination made of different materials. A third type of aberration is coma, which causes off-axis object points to focus to different focal lengths, distorting the image.

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    Aberrations: Geometriic Optiics Lecture

    Uploaded by

    بلسم محمود شاكر
    38 views5 pages
    Aberrations occur when lenses do not produce a perfect point image due to violations of the thin lens approximation. The two main types of aberration are: 1. Spherical aberration, where rays farther from the optical axis focus closer to the lens, producing a blurred image rather than a point. It can be reduced by decreasing the aperture size. 2. Chromatic aberration, where different wavelengths of light focus at different distances due to the lens's varying refractive index. It can be corrected by using a lens combination made of different materials. A third type of aberration is coma, which causes off-axis object points to focus to different focal lengths, distorting the image.

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    Aberrations occur when lenses do not produce a perfect point image due to violations of the thin lens approximation. The two main types of aberration are: 1. Spherical aberration, where rays farther from the optical axis focus closer to the lens, producing a blurred image rather than a point. It can be reduced by decreasing the aperture size. 2. Chromatic aberration, where different wavelengths of light focus at different distances due to the lens's varying refractive index. It can be corrected by using a lens combination made of different materials. A third type of aberration is coma, which causes off-axis object points to focus to different focal lengths, distorting the image.

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    Aberrations: Geometriic Optiics Lecture

    Uploaded by

    بلسم محمود شاكر
    Aberrations occur when lenses do not produce a perfect point image due to violations of the thin lens approximation. The two main types of aberration are: 1. Spherical aberration, where rays farther from the optical axis focus closer to the lens, producing a blurred image rather than a point. It can be reduced by decreasing the aperture size. 2. Chromatic aberration, where different wavelengths of light focus at different distances due to the lens's varying refractive index. It can be corrected by using a lens combination made of different materials. A third type of aberration is coma, which causes off-axis object points to focus to different focal lengths, distorting the image.

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    GEOMETRIIC OPTIICS …………………… LECTURE (8)

    Defects of Lenses

    Aberrations
    Our analysis of mirrors and lenses assumes that rays make small angles
    with the principal axis and that the lenses are thin. In this simple model,
    all rays leaving a point source focus at a single point, producing a sharp
    image. Clearly, this is not always true.
    When the approximations used in this analysis do not hold, imperfect
    images are formed.
    A precise analysis of image formation requires tracing each ray, using
    Snell’s law at each refracting surface and the law of reflection at each
    reflecting surface. This procedure shows that the rays from a point object
    do not focus at a single point, with the result that the image is blurred.
    The departures of actual images from the ideal predicted
    by our simplified model are called aberrations.

    Aberrations in optical systems can be defined as the failure to get a


    faithful representation of an object in the image plane.

    Two main types of aberration are important for lenses:

    a. Spherical Aberration

    Figure20.Spherical Aberration,the image is not a pointbut a blurred

    After refraction by the lens, the rays do not all pass through the same
    point. Rays further from the principal axis are refracted so as to meet
    nearer to the lens than those which are close to the axis. This problem
    called "Spherical Aberration". The method of reducing the spherical
    aberration of a lens is to reduce the aperture using a diaphragm (also
    called "iris"or " stop").(as in camera).

    36
    GEOMETRIIC OPTIICS …………………… LECTURE (8)

    Figure21.Reducing the aperture by diaphragm "stop"

    It can control the spherical aberration by changing the value called "the
    shape factor" q. by following relation:
    𝑅2 + 𝑅1
    𝑞=
    𝑅2 − 𝑅1
    𝑅2 and 𝑅1 are the radii of curvatures of two surfaces.This procedure is
    called "bending the lens".

    b. ChromaticAberration

    Chromatic aberration arises because the lens has different refractive


    indixes for different wavelengths. Thus, there is a separate focal length
    for each wavelength (color) of light.This effect can be reduced
    bycombination of converging anddiverging lenses can eliminate the
    aberration.

    Figure .22 a. chromatic aberration of single lens, b. chromatic doublet consists of


    a combination of a convex and a concave lens made of glasses having different
    refractive indexes.

    37
    GEOMETRIIC OPTIICS …………………… LECTURE (8)

    Consider an optical system of two lenses of different material.


    𝑛𝑏 and𝑛𝑟 represent the refractive indexes for the first lens
    corresponding to the blue and red colors. Also,𝑛𝑏~ and𝑛𝑟~ represent the
    refractive indexes for the second lens. If 𝑓𝑏 and 𝑓𝑏~ represent the focal
    lengths for the first and second lens corresponding to blue
    color.𝐹𝑏 represents the focal length of the combination of the two lenses .
    Also 𝑓𝑟 and 𝑓𝑟~ represent the focal lengths for the first and second lens
    corresponding to red color.
    1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    = + ~ = (𝑛𝑏 − 1) [ − ] + (𝑛𝑏~ − 1)[ − ]
    𝐹𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2

    also
    1 1 1
    = + ~
    𝐹𝑟 𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑟
    𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑟
    𝑛=
    2

    ~
    𝑛𝑏~ + 𝑛𝑟~
    𝑛 =
    2
    For the focal lengths of combination 𝑓 and𝑓 ~ of two lenses;
    𝜔 𝜔~
    + =𝟎
    𝑓 𝑓~

    Where
    𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑟
    𝜔=
    𝑛−1

    ~
    𝑛𝑏~ + 𝑛𝑟~
    𝜔 = ~
    𝑛 −1
    𝜔 and 𝜔~ are known as the dispersive powers.

    38
    GEOMETRIIC OPTIICS …………………… LECTURE (8)

    Example:

    An achromatic doublet of focal length 20 cm is to be made by placing


    in contact with a diverging lens of flint glass. Assuming𝑛𝑟 = 1.51, 𝑛𝑏 =
    1.52, 𝑛𝑟~ = 1.61 and𝑛𝑏~ = 1.62. Calculate the focal length of each lens?
    Sol:
    𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑟 1.52 + 1.51
    𝑛= = = 1.518
    2 2

    ~
    𝑛𝑏~ + 𝑛𝑟~ 1.62 + 1.61
    𝑛 = = = 1.62
    2 2
    𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑟
    𝜔= = 0.015
    𝑛−1

    ~
    𝑛𝑏~ + 𝑛𝑟~
    𝜔 = ~ = 0.027
    𝑛 −1
    Substitute in
    𝜔 𝜔~
    + =𝟎
    𝑓 𝑓~
    0.015 0.027
    + ~ =𝟎
    𝑓 𝑓
    𝑓
    = 𝑓~
    −0.569
    1 1 1
    + ~=
    𝑓 𝑓 20
    1 −0.569 1
    + =
    𝑓 𝑓 20

    𝑓 = 8.6 𝑐𝑚
    𝑓
    𝑓~ = = −15 𝑐𝑚
    −0.569

    39
    GEOMETRIIC OPTIICS …………………… LECTURE (8)

    1. Coma
    Coma is another image error caused mainly by the incident light beam
    falling obliquely, away from the optical axis (off-axial).Different Focal
    length is for off-axis rays.(The name comes from comet shape).
    [Spherical aberration refers to object points situated on the axis whereas
    comaticaberration refers toobject points situated off the axis]

    Figure .23 effect of coma

    40

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