Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms

Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements
constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic
and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon. Carbon has four outer electrons and
can form four bonds. Carbon can also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds.
Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds.

Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic molecule called a macromolecule. There are
four classes of macromolecules (polysaccharides or carbohydrates, triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or
proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA). Carbohydrates and lipids are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen (CHO). Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). Nucleic acids such as DNA
and RNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHON P).

The body also needs trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium, and sulfur for proper
functioning of muscles, nerves, etc. Color each of the elements according to the color listed next to the element's
symbol. Color code the squirrel & carrot with the correct proportion of each element's color. Use the diagrams
of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are in a single molecule.

Use the two drawings of glucose to determine the number of bonds formed by:

__________ Oxygen __________ Nitrogen

Use the two drawings of glucose to determine the number of C,H,O :

# C __________ # H __________ # O __________

The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential
to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are
built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratios. This gives each compound different
properties.

Carbohydrates are used by the body for energy and structural support in cell walls of plants and
exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits called monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides or simple sugars include
glucose, galactose, and fructose. Although their chemical formulas are the same, they have different structural
formulas. These simple sugars combine to make disaccharides (double sugars like sucrose) and polysaccharides
(long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen). Color code the glucose molecule on this worksheet (carbon-black,
hydrogen-yellow, and oxygen-red). Draw the structural formula for fructose and galactose:

Fructose: galactose:
 Proteins are made of subunits called amino acids and are used to build cells and do much of the work inside
organisms. They also act as enzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms. Amino acids contain two
functional groups, the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the amino group (-NH2).

Use your textbook and sketch the amino and carboxyl groups.

Amino group Carboxyl group

Color code the amino acid on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen-yellow, and oxygen-red).

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different
enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly.
The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, a change in
pH from neutral, etc. change the shape of enzymes and their active sites so the enzyme is unable to work. Some
enzymes have a second site where a coenzyme attaches to help make the substrate better fit the active site of
the enzyme. Color the enzyme purple, the substrate yellow, and the coenzyme green. Also label the active site.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Dehydration synthesis (removal of a water molecule) links amino acids link together to form chains called
polypeptides. Polypeptide chains join to form proteins. The bonds holding amino acids to each other are known as
peptide bonds. Use your textbook to make a sketch of a dipeptide (2 amino acids linked with a peptide bond)
molecule.

Dipeptide Sketch:

Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids
also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and
hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains. This
subunit is called a triglyceride. Color the glycerol molecule using the same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
as you did before. The fatty acid chains may be saturated (only single bonds between carbons) or unsaturated
(contain at least one double bond). A carboxyl functional group (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid
that does NOT attach to glycerol. Circle the carboxyl groups in the 2 fatty acids on this worksheet. Color the
fatty acid chains the same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as you did before.

Nucleic acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid contains all the
instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing. RNA copies and transfers this genetic information
so that proteins can be made. The subunits that make up nucleic acids are called nucleotides. Color and label the
parts of a nucleotide (sugar-green, phosphate group-yellow, and nitrogen base-blue).
 Glucose Molecule

H
O

H C H

C O

H H
H

C C

O H H O
O
H H
C C

O H
H

Basic Structure of Amino acid

H H O

N C C

R group H
H
 Glycerol

H C O H

H C O H

H C O H

Saturated fatty Acid

H H H H H H H H H O

C C C C C C C C C C C

O
H H H H H H H H H
H

Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Double Bond

C C C C C C C C C C C

O
H H H H H H H H H
H

Questions:
 1. Give the symbols for the elements that make up each of the following:

______carbohydrates ______lipids ______DNA ______proteins

2. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules & give a function for each.

3. Name the subunits that make up each of the macromolecules.

4. Enzymes can be denatured (unfolded) by what environmental factors?

5. What process is used to link amino acids together?

6. Name the bonds found between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

7. Explain the difference between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide. Give an example of each.

8. What two functional groups are found in amino acids?

9. Why are enzymes important tom organisms?

10. Name the subunit that makes up fats.

11. What alcohol is found in a triglyceride?

12. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?