Artificial Intelligence

UNIT 1
 Areas of AI and Some
Dependencies
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
 The Foundation of AI
• Philosophy
– At that time, the study of human intelligence
began with no formal expression
– Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its
internal operations
 The Foundation of AI
 Mathematics formalizes the three main area of
AI: computation, logic, and probability
 Computation leads to analysis of the problems that
can be computed
 complexity theory
 Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to
handle uncertainty in AI
 Decision theory combines probability theory and
utility theory (bias)
 The Foundation of AI
• Psychology
– How do humans think and act?
– The study of human reasoning and acting
– Provides reasoning models for AI
– Strengthen the ideas
• humans and other animals can be considered as
information processing machines
 The Foundation of AI
• Grammar
– For understanding natural languages
– Formal languages
– Syntactic and semantic analysis
– Knowledge representation
 The main topics in AI
Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of
headings:
– Search (includes Game Playing).
– Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
– Planning.
– Learning.
– Natural language processing.
– Expert Systems.
– Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)
Some Advantages of Artificial
Intelligence

– more powerful and more useful computers

– new and improved interfaces
– solving new problems
– better handling of information
– relieves information overload
– conversion of information into knowledge
 The Disadvantages

– increased costs
– difficulty with software development - slow and
expensive
– few experienced programmers
– few practical products have reached the market
as yet.
History of AI
 AI Applications
• Autonomous Planning
& Scheduling:
– Autonomous rovers.
 AI Applications
• Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
– Telescope scheduling
 AI Applications
• Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:
– Analysis of data:
 AI Applications
• Medicine:
– Image guided surgery
 AI Applications
• Medicine:
– Image analysis and enhancement
 AI Applications
• Transportation:
– Autonomous
vehicle control:
 AI Applications
Games:
 AI Applications
• Games:
 AI Applications
• Robotic toys:
 AI Applications
Other application areas:
• Bioinformatics:
– Gene expression data analysis
– Prediction of protein structure
• Text classification, document sorting:
– Web pages, e-mails
– Articles in the news
• Video, image classification
• Music composition, picture drawing
• Natural Language Processing .
• Perception.
Artificial Intelligence Characteristics
Types of Artificial Intelligence
 1. Reactive Machines

• Purely reactive machines are the most basic

types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current
scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
 2. Limited Memory

• Limited memory machines can store past

experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited
time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of
Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.
 3. Theory of Mind

• Theory of Mind AI should understand the

human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such
AI machines.
 4. Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial

Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still
and it is a hypothetical concept.
 Types of AI Agents

• Simple Reflex Agent

• Model-based reflex agent
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agent
• Learning agent
 Problem-solving agents

• Rational agents or Problem-solving agents in

AI mostly used these search strategies or
algorithms to solve a specific problem and
provide the best result. Problem-solving agents
are the goal-based agents and use atomic
representation.
 Search Algorithm Terminologies

• Search: Searching is a step by step procedure to solve a search-problem in a given

search space. A search problem can have three main factors:
– Search Space: Search space represents a set of possible solutions, which a system
may have.
– Start State: It is a state from where agent begins the search.
– Goal test: It is a function which observe the current state and returns whether the
goal state is achieved or not.
• Search tree: A tree representation of search problem is called Search tree. The root of
the search tree is the root node which is corresponding to the initial state.
• Actions: It gives the description of all the available actions to the agent.
• Transition model: A description of what each action do, can be represented as a
transition model.
• Path Cost: It is a function which assigns a numeric cost to each path.
• Solution: It is an action sequence which leads from the start node to the goal node.
• Optimal Solution
 Agent Environment in AI

• An environment is everything in the world

which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part
of an agent itself. An environment can be
described as a situation in which an agent is
present.
• The environment is where agent lives, operate
and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it. An environment is
mostly said to be non-feministic.
 Features of Environment

• Fully observable vs Partially Observable

• Static vs Dynamic
• Discrete vs Continuous
• Deterministic vs Stochastic
• Single-agent vs Multi-agent
• Episodic vs sequential
• Known vs Unknown
• Accessible vs Inaccessible
 Fully observable vs Partially Observable:

• If an agent sensor can sense or access the

complete state of an environment at each point
of time then it is a fully observable environment,
else it is partially observable.
• A fully observable environment is easy as there is
no need to maintain the internal state to keep
track history of the world.
• An agent with no sensors in all environments
then such an environment is called
as unobservable.
 Deterministic vs Stochastic:

• If an agent's current state and selected action can

completely determine the next state of the
environment, then such environment is called a
deterministic environment.
• A stochastic environment is random in nature and
cannot be determined completely by an agent.
• In a deterministic, fully observable environment,
agent does not need to worry about uncertainty.
 Episodic vs Sequential

• In an episodic environment, there is a series of

one-shot actions, and only the current percept
is required for the action.
• However, in Sequential environment, an agent
requires memory of past actions to determine
the next best actions.
 Single-agent vs Multi-agent

• If only one agent is involved in an environment,

and operating by itself then such an environment
is called single agent environment.
• However, if multiple agents are operating in an
environment, then such an environment is called
a multi-agent environment.
• The agent design problems in the multi-agent
environment are different from single agent
environment.
 Static vs Dynamic

• If the environment can change itself while an agent is

deliberating then such environment is called a dynamic
environment else it is called a static environment.
• Static environments are easy to deal because an agent
does not need to continue looking at the world while
deciding for an action.
• However for dynamic environment, agents need to
keep looking at the world at each action.
• Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment
whereas Crossword puzzles are an example of a static
environment.
 Discrete vs Continuous

• If in an environment there are a finite number of

percepts and actions that can be performed
within it, then such an environment is called a
discrete environment else it is called continuous
environment.
• A chess gamecomes under discrete environment
as there is a finite number of moves that can be
performed.
• A self-driving car is an example of a continuous
environment.
 Known vs Unknown

• Known and unknown are not actually a feature of

an environment, but it is an agent's state of
knowledge to perform an action.
• In a known environment, the results for all
actions are known to the agent. While in
unknown environment, agent needs to learn how
it works in order to perform an action.
• It is quite possible that a known environment to
be partially observable and an Unknown
environment to be fully observable.
 Accessible vs Inaccessible

• If an agent can obtain complete and accurate

information about the state's environment, then
such an environment is called an Accessible
environment else it is called inaccessible.
• An empty room whose state can be defined by its
temperature is an example of an accessible
environment.
• Information about an event on earth is an
example of Inaccessible environment.