1a What Is KR, KR and AI

Knowledge Representation 1a
Knowledge Representation and Artificial Intelligence

Stefan Schlobach
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
What is Knowledge Representation?
• Knowledge-representation is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on
designing computer representations that capture information about the world
that can be used to solve complex problems. (Wikipedia)
• What Is a Knowledge Representation? AAAI Magazine 1993 Davis, Shrobe and Szolovits
1. fundamentally a surrogate, a substitute for the thing itself, that is used to enable an entity to
determine consequences by thinking rather than acting, that is, by reasoning about the world rather
than taking action in it.
2. a set of ontological commitments, i.e. an answer to the question, “In what terms should I think about
the world?”
3. a fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning expressed in terms of three components:
1. the representation’s fundamental conception of intelligent reasoning,
2. the set of inferences that the representation sanctions, and
3. the set of inferences that it recommends.
4. a medium for pragmatically efficient computation, that is, the computational environment in which
thinking is accomplished.
5. a medium of human expression, that is, a language in which we say things about the world.
“Definition of intelligence”
• carry out complex reasoning
(solve physics problems, prove theorems)
• draw plausible inferences
(diagnose cars, solve a murder mystery)
• use natural language
(read stories and answer questions about them,
carry out extended conversation)
• solving novel complex problems
(generating plans, designing artifacts)
• social activities that require a theory of mind
• we do not (only) mean: recognize familiar objects,

execute motor skills, or navigate around space;
abilities we share with dogs and cats (and fish)
But isn’t modern AI all about
Machine Learning ?
Two main lines of development in AI
• symbolic representations
• statistical representation
There have been alternating cycles of one dominating over the other in
different decades of the history of AI.
A stairway? Connectionist
Data
Statistics
Learning
Symbolic
Knowledge
Logic
Reasoning 5
A pendulum!
Connectionist Symbolic
Data Knowledge
Statistics Logic
Learning Reasoning
6
Statistical vs. symbolic AI:
very different types of applications
statistical:
• pattern recognition (images, sound, shapes)
• motor skills (robots)
• speech generation (sound)
• search engines
symbolic:
• planning (autonomous space missions)
• reasoning (diagnosis, design, decision support)
• language generation (conversations)
• search engines
In his mega bestseller, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel
Kahneman, world-famous psychologist and winner of
the Nobel Prize in Economics, takes us on a
groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the
two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is
fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower,
more deliberative, and more logical.
Who was the previous
president of the United States?
Who was the previous previous
president of the United States?
Thinking
slow
Thinking
fast
ML
Human intelligence =
thinking fast & thinking slow
Perception
ML
Common Sense
Problem
Planning
solving
Reasoning Analogy
Thinking fast
without thinking slow
Class: 793
Label: n04209133 (shower cap)
Certainty: 99.7%
Strengths & Weaknesses
Symbolic Connectionist
Construction Human effort Data hunger
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
Generalisable Performance cliff Performance cliff
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
300.00 definitions
40 years of effort,
10.000 updates every years
Scalable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
10M training samples
4.8M training games

Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
worse with worse with

more data less data
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
+ =
“panda” “gibbon”
55% 99%
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
quality
generality
Scaleable +/- +/-
Explainable + -
Class: 793
Label: n04209133 (shower cap)
Certainty: 99.7%
AI that combines
all the parts of our brain
REASONING MOVEMENT
PLANNING ORIENTATION
PROBLEM SOLVING RECOGNITION
PERCEPTION
VISUAL
PROCESSING
AUDITORY
STIMULI
MEMORY
AI that combines SPEECH

AI that combines
Learning (Fast) Reasoning (Slow)

Better with more data Worse with more data
Needs lots of data Already works with
very little data
Not explainable Explainable
Robust against noise Brittle with noise
Handbook of Knowledge Representation
(1000 pages, ToC alone is 14 pages)
• propositional logic & • model-based
satisfiability solvers diagnosis
• first order logic & • bayesian networks
resolution • temporal logic
• description logic • spatial reasoning
• constraint (logic) • epistemic logic
programming
• deontic logic
• nonmonotonic
reasoning • situation calculus
• belief revision • default logic
• qualitative reasoning • event calculus
• ……

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Knowledge Representation 1a

Knowledge Representation and Artificial Intelligence

• we do not (only) mean: recognize familiar objects,

10M training samples

4.8M training games

worse with worse with

all the parts of our brain

Learning (Fast) Reasoning (Slow)

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