CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES

Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022 ISSN: 2660-4159

http://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org

Ultrasonography and its Role in Clinical Diagnosis

1. Ykubov Doniyor Zhavlanovich Abstract: Modern advances in clinical diagnostics are
2. Ametova Alie Servetovna largely determined by the improvement of research
methods. A significant leap forward in this matter was
made thanks to the development and implementation of
Received 18th Jan 2022, fundamentally new methods of obtaining medical
Accepted 9th Feb 2022, images, including the ultrasound method. The ability of
Online 3rd Mar 2022 echography to visualize the internal structure of
parenchymal organs is extremely valuable, which was
1,2
not available with traditional X-ray examination. Thanks
Samarkand State Medical Institute, to the high information content and reliability of the
Department of Medical Radiology, ultrasound method, the diagnosis of many diseases and
Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand
injuries has risen to a qualitatively new level. Currently,
along with computed tomography and other more
modern methods, ultrasound diagnostics is used
everywhere, being one of the leading diagnostic
methods in many branches of clinical medicine. In
recent years, due to the very widespread use of
ultrasound equipment, it has become available for any,
even very small medical institutions. In this regard,
there is a growing need for specialists who are fluent in
the methodology and technique of ultrasound
examination (ultrasound).
Keywords: sonography, ultrasound diagnostics,
echography, 3D, 4D.

Ultrasound is a widespread diagnostic method; it does not expose the patient to radiation exposure and
is considered harmless. However, ultrasound has a number of limitations. The method is not
standardized, and the quality of the study depends on the equipment on which the study is carried out
and the qualifications of the doctor. Additional restrictions for ultrasound - excessive weight of the
subject and / or flatulence - interfere with the conduct of ultrasound waves. An ultrasound diagnostic
apparatus (ultrasound scanner) is a device designed to obtain information about the location, shape and
structure of organs and tissues and to measure the linear dimensions of biological objects by the
method of ultrasonic location.
Depending on the functional purpose, the devices are divided into the following main types: ETS -
echotomoscopes (devices intended mainly for examining the fetus, abdominal organs and small
pelvis); EKS - echocardioscopes (devices for examining the heart); EES - echoenceloscopes (devices
for examining the brain); EOS - echo-ophthalmoscopes (devices for examining the eye).

48 Published by “ CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES" http://www.centralasianstudies.org

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
Ultrasound is the standard diagnostic method used for screening. In such situations, when the patient
does not yet have diseases and complaints, ultrasound should be used for early preclinical diagnosis. In
the presence of an already known pathology, it is better to choose CT or MRI as methods of clarifying
diagnostics.
The fields of application of ultrasound in medicine are extremely wide. For diagnostic purposes, it is
used to detect diseases of the abdominal cavity and kidneys, pelvic organs, thyroid gland, mammary
glands, heart, blood vessels, in obstetric and pediatric practice. Also, ultrasound is used as a method
for diagnosing urgent conditions requiring surgical intervention, such as acute cholecystitis, acute
pancreatitis, vascular thrombosis, etc.
The new Acuson S-class ultrasound systems, built on Siemens' rich expertise in diagnostic technology,
are designed to take ultrasound imaging to a new level of diagnostic value. An ultrasound diagnostic
system of a new expert class is introduced into use, in which unique imaging technologies are
presented. These ultrasound systems represent a new milestone in ultrasound technology, offering
superior 2D, color, power, spectral Doppler, M-mode, 3D and 4D imaging, the latest technology and
superior communication capabilities, combined in an aesthetic and ergonomic platform.
The technology is intended for the study of the formations of the mammary glands, lymph nodes,
thyroid gland in order to obtain early data on the malignancy of pathological structures and the
formation of an objective feasibility for conducting fine-needle aspiration biopsy (TAB).
Ultrasound during pregnancy is a planned event that is included in the mandatory program for the
management of pregnancy. Fetal ultrasound is a kind of acquaintance with the baby. An ultrasound
scan is performed 2-3 times throughout pregnancy: at 10-14, 16-21 and 32-37 weeks.
Nowadays, 3D and 4D ultrasound methods have become widely used, which differs from 3D in that
time is added as the fourth dimension to the length, height and depth of the picture. While a three-
dimensional image is static, a four-dimensional image shows an object in motion in real time, allowing
recording on various media. With 4D ultrasound, the picture is completely different: firstly, the image
is three-dimensional and color, and secondly, the appearance of the baby is visible in all details.
Volumetric images allow you to better see some structures that are difficult to explore in the usual
two-dimensional mode, make it easier to understand the image for both future parents and doctors of
other specialties.
Thanks to 3D ultrasound, doctors can assess different parts of the fetus in three projections at the same
time, which is very important for identifying fetal anomalies. Three-dimensional research data provide
additional information for the diagnosis of malformations: limbs, face, spinal column.
On 4D ultrasound, the sex of the child is more clearly visible. With a 4D image during pregnancy, you
can see the facial expressions of the baby. This allows you to find out the emotions that he is
experiencing - smiling, upset, apathetic. Thus, it is easy to understand how he is feeling. Bad emotions
can arise from more serious problems. For example, lethargy and depression can be the cause of
asphyxia - insufficient oxygen supply, which entails a number of problems.
Modern ultrasound machines operate in the mode of an automated organ scanner, which increases the
reliability of the diagnosis of various tumors. The breast volume scanner expands the diagnostic
capabilities of breast cancer. Such systems are designed to obtain a 3D ultrasound image of the breast.
Automated scanning of the breast volume provides a three-dimensional image of the breast, which
allows you to examine the breast not only from the front and back, but also from top to bottom and
from any side. It is a very reliable screening method for diagnosing breast cancer.
Doppler ultrasound examines blood flow in major arteries and veins. Doppler ultrasound of the great
arteries of the head (USG MAG), or ultrasound dopplerography of the brachiocephalic arteries (USG

49 Published by “ CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES" http://www.centralasianstudies.org

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
BCA) is a hardware method that allows you to study the state of blood flow in the vessels and assess
the existing violations of the patency of the vessels of the head. For greater informational content,
USG MAG is performed in combination with the study of intracranial vessels - transcranial
dopplerography (TCD). The combination of USG MAG and TKD is the most optimal screening
method for diagnosing cerebrovascular diseases (cerebral strokes), which is a priority area of the
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The method of duplex scanning of the main arteries
of the head (DS MAG), or duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries (DS BCA), combines the
study of blood flow using the Doppler effect with simultaneous visualization of blood vessels and
surrounding tissues. In this case, as a result of computer processing of the received signals, both the
Doppler spectrum and the color cartogram of the flow can be displayed on the monitor. Triplex
scanning of cerebral vessels has even greater visualization. All of the above methods for studying
cerebral blood flow are completely painless and have no contraindications.
Duplex scanning and ultrasound Doppler sonography of the vessels of the neck and brain are
performed in patients suffering from headaches, dizziness, impaired coordination, episodes of short-
term loss of consciousness and other neurological symptoms (numbness and weakness in the arms and
legs, speech disorders), as well as in patients who have undergone transient ischemic attacks or
strokes. Duplex scanning of neck vessels is a screening for the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis and is
indicated for all middle-aged people. Duplex scanning of the vessels of the neck and renal arteries is
indicated for people with high blood pressure. Duplex scanning of the arteries of the lower extremities
is necessary for people with complaints of pain in the muscles of the legs when walking, numbness in
the legs, trophic disorders on the skin of the legs. The study allows you to identify the localization and
nature of the lesion of the vessels of the legs and, as a result, to choose the right treatment. Duplex
scanning of the veins of the lower extremities should be performed in patients with pronounced venous
network in the legs and leg edema. When examining the veins of the lower extremities, it is possible to
diagnose varicose veins, thrombosis of deep and superficial veins of the lower extremities.
It should be noted that the principles of ultrasound are used in echocardiography (EchoCG). The
technique combines ultrasound imaging for a detailed study of the structure and functioning of the
heart with the simultaneous use of color Doppler mapping to study blood flow in the vessels.
Ultrasound of the vessels of the upper and lower extremities is one of the safest and most effective
methods for examining the state of the vessels. Modern equipment makes it possible to examine the
vessel under the control of a monitor screen in real time. In this case, the lumen of the vessel is
recorded, the parameters of the blood flow are measured, and the valvular insufficiency of the veins is
determined. In the presence of a thrombus, ultrasound diagnostics allows you to establish its size and
monitor its changes during treatment.
It should be noted that recently vascular diseases occupy one of the leading places among all diseases
characteristic of middle-aged and older people. This is facilitated by unfavorable factors s
environment, sedentary lifestyle combined with poor diet and, of course, smoking.
Ultrasound scanning of blood vessels is recommended in cases where the work is associated with
constant stay on the legs, if the patient feels heaviness in the arms and legs, numbness, cramps, pain in
the extremities, if spider veins appear on the skin or saphenous veins are dilated. The described
method is completely painless and allows detecting vascular diseases at the earliest stages and
monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment used.
Thus, ultrasound examination has a high diagnostic capability and prognostic value among modern
new technologies in the diagnosis of various

50 Published by “ CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES" http://www.centralasianstudies.org

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
pathologies. Ultrasound examination using high-resolution technologies in the clinic allows
differentiating the severity of the pathological process, determining its dynamics and reliably
monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.
LITERATURE
1. Akhmedov Y.A., Ataeva S.Kh., Ametova A.S., Bazarova S.A., Isakov H.Kh. THE HISTORY OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION DIAGNOSTICS. Web of scientist: International
scientific research journal, volume 2 issue 8 August 2021 P.34-42
2. Akhmedov Y.A., Rustamov U.Kh., Shodieva N.E., Alieva U.Z., Bobomurodov B.M. Modern
Application of Computer Tomography in Urology. Central Asian journal of medical end natural
sciences, volume 2 issue 4 Jul-Aug 2021 P.121-125
3. Ataeva S.Kh., Ravshanov Z.Kh., Ametova A.S., Yakubov D.Zh. Radiation visualization of chronic
joint diseases. Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 2 March-aprel
2021 P.12-17
4. Block B. Ultrasound of internal organs / Under total. ed. A. V. Zubareva. - M .: MEDpress-inform,
2007.-256 p.
5. Borsukov AV Minimally invasive interventions under ultrasound control in diseases of the
gallbladder and pancreas / A. V. Borsukov, A. V. Mamoshin / Ed. V. G. Pleshkova. - 2007 .-- 128
p.
6. Dubile PM Atlas of ultrasound diagnostics in obstetrics and gynecology / Under total. ed.
V.E.Gazhonova. - 2007 .-- 328 p.
7. Hamidov O.A., Diagnostics of injuries of the soft tissue structures of the knee joint and their
complications. European research. Moscow. October 2020. № 1 (37). P. 33-36.
8. Khamidov O. A., Khodzhanov I. Yu., Mamasoliev B.M., Mansurov D.Sh., Davronov A.A.,
Rakhimov A.M. The Role of Vascular Pathology in the Development and Progression of
Deforming Osteoarthritis of the Joints of the Lower Extremities (Literature Review). Annals of the
Romanian Society for Cell Biology, Romania,Vol. 25, Issue 1, 2021, Pages. 214 – 225
9. Khamidov O.A., Akhmedov Y.A., Ataeva S.Kh., Ametova A.S., Karshiev B.O. Role of Kidney
Ultrasound in the Choice of Tactics for Treatment of Acute Renal Failure. Central Asian journal of
medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 4 Jul-Aug 2021 P.132-134
10. Khamidov O.A., Akhmedov Y.A., Yakubov D.Zh., Shodieva N.E., Tukhtaev T.I. DIAGNOSTIC
POSSIBILITIES OF USES IN POLYKYSTOSIS OFKIDNEYS. Web of scientist: International
scientific research journal, volume 2 issue 8 August 2021 P.27-33
11. Khamidov O.A., Ataeva S.Kh., Ametova A.S., Yakubov D.Zh., Khaydarov S.S. A Case of
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Necrotizing Papillitis. Central Asian journal of medical end natural
sciences, volume 2 issue 4 Jul-Aug 2021 P.103-107
12. Khamidov O.A., Ataeva S.Kh., Yakubov D.Zh., Ametova A.S., Saytkulova Sh.R. ULTRASOUND
EXAMINATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL MACROSOMIA. Web of scientist:
International scientific research journal, volume 2 issue 8 August 2021 P.49-54
13. Khamidov O.A., Mirzakulov M.M., Ametova A.S., Alieva U.Z. Multispiral computed tomography
for prostate diseases. Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 2
March-aprel 2021 P.9-11

51 Published by “ CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES" http://www.centralasianstudies.org

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
14. Khamidov O.A., Normamatov A.F., Yakubov D.Zh., Bazarova S.A. Respiratory computed
tomography. Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 2 March-aprel
2021 P.1-8
15. Khamidov O.A., Urozov U.B., Shodieva N.E., Akhmedov Y.A. Ultrasound diagnosis of
urolithiasis. Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 2 March-aprel
2021 P.18-24
16. Khamidov O.A., Yakubov D.Zh., Alieva U.Z., Bazarova S.A., Mamaruziev Sh.R. Possibilities of
Sonography in Differential Diagnostics of Hematuria. Central Asian journal of medical end natural
sciences, volume 2 issue 4 Jul-Aug 2021 P.126-131
17. Khamidov O.A., Yakubov D.Zh., Ametova A.S., Bazarova S.A., Mamatova Sh.T. Application of
the Ultrasound Research Method in Otorhinolaryngology and Diseases of the Head and Neck
Organs. International Journal of Development and Public Policy, volume 1 issue 3 August 2021
P.33-37
18. Khamidov O.A., Yakubov D.Zh., Ametova A.S., Turdumatov Zh.A., Mamatov R.M. Magnetic
Resonance Tomography in Diagnostics and Differential Diagnostics of Focal Liver Lesions.
Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 4 Jul-Aug 2021 P.115-120
19. Khodzhibekov M.X., Khamidov O.A., Mardieva G.M. Verification of radiation methods in
diagnostics of injuries of the knee joint intra-articular structures. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 2020:13(1), p. 302-308.
20. Possibilities of ultrasonic ablation of uterine fibroids in improving reproductive function / GI
Nazarenko 2011. - pp. 71-76.
21. Rustamov U.Kh., Shodieva N.E., Ametova A.S., Alieva U.Z., Rabbimova M.U. US-
DIAGNOSTICS FOR INFERTILITY. Web of scientist: International scientific research journal,
volume 2 issue 8 August 2021 P.55-61
22. Rustamov U.Kh., Urinboev Sh.B., Ametova A.S. Ultrasound diagnostics of ectopic pregnancy.
Central Asian journal of medical end natural sciences, volume 2 issue 2 March-aprel 2021 P.25-28
23. Vasiliev A. Yu. Ultrasound diagnostics in pediatric andrology and gynecology / A. Yu. Vasiliev,
E.B. Olkhova. 2008 .-- 152 p.
24. Vasiliev A. Yu. Ultrasound diagnostics in pediatric practice / A. Yu. Vasiliev, E. 2007 .-- 160 p.
25. Zudin AM The role of ultrasound duplex scanning in assessing the effectiveness of endovascular
interventions on the arteries of the lower extremities / A. M. Zudin, T.A. Vikhert. - 2011. - S. 21-
22.
26. Хамидов О.А. Оптимизация лучевой диагностики повреждений мягкотканных структур
коленного сустава и их осложнений Американский журнал медицины и медицинских наук,
Америка, 2020, 10 (11) - С. 881-884
27. Ходжибеков М.Х., Хамидов О.А. Обоснование ультразвуковой диагностики повреждений
внутрисуставных структур коленного сустава и их осложнений. №3 (31), 2020. С.526-529.

52 Published by “ CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES" http://www.centralasianstudies.org

Copyright (c) 2022 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/