Problem Statement

1. The minimum annual quantity is high. The expected generation output at least to achieve
115, 414MWh for Year 1.
2. Land limitation due to site geographical condition as the site located at

investigate the optimum design of a gridconnected PV/battery HES that can address the load
requirements of a residential house in I

The general objective in designing a Solar Power Plant to adequately match the capabilities to the
load requirements of the consumer, at a minimum cost of the system to the consumer. In order to
accomplish this, the designer will need to know the following types of questions about the system.
(1) Power Requirements, (2)Solar Data Availability, (3)Type and Size of Solar Power Plant Required,
(4) Cost of Energy Produced, (5) Solar Power Viability, (6) System Characteristics, (7) System
Requirement, (8) Evaluation Criteria, (9) Design Optimization, (10) Economic Viability and (11)
Prospects of Cost Reduction.

Photovoltaic system performance will depend on the technology used and on the climatic
parameters of the power plant site. New generation cells, components of the installation and the
scale of the integration grid are being investigated to optimize the design and operation of these
power plants.

The main concern for SEGS is the cost for developing and implementation of the product is high.
Other than that, a constant and optimize input for SEGS is also a main concern. SEGS depends on
amount of solar radiation received from the PV to produce the required amount of electrical power.
The input from SEGS is highly transient in nature as it needed solar radiation to produce electrical
power[4]. Due to this, it can only be utilized during the day. Hence, there is a need to include storage
system for the power generated. The solar radiation often fluctuates and this causes the output to
fluctuate as well.[2] The power generation of SEGS is also affected by the apparent trajectory of the
sun, as most SEGS is static. To overcome these problems, the orientation and the tilt angle of the
SEGS must be adjusted to a correct position[5]. To further help this system, a sun tracking system
can be used to ensure that the input and output is stable and sustainable.

This section you need to address the problem that you need to overcome. The overcome the problem statement,
this can be reflect in your research methodology and your objective. So please rewrite this section and address
the current situation where the current practice lead to cost overrun and inefficiency of the solar sistem.

The main objectives of this research study are to determine the optimum system
solution for the 50MWac LSSPV power plant project that can meet the declared minimum
annual quantity. The main objective is further supported with immediate objectives as follow:
 a) To develop the optimum design for 50MWac Large Scale Solar Photovoltaic
(LSSPV) power plant

b) To determine the optimum annual energy production prediction of the project

c) To evaluate the cost-effective solution for a development of the project

Since the goal of optimization is to maximize benefits while reducing costs, it is critical to understand
the advantages and disadvantages of the systems under consideration. In this setting, academics
have begun to explore and propose strategies and models to maximize advantages while minimizing
drawbacks. To overcome difficulties related to the design, operation, and process of renewable
systems, several researches combine traditional optimization techniques with newer heuristic
approaches (Zhao T. et al., 2017; Zhao Zy. et al., 2017; Allam et al., 2018; Eajal et al., 2017). PV
systems require precise and reliable performance data in order to precisely assess power output and
capacity in current operating circumstances. The formulation of effective operational and control
choices is aided by this dependable data. On the other hand, by examining the numerous aspects
that impact performance and exploring potential ways to increase the power plant’s performance,
the optimization and efficiency of a solar system may be improved.

Energy is crucial for a wide range of applications in agriculture, transportation, industry and
household sectors. The continuous consumption of fossil fuels for power generation is leading to
large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, which consequently heavily harms the environment.
Among many consequences stemming from it, the global warming and climate change have been
identified as an unsettling phenomena, which requires the mankind to reverse this process at the
earliest possible. In this regard, the employment of renewable energies appear to be one of the
foremost efficient solutions. Thus, it is required to use cleaner energy sources like solar, wind, hydro
and biomass. In the past few years, solar energy has shown to be a promising solution, since the
installation is accessible and it can be extended to any place where there exists abundant sun
radiation. The reduction of the investment costs along with the diverse components’ efficiency
improvements will make the installed power to keep growing in the future, namely through the
implementation of large-scale grid connected solar PV parks. Hence, the optimization of solar PV
parks turned out to be a crucial topic to be studied since it highly influences the energy output and
the project’s economic viability in the long term. The solar PV park optimization is a not straight
forward problem due to the existence of many variables needed to consider, which might result in
controversial parameters’ values. For instance, the best combination of parameters aiming at
maximizing the grid energy or performance ratio might differ. Portugal benefits from being the
country in Western Europe receiving the highest values of Solar radiation, which is leading to high
expectations as well as projects to be undertaken in the near future. Therefore, it is relevant that
technical and economical matters relating to the optimization of solar PV parks are carried out to
take the most out of this technology.

The cost and performance of a PV plant depend on several technical design parameters that should
be optimized to ensure the best profitability of the plant. Several commercial software tools are
available to simulate the technical performance of PV plants in their design phase; however, no
method has yet been created to perform the optimization of the main design parameters easily. A
comprehensive and effective PV optimization method could facilitate the decision-making process,
reduce the design and installation costs, and improve the technical standard of the installed PV
plants. Moreover, the current design practice only accounts for the installation costs and the
expected energy production and revenues of the plants to maximize the financial return on the
investment. Integrating other factors, like environmental impacts and the expected predictability,
into the design process would ensure that not only the private but the total social benefits are
maximized.

This thesis presents a general ground-mounted PV plant optimization framework that can be applied
both for supporting the design of commercial PV projects and for research purposes, e.g., identifying
the future trends in the PV industry and quantify the effect of different design objectives.

Most of the studies conducted on solar energy assessment and solar system siting focus on flat
terrains that are usually difficult and expensive to acquire in urban areas. This paper investigates the
possibility of using inclined terrains for siting photovoltaic (PV) power plants surrounding urban area.
Both analytical analysis and simulations are carried out in order to analyse and validate the
effectiveness and benefits of the use of inclined land for PV siting. Geographical information system
and numerical weather prediction were used to implement the suggested original approach and to
select suitable inclined terrains for the PV system installation and to calculate the total generation
potential for energy production.

Faced with undulating terrains, solar PV companies are leveraging modern technologies to achieve
terrain flexibility across challenging sites to deliver unmatched efficiency improvement and bring
production gains to solar projects.

India aims to achieve 450 GW of renewable energy capacities by 2030, of which about 280
GW is expected to be solar energy. The country has huge potential for solar power due to its
geographical location and terrain.

While solar energy continues to gain currency the world over, a key hurdle is the availability
of contiguous land receiving high irradiance suitable for solar PV plants. Solar plants need
large chunks of contiguous lands that receive high irradiance.

Utility-scale solar PV plants are usually built on flat and open spaces, but as demand for solar energy
rises, projects are developed in areas where topography presents multiple challenges. Such uneven
terrains can reduce the usable land area and cause shading on solar panels, resulting in low energy
yield.
 To achieve the desired expected output generation, a few characteristics must be
considered while designing the system, each of which could affect the design and
performance in different ways. The best optimum design will be chosen in this study as the
project need to meet the minimum annual quantity that have been declared to Energy
Commission and Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
In order to achieve the optimum energy production, a few parameters need to be
considered such as site geographical condition, equipment selection and irradiance data.
As the project location located at hilly land area, there are few constraints need to be
considered during design stage as the project area is very limited due to different terrains and
earth levels. Eventually, the equipment selection and site parameters will be decided based on
this condition.

In general, flat terrain is preferable for PV plant location. Whereas steep slopes lead to
significant increase in the working and maintenance cost of the project. However, it is hard to
find the

Ground mounted solar farms are the traditional (and currently most common) type of

solar farms. These involve installing the solar farm in regions with good irradiance.

Farms can use fixed racks or automated tracker systems which points the PV modules

perpendicular to the sun throughout. Although most of the times solar farms are

installed on flatland, there are other times when hills/elevated terrain are used

(especially when flatland is unavailable).

The terrain where the PV modules will be installed in this project is considered high terrain.
Variations in topography can reduce the usable land area and cause shading on solar panels
that results in lower energy yield and lost revenue. A few important aspects must be
considered when designing an optimal solar farm in high terrain because the land is more
complex than flat terrain and requires grading, which increases costs and causes project
overruns.

Thus, the design optimisation should be designed properly with consideration of a few
limitations such as minimum DC capacity, minimum energy production and land constraint.
This to ensure the system operated without failed and the system able to produce the expected
output generation. The cost and performance of a PV plant depend on several technical
design parameters that should be optimized to ensure the best profitability of the plant. Both
analytical analysis and simulations will be carried out in order to evaluate the cost-effective
solution of the PV installation in high terrain area.