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BMMA 4833
PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE HYDRAULIC

• This course covers least but not least:
 The introduction of the hydraulic and pneumatic systems,
 Performance of the fluid power system,
 Types of pump and compressor and their working
principles,
 Types of valve, actuator and their usage,
 Ancillary components and sensors
 Fluid power circuit design and analysis with manual and
electrical control
• the application of computer software to design and simulate fluid
power circuit,
• the application of programmable logic controller in fluid power
circuit design
• the application of fluid power in robotic and mobile hydraulic
1. Apply knowledge 3. Demonstrate
of engineering ability to work
fundamentals in effectively as
order to analyze individuals,
performance of members, or
hydraulic and leaders in technical
pneumatic system. teams

2. Construct
hydraulic and
pneumatic system
manually and using
software.
1. Esposito, Anthony, Fluid Power with Applications, 7th Edition, Pearson
Education, Essex, 2014.
2. Noack, Steffen, Hydraulics in mobile equipment, SAE Society of Automotive
Engineers, 2001.
3. Watson, Ben, Modern diesel technology mobile equipment hydraulics : a
systems and troubleshooting approach, Delmar Cengage Learning, 2011.
4. Erjavec, Jack, Automotive technology a systems approach, 5th Ed., Delmar
Cengage Learning, 2010.
5. Mamjudar, S.R., Oil Hydraulic Systems : Principles and Maintenance, 24th
Ed.Tata McGraw-Hill, 2012.
 5× Lab Reports = 30 %

1× Lab Test = 10 % 1× Test = 10 %

1× Assignment = 10 % Final Exam = 40 %

ONLINE LEARNING ASSESSMENT
 Session Contents Remarks
Wk 1  Introduction to fluid power
Lecture 1
Wk 2  Hydraulic and Pneumatic system fundamental
Lecture 2
Wk 3  Analysis of hydraulic and Pneumatic system
Lecture 3
Wk4  Hydraulic pumps Lab 1
Lecture 4
Wk 5  Compressors Lab 2
Lecture 5
Wk 5  H&P Valves Lab 3
Lecture 6
Wk 5  H&P Actuators Tutorial
Lecture 7 Assignment 1
SEM BREAK
Wk 9  Fluid power ancillary components Test
Lecture 8 Lab 4
Wk 10  H&P system control, design and analysis Lab 5
Lecture 9
Wk 11  H&P Circuit Lab 6
Lecture 10
Wk 12  Electro-pneumatic/hydraulic application Lab 7
Lecture 11
Wk 13  Electro-pneumatic/hydraulic application
Lecture 12
Wk 14 Tutorial Lab Test preparation

Wk 15 Lab test
REVISION WEEK
FINAL EXAM
• By the end of this session, students are expected able
to:
• Acknowledge application of pneumatic and hydraulic in
mobile hydraulic and automotive industries
• Explain the basic components of hydraulic and pneumatic
system
• Identify key symbol associated with hydraulic and
pneumatic system.
• Introduction
• Power System
• Hydraulic and pneumatic symbols
• Properties of fluids
• Hydraulic fluids
• Energy and power in hydraulic system
• Application of Pascal’s Law
• Fluid power is the technology that deals with
the generation, control, and transmission of
power using fluids.
• Hydraulic and pneumatic is a fluid powered
system that meant to generate, control, and
transmit power using pressurized fluids
• Most industrial processes require objects or
substances to be moved from one location to
another, or a force to be applied to hold,
shape or compress a product.
• Fluid power can be used push, pull, regulate,
or virtually drive all the machines of modern
industry.
• Fluid power is a muscle or workhorses of a
modern industry today.
• Fluid power technology firstly recognized in 1647 when
Blaise Pascal published the fundamental law of hydrostatics:
“Pressure in a fluid at rest is transmitted in all directions.”
• In 1738, Bernoulli published his kinetic-molecular theory of
gases, the principle of jet propulsion, and the law of the
conservation of energy.
• Pascal’s and Bernoulli’s law uses in all fluid power analysis
and application until today
• By the middle of the nineteenth century, fluid power started
playing an important role in both the industrial and civil fields
where electrical energy had not been developed
• Fluid power used to drive cranes, press, winches, extruding
machines, jack, and other various machines.
• Steam engines drove hydraulic pumps to delivered
pressurized water to powering hydraulic machines.
• Modern era of fluid power is considered begun in 1906 when
a hydraulic system used to control guns on the battleship
USS Virginia
• Fluids :
• Liquids
• Gases
• Fluid power systems using liquids as power
transmission media are called hydraulic systems
Hydra (Greeks) = water
aulos = pipe
• Gas-based systems are called Pneumatic systems
Pneumn (Greeks) = wind; breath
• Power systems  a system used to transmit and
control power.
• The basic parts of a power system :
1. Source of energy – electric motors, internal
combustion engines (ICE), steam turbines, gas
turbines, and hydraulic turbines.
2. Elements of energy transmission, transformation,
and control – pump, cylinder, pipe/tube, motor,
etc
3. Load
 Mechanical Hydrostatic

Hydraulic

POWER SYSTEM Fluid Hydrodynamic

Pneumatic

Electrical
• Mechanical System
Property Mechanical
Input energy source ICE and electric motor

Energy transfer Mechanical parts,

element levers, shafts, gears
Energy carrier Rigid and elastic
objects
Power-to weight ratio Poor
Torque/inertia Poor
Stiffness Good
Response Speed fair
Dirt sensitivity Best
Relative cost Best
Control Fair
Motion type Mainly rotary
• Electrical System
Property Electrical
Input energy source ICE and hydraulic, air or
steam turbines

Energy transfer Electrical cables and

element magnetic field
Energy carrier Flow of electrons

Power-to weight ratio Fair

Torque/inertia Fair
Stiffness Poor
Response Speed Best
Dirt sensitivity Best
Relative cost Best
Control Best
Motion type Mainly rotary
• Hydraulic system
Property Hydraulic
Input energy source ICE, electric motor, and
air turbine

Energy transfer Pipes and hoses

element
Energy carrier Hydraulic liquids

Power-to weight ratio Best

Torque/inertia Best
Stiffness Best
Response Speed Good
Dirt sensitivity Fair
Relative cost Fair
Control Fair
Motion type Linear or rotary
Hydrostatic

• Force is applied to confined fluid

• Pressure energy used to transmit power
• Example: hydraulic jack

Hydrodynamic

• Kinetic energy used to transmit power

• Example: water turbine
• Pneumatic system
Property Pneumatic
Input energy source ICE, electric motor, and
pressure tank

Energy transfer Pipes and hoses

element
Energy carrier Air

Power-to weight ratio Best

Torque/inertia Good
Stiffness Fair
Response Speed Fair
Dirt sensitivity Fair
Relative cost Good
Control Good
Motion type Linear or rotary
• Advantages of Fluid power system compared to other
power system
• Advantages
• Easy and accuracy of control – by only use simple levers and buttons, the
operator can start, stop, speed up or slow down, and positioned the system
easily.
 Example: vehicle brake system and aircraft landing gear.
• Multiplication of force – simply multiply an ounce input force to several
hundred tons output force.
 Example: hydraulic jack
• Constant force or torque – provide constant force or torque regardless of speed
changes.
 Example: excavator boom, robotic arm
• Simplicity and economy – use fewer moving parts compare to mechanical or
electrical system.
 Example: vehicle power steering
• Disadvantages of Fluid power system compared to
other power system
• Leak and messy – especially hydraulic system, the hydraulic fluid (oil or
water) may leakage from hose, connector or reservoir that impossible to
be eliminated completely.

• Safety – Improper design might cause hydraulic lines to be burst and

resulting human injuries due to flying object. The hydraulic oil can cause
fire if a leak occurs in an area of hot equipment. In pneumatic system,
due to pressure, the air storage tank and accumulator outburst.

• Filter Maintenance - air or oil filter must be change in regular basis to

ensure that no damaging particles enter the system
• Hydraulic system
Tank or Reservoir
 to hold the hydraulic oil

Pump
to force the oil flow through the system

Power source
to drive the pump, e.g. electric motor

Valves
to control oil direction, oil pressure and flow rate

Actuator
convert the fluid power to mechanical power

Pipes or hoses
to carry the oil from one location to another

Hydraulic oil
Fluid Energy carrier
• Hydraulic system
• Example:
A

P T

T
• Pneumatic system
A tank or Reservoir
• to store a given volume of compressed air

A compressor
•to compress the air that comes directly from the atmosphere

A power source
•to drive the compressor, e.g. electric motor

Valves
•to control air direction, air pressure and flow rate

Actuator
•to convert the pressure of the air force or torque to do useful work in linear or rotary motion

Pipes or hoses
•to carries pressurized air from one location to another
• Pneumatic system
• Example
• Pneumatic and
Hydraulic system
simulation
• IR 4.0
• Drag and drop any
suitable symbol
that represent any
components
• Festo Fluidsim
• Others: automation
studio, hytech, etc
• Fluid power system
typically depicted by
symbols
• Basic symbols: basic
shapes e.g. lines, square,
circle, semi-circle
• Graphic symbols:
combination of the basic
symbol to represent
pumps, air compressor,
control valves, cylinder,
hydraulic motor, and
other hydraulic
components.
• Basic shape

Shape Representation Example

• Working Line
• Pressure/Return

• Pilot control line

• External/internal drain line
• Filter

• Enclosure of two or more functions

contained in one unit
• Basic shape

Shape Description Example

Circles • Energy conversion unit e.g.
pump and compressor

• Measuring instrument e.g.

barometer

• Mechanical link

• roller
• Basic shape

Shape Description Example

Square • control component
• connections perpendicular to
sides
Square at • conditioning apparatus
45° • connections to corners

Open • Reservoir/Tank
rectangle

Closed • cylinders
Rectangles • valves
• Basic shape

Shape Description Example

Closed
Rectangle • Piston

• cushion

• certain control methods,

length between limits to suit
• Basic shape

Shape Description Example

Semi circle • rotary actuator, motor or
pump with limited angle of
rotation

Capsule • pressurized reservoir, air

receiver, auxiliary gas bottle

Double line • Mechanical connection,

piston rod, lever, shaft
• Stationary Hydraulics
• Installed at fixed location
• Automotive industries, e.g.
Manufacturing machines,
Industrial robots, Machine tools &
automation, Injection molding
machine, Hydraulic press, welding
machine, rolling machine, etc.
Mobile hydraulics
• Installed in such way that they can move or be
moved
• Building and construction Machinery
• Travelling gear
• Lifting
• Gripping
• Holding
• Braking
• etc
• Mobile hydraulics
• Automobiles
• Steering
• Braking
• suspension
• Transmission
• Comfort function
• Engine
• Level adjustment This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
• Mobile hydraulics
• Truck
• Steering
• Braking
• suspension
• Lifting
• Cranes mounted

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• Mobile hydraulics
• Municipal vehicles
• Steering
• Braking
• suspension
• Lifting
• etc

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• Mobile hydraulics
• Hoisting equipment
• Steering
• Braking
• suspension
• Lifting
• Tilting
• shifting

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• Mobile hydraulics
• Agriculture machinery
• Steering
• Braking
• Ploughing
• Travelling gear
• harvesting This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC