Published by/ D.

T Mahmoud sultan

For more books and articles join to the channel in Telegram

https://t.me/Mss01098772552

WhatsApp: 00201098772552
 coffee & health topics
Intended for professional audiences

Coffee, caffeine and

mental performance
Contents Page
1 Summary 2

2 Food and mental performance 2

3 Caffeine and mental peformance — part 1 2

4 Caffeine and mental performance — part 2 4

5 Caffeine and dependence 5

6 Caffeine and sleep 6

7 Conclusion 7

8 References 8

Please see www.coffeeandhealth.org

for recent updates on this topic

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 1

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
1. Summary
ÔÔ I t is well recognised that drinking coffee contributes to increased wakefulness and alertness. Most of the work on coffee
consumption and mental performance focuses on caffeine.

ÔÔ There is convincing evidence that moderate caffeine intake helps to improve alertness and concentration.

ÔÔ A
 75mg serving of caffeine leads to both increased attention and alertness, according to the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA). A typical cup of coffee contains 75–100mg caffeine.

ÔÔ T
 here is some evidence to suggest potential benefits of coffee and caffeine in situations that require increased alertness
e.g. night shifts, long-distance driving, and jet lag.

ÔÔ S
 ome studies suggest that caffeine abstinence could improve sleep — in context of sleep quality and the time it takes to fall
asleep. However, there are large differences between individuals and more research in this area is needed.

ÔÔ B
 rain mapping technology indicates that caffeine is not linked to the brain circuit of dependence and therefore does not
fulfil the criteria to be described as a drug of dependence.

ÔÔ A
 lthough abrupt cessation of caffeine consumption may induce withdrawal symptoms in a small number of individuals,
these are generally not very severe, are of short duration, and can be avoided by gradually reducing caffeine intake.

2. Food and mental performance

It has long been appreciated that certain foods, and the nutrients they contain, can have subtle effects on mood and mental
performance. The timing of meals, the type of food eaten and substances contained in those foods have all been, and continue to
be, studied in the hope that we can help to improve memory, alertness, mood and counteract drowsiness.

Caffeine is well known for its stimulating effects, which have proven benefits for mental performance. Recently, the European
Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluated a substantial number of studies on the effects of caffeine and mental performance. It
concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support a cause and effect relationship for the effect of caffeine on alertness and
attention (concentration)1.

A 2016 review concluded that caffeine has many positive actions on the brain: it can increase alertness and well-being, help
concentration, improve mood, and limit depression. Caffeine may disturb sleep, but only in sensitive individuals, and may raise
anxiety in a small subset of particularly sensitive people. Caffeine does not seem to lead to dependence, although a minority of
people experience withdrawal symptoms2.

3. Caffeine and mental alertness — part 1

Caffeine improves visual attention
Numerous studies have investigated the effects of caffeine ingestion on visual attention. EFSA concluded that 75mg of caffeine
increases both selective attention (focussing on the relevant stimulus) and sustained attention (maintaining focused attention
over an extended period of time)1. This conclusion is further supported by a 2012 review, which suggests that caffeine improves
performance in both simple and complex attention tasks, suggesting that the beneficial effects of caffeine consumption are even

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 2

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
more widespread than previously assumed3. Higher caffeine intakes, such as those found in more than 1 or 2 cups of coffee,
do not necessarily result in additional increases in alertness4,5. A reduction in performance can occur with both under- and over-
stimulation6.

A series of experiments found differences in caffeine’s effects on visual attention between non-habitual and habitual caffeine
consumers. In non-habitual caffeine consumers, a low dose of only 200mg gave the best results for improvements in visual
attention7. In habitual caffeine consumers, the dose required to enhance vigilance and visual attention was higher (400mg
caffeine)8. Similarly, low caffeine consumers were able to detect more errors with 200mg of caffeine, while high caffeine
consumers’ performance peaked with 400mg9.

The expectation of having consumed caffeine can also improve attention and psychomotor speed10. Although the mechanisms
underlying these effects are unclear, these findings are in line with earlier studies, reporting that caffeine and expectation
of caffeine activate the same brain areas11

Caffeine improves reaction time

The positive effects of caffeine on reaction time have been studied extensively in recent decades1,12. However, caffeine appears to
have no effect on ‘time perception’* or ‘time production’**.

* The sense of time passing in an individual.

** The time it takes to produce something following a stimulus.

Caffeine improves alertness and safety during sleep deprivation

The effects of caffeine on alertness are most marked in situations where an individual’s alertness level is reduced, such as when
he/she may be suffering from the common cold13, the post-lunch dip14, or during night work15.

During night work, caffeine has been shown to reduce cognitive failures and accidents by about half in subjects consuming over
200mg caffeine daily15. Caffeine also reduces cognitive failures in the non-working population16.

Caffeine is often consumed just after waking up to increase alertness and fight sleep inertia (reduced motor dexterity and a
subjective feeling of grogginess immediately following an abrupt awakening) which may interfere with the ability to perform
mental or physical tasks17.

Finally, the efficacy of drinking coffee versus napping to aid night-time highway driving has been compared. Both drinking a
strong coffee (125ml containing 200mg caffeine) and/or taking a short nap (15–30 minutes) are very effective at reducing driving
impairment and this improvement is greater when the two are combined18,19. Research suggested that subjective driving quality,
during a simulated two hour monotonous highway driving test, was significantly improved in the first hour after consuming a
single cup of caffeinated coffee containing around 80mg caffeine20. Additionally, a 2015 study found that drinking caffeinated
coffee (providing 150mg caffeine) can reduce levels of drowsiness in drivers by 25%21. Furthermore, a case-control study showed
caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, to be associated with a reduced risk of crashing for long-distance commercial motor
vehicle drivers22.

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 3

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
4. Caffeine and mental alertness — part 2
Caffeine may improve memory
Some studies have shown that caffeine intake can improve working memory. Low doses of caffeine enhance working memory
performance, while higher doses were found to decrease it, possibly due to over-stimulation.

In particular, caffeine improves performance in both low-difficulty and low-load memory tasks. In contrast, because high-
load and complicated tasks increase arousal, caffeine intake is likely to lead to over-arousal, which suggests that caffeine
is particularly effective at improving memory under conditions that might otherwise produce low arousal states, i.e. when
performing tedious, repetitive or dull tasks23.

Caffeine’s effects on memory may be linked to personality type24. The memory of extroverts has been shown to improve with
caffeine consumption, whereas there appears to be no difference in working memory with caffeine consumption in introverts.

Caffeine also appears capable of intensifying the connections between words, thereby improving accurate recall of words in
tests25. Further research is necessary in this area.

Effect of caffeine heightened with simultaneous glucose intake

When caffeine and glucose are consumed together, they have synergistic beneficial effects on sustained attention and verbal
memory26. The combined administration of caffeine and glucose may increase the efficiency of the attention system in the
brain27,28. Further studies are needed to better understand the combined effects of these two substances.

Caffeine may improve mood and reduce the risk of depression

Low to moderate doses of caffeine (up to 5 cups of coffee per day) have been shown to improve ratings of happiness and reduce
levels of anxiety. High doses, however, can increase anxiety, nervousness and jitteriness. In addition, the extent to which caffeine
improves mood may depend on baseline arousal23.

A number of factors are believed to impact the mood enhancing effects of caffeine. Age is one, with research suggesting older
adults are more sensitive to the mood-enhancing effects of caffeine; these effects also depend on the time of day, with the most
significant effects seen in the late morning29. Mood is also affected by the expectation of caffeine consumption, with research
suggesting that when subjects believe they have consumed caffeine, both their mood and attention improve10. Caffeine also
appears to be more effective at improving mood in subjects who do not usually consume caffeine30.

Caffeine has also been associated with a reduced risk of depression. The benefits of caffeine have been demonstrated in a study
into the role of caffeine on social support measures. It found that participants who consumed caffeinated coffee sent significantly
more ‘sadness’ messages and required more support during a fictitious game than those drinking decaffeinated coffee. This
suggests that caffeinated coffee may help to improve social support and relieve depressive symptoms31.

A US study suggested that women who consumed at least 2–3 cups of caffeinated coffee per day were up to 20% less likely
to develop depression, compared to those who drank at most one cup of caffeinated coffee per week. The consumption of
decaffeinated coffee had no impact on depression risk32. Further work in Finnish men reported a significantly lower risk of
depression in heavy coffee drinkers (over 813mg caffeine daily). This effect was limited to coffee and was not found either with tea
or caffeine alone33. Research in Japan and Korea also suggests that drinking coffee may offer protection against depression34,35.
Furthermore, a meta-analysis suggested that coffee consumption has a protective effect on depression, with a dose-response
analysis suggesting a J-shaped curve, with the beneficial effect reported for up to approximately 300mg caffeine per day36.

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 4

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
5. Caffeine and dependence
Caffeine is not a drug of dependence
The issue of possible dependence on caffeine has been debated for many years. It is likely that maintenance of coffee
consumption is caused by the recognition that it is a stimulant, and not because of any addictive qualities of caffeine37. People
may also drink coffee from habit: the possible reinforcing effects of coffee may not be due to the caffeine per se, but to the
pleasurable aroma and taste of coffee, as well as the social environment that usually accompanies coffee consumption38.

Drugs such as cocaine, morphine and nicotine activate a dopamine-related brain circuit involved in dependence and reward
even at low doses — they are ‘addictive’. Studies of rats given caffeine in human doses have failed to find any increase in energy
metabolism39 or dopamine release40,41 in this circuit.

Further research in humans has also failed to find any activation of the brain circuit of dependence with caffeine intake42.
This ‘brain mapping’ approach to the study of dependence in humans shows that caffeine does not fulfil the criteria required
to be described as a drug of dependence.

In 1994, the World Health Organization stated that: “there is no evidence whatsoever that caffeine use has even remotely
comparable physical and social consequences which are associated with serious drugs of abuse”.

Avoiding potential withdrawal symptoms

Another of the characteristics linked with drug dependence is withdrawal. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released
an updated edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which included ‘caffeine withdrawal’ for the first
time43. They defined it as a ‘syndrome’ resulting from abrupt cessation or reduction in caffeine following prolonged daily use. Only
a small number of coffee/caffeine consumers suffer withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking coffee (such as headaches,
reduced alertness, and drowsiness). These symptoms generally peak 20–48 hours after consumption and can be avoided if
caffeine intake is gradually reduced37.

Consumption of coffee after a period of abstinence has been found to have a greater effect on mood and choice reaction time*.
This may be due to an increase in cerebral blood flow with caffeine abstinence reported in some studies44,45. However, in some
areas related to attention and memory, abstinence from caffeine before the study period does not affect caffeine’s positive effect
during the experiment, i.e. there is no evidence of withdrawal3,45.

* The reaction time for a task in which an individual has to make one of two or more choices.

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 5

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
6. Caffeine and sleep
Sleep in humans is affected by caffeine intake.
A 2016 systematic review of research on coffee, caffeine and sleep concluded that individuals will respond differently to caffeine
based on a variety of factors, including age, sensitivity levels, regular coffee and caffeine intake, time of consumption and genetic
variability46.

There is an association between the daily intake of caffeine, sleep problems and daytime sleepiness47, including difficulty
falling asleep, shorter total sleep time, longer periods of light sleep and shorter periods of deep sleep, as well as more frequent
awakenings — even at consumption levels equivalent to those in single cup of coffee. One study suggested that caffeine
consumed up to six hours before bedtime can have disruptive effects on sleep48, and a further paper suggested that drinking
coffee disrupts sleep time in physically active males49.

Sensitivity to the effects of caffeine is variable. For example, the effects of caffeine on sleep are smaller in subjects who usually
consume caffeine than they are in occasional coffee drinkers50. In addition, genetic variations may also play a role51-53.

Age may affect sleep quality

Only a few studies have evaluated the age-related effects of caffeine on sleep.

Although the research in this area is quite limited, there is an indication that older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of
caffeine. However, caffeine exposure may vary as a function of body weight, so although they may consume the same amount, the
effect may be more marked in older adults as they typically weigh less than younger adults. Older adults may also self-limit the
amount of caffeine they consume due to perceived sleep problems46.

Research results are variable: in one study, caffeine produced similar effects in young adults (20–30 year-olds) and middle-aged
subjects (45–60 year-olds)54. In another, middle-aged subjects appeared to be more sensitive to the effects of caffeine than
younger subjects55. A further study concluded that caffeine increased sleep latency, shortened total sleep duration, and reduced
sleep efficiency, and suggested that middle-aged adults are generally more sensitive to the effects of a high dose of caffeine on
sleep quantity and quality56. Age and caffeine both decrease rapid-eye movement (REM)* sleep. Therefore the combined effects
of age and caffeine may further fragment sleeping patterns.

*A stage in the normal sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes, including rapid eye movement,
loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity.

Caffeine abstinence may improve sleep patterns in sensitive people

A review of caffeine abstinence and sleep quality concluded that abstaining from caffeine for a whole day could improve
sleep quality57. Caffeine abstinence was shown to lengthen sleep duration, improve sleep quality, and make it less difficult to
fall asleep.

Caffeine intake and young people

Although caffeine restores wakefulness and counteracts a decline in mental performance caused by lack of sleep, it may produce
detrimental effects on subsequent sleep, resulting in daytime sleepiness. This may be a matter of concern, especially in young
people58. Many teenagers stay awake late at night using multiple forms of technology, and use caffeinated beverages, primarily
soft drinks or soda, to help them stay awake.

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 6

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
One study of young people found that sleep was directly related to multi-tasking, with those doing the greatest amount of multi-
tasking having the least sleep59. Caffeine intake was also found to be 76% higher in those teenagers who fell asleep at school.
Authors suggest that those teenagers are not fully functional throughout the day because of excessive daytime sleepiness, and
not because of the effects of caffeine intake.

Similarly, another study found that adolescents who drank more caffeinated drinks expected a higher rate of energy
enhancement from those drinks. They also got up earlier, reported more daytime sleepiness and drank more caffeine to get
through the day60.

A study in students during an exam period suggested that sleep quality and alcohol consumption significantly decreased, while
perceived stress and caffeine consumption significantly increased. However, despite the fact that students shortened their time
in bed and showed symptoms of insomnia, the authors concluded that the amounts of alcohol and caffeine consumed had no
significant influence on overall sleep quality61.

Caffeine, jet lag, and shift work

Caffeine may be effective at improving performance of people aged 40 or under, who work shifts, or suffer from jet lag62. Further
research is required to identify any links in older individuals.

An intervention study suggested that a combination of napping and ingestion of caffeine was best for improving alertness.
A decrease in subjective sleepiness was also observed in individuals working a night shift following caffeine consumption63.
Further work suggests that caffeine increases alertness and clear-headedness after a period of wakefulness, but can also disturb
subsequent daytime recovery sleep64.

Advice for jet lag on short stopovers (1–2 days) is to combine sensible naps with moderate caffeine intake and short-term use of
sleeping aids, to help maintain alertness and aid sleep65.

7. Conclusion
The well-established beneficial effect of caffeinated coffee on mental performance has been confirmed by EFSA, which states that
a cause and effect relationship has been established between a 75mg serving of caffeine (the amount in approximately one regular
cup of coffee) and both increased attention and alertness, mainly in situations of low arousal or stimulation.

Research also points to positive effects of coffee and caffeine on mood and reaction time.

Brain mapping technology suggests that caffeine use does not lead to dependence, nor does its withdrawal lead to significant
negative symptoms. Whilst some individuals may experience caffeine withdrawal, these symptoms are mild, short-lived and can
be avoided altogether if caffeine intake is gradually reduced.

Daily caffeine intake does affect sleep patterns; however, these effects depend on the amount of caffeine consumed over the whole
day and vary with individuals’ genetic backgrounds. Those individuals who do experience sleep problems following consumption of
caffeinated coffee may choose, or be advised, to switch to decaffeinated products in the afternoon/evening.

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 7

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
8. References
1. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2011) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation
of health claims related to caffeine and increased fat oxidation leading to a reduction in body fat mass (ID 735,
1484), increased energy expenditure leading to a reduction in body weight (ID 1487), increased alertness (ID
736, 1101, 1187, 1485, 1491, 2063, 2103) and increased attention (ID 736, 1485, 1491, 2375) pursuant to Article
13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal, 9(4):2054.

2 Nehlig A. (2016) Effects of coffee/caffeine on brain health and disease: What should I tell my patients? Pract
Neurol, 16(2):89-95.

3 Einother S.J.L. and Giesbrecht T. (2012) Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions.
Psychopharmacol, 225(2):251-274.

4 Smit H.R. and Rogers P.J. (2000) Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in
low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychophymacol, 152:167-173.

5 Quinlan P.T. et al. (2000) The acute physiological and mood effects of tea and coffee: the role of caffeine level.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 66(1):19-28.

6 Schmitt J.A.J. et al. (2005) General methodological considerations for the assessment of nutritional
influences on human cognitive functions. Eur J Nutr, 44:459-464.

7 Brunyé T.T. et al. (2010) Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain Cogn, 72:181-8.

8 Brunyé T.T. et al. (2010) Acute caffeine consumption enhances the executive control of visual attention in
habitual consumers. Brain Cogn, 74:186-92.

9 Brunyé T.T. et al. (2012) Caffeine enhances real-world language processing: Evidence from a proofreading
task. J Exp Psychol App, 18,95-108.

10 Dawkins L. et al. (2011) Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood.
Appetite, 57:597-600.

11 Kaasinen V. et al. (2004) Expectation of caffeine induces dopaminergic responses in humans. Eur J Neurosci,
19:2352-6.

12  erry P. et al. (2009) Dissociations between motor timing, motor coordination, and time perception after the
T
administration of alcohol or caffeine. Psychopharmacol (Berl.), 202:719-29.

13 Smith A. et al. (1997) Caffeine and the common cold. Psychopharmacol, 11:319-24.

14 Smith A.P. et al. (1990) Effects of caffeine given before and after lunch on sustained attention.
Neuropsychobiol, 23:160-3.

15 Smith A.P. (2005) Caffeine at work. Hum Psychopharmacol, 20:441-5.

16 Smith A.P. (2009) Caffeine, cognitive failures and health in a non-working community sample. Hum
Psychopharmacol, 24:29-34.

17 Van Dongen H.P. et al. (2001) Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia. Sleep,
24:813-9.

18 Philip P. et al. (2006). The effects of coffee and napping on nighttime highway driving: a randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med, 144:785-91.

19 Horne J. et al. (1999) Vehicle accidents related to sleep: a review. Occup Environ Med, 56:289-94.

Please see www.coffeeandhealth.org for recent updates on this topic

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 8

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
20 Mets M.A. et al. (2012) Effects of coffee on driving performance during prolonged simulated highway driving.
Psychopharmacol, 222(2):337-42.

21 Bosó P. et al. (2015) Coffee in the driving of vehicles: analysis of its effects on tired or drowsy drivers.
http://alvolantegentedespierta.es/#homePage

22 Sharwood L.N. et al. (2013) Use of caffeinated substances and risk of crashes in long distance drivers of
commercial vehicles: case control study. BMJ, 346:1140.

23 Nehlig A. (2010) Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer? J Alzheimers Dis, 20, S1:85-94.

24 Smillie L.D. et al. (2010) Caffeine enhances working memory for extraverts. Biol Psychol, 85:496-8.

25 Capek S. et al. (2009) Caffeine’s effects on true and false memory. Psychol Rep, 104:787-95.

26  dan A. et al. (2010) Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance.
A
Hum Psychopharmacol, 25:310.

27 Serra-Grabulosa J.M. et al. (2010) Glucose and caffeine effects on sustained attention: an exploratory fMRI
study. Hum Psychopharmacol, 25:543-52.

28 Scholey A. et al. (2014) Effects of two doses of glucose and a caffeine-glucose combination on cognitive
performance and mood during multi-tasking. Hum Psychopharmacol, 29(5):434-5.

29  mit H.J. and Rogers P.J. (2006) Effects of caffeine on mood. In Caffeine and the activation theory. Effects on
S
health and behavior, Smith B.D., Gupta U., Gupta B.S., eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 229-82.

30 Haskell C.F. et al. (2005) Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual
non-consumers of caffeine. Psychopharmacol (Berl.), 179:813-25.

31 Tse W.S. et al. (2009) Caffeinated coffee enhances co-operative behavior in the Mixed Motive Game in healthy
volunteers. Nutr Neurosci, 12:21-7.

32 Lucas M. et al. (2011) Coffee, caffeine, and risk of depression among women. Arch Intern Med, 171:1571-8.

33 Ruusunen A. et al. (2010) Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of severe depression in middle-aged
Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Pub Health Nutr, 13:1215-20.

34 Pham N.M. et al. (2013) Green tea and coffee consumption is inversely associated with depressive symptoms
in a Japanese working population. Pub Health Nutr, 4:1-9.

35 Park R.J. and Moon J.D. (2015) Coffee and depression in Korea: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr, 69(4):501-4.

36 Grosso G. et al. (2016) Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: a systematic review and dose-response
meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Nutr Food Res, 60(1):223-34..

37 Nehlig A. (2004) Are we dependent on coffee and caffeine: an update. In Nehlig A, ed. Coffee, Tea, Chocolate
and the Brain. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 133-146.

38 Satel S. (2006) Is caffeine addictive? A review of the literature. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 32:493-502.

39 Nehlig A. et al. (2000) Dose-response study of caffeine effects on cerebral functional activity with a specific
focus on dependence. Brain Res, 858:71-77.

40 Acquas E. et al. (2002) Differential effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine transmission in brain
areas of drug-naive and caffeine-pretreated rats. Neuropsychopharmacol, 27:182-193.

41 De Luca M.A. et al. (2007) Caffeine and accumbens shell dopamine. J Neurochem, 103:157-163.

Please see www.coffeeandhealth.org for recent updates on this topic

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 9

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
42 Nehlig A. et al. (2010) SPECT assessment of brain activation induced by caffeine: no effect on areas involved
in dependence. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 12:255-63.

43 American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
(DSM V) ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1DSMV.

44 Sigmon S.C. et al. (2009) Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial
effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG, and subjective effects.
Psychopharmacol (Berl.), 204:573-85.

45 Addicott M.A. et al. (2009) A comparison of the effects of caffeine following abstinence and normal caffeine
use. Psychopharmacol (Berl.), 207:423-31.

46 Clark I. and Landolt H.P. (2016) Coffee, Caffeine, and Sleep. Sleep Med Rev, 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006,
published online ahead of print.

47 Roehrs T. et al. (2008) Caffeine: sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev, 12:153-62.

48 Drake C. et al. (2013) Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed, J Clin Sleep Med,
9(11): 1195-1200.

49 Judice P.B. et al. (2013) A moderate dose of caffeine ingestion does not change energy expenditure but
decreases sleep time in physically active males: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr
Metab, 38(1):49-56.

50 Porkka-Heiskanen T. (2011) Methylxanthines and sleep. Handb Exp Pharmacol, (200):331-48.

51 Birkett D.J. et al. (1991) Caffeine renal clearance and urine caffeine concentrations during steady state
dosing. Implications for monitoring caffeine intake during sports events. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 31:405-8.

52 Retey J.V. et al. (2007) A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to
individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 81:692–8–8.

53 Cornelis M.C. et al. (2007) Genetic polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor is associated with habitual
caffeine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr, 86:240–4.

54 Drapeau C. et al. (2006) Challenging sleep in aging: the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in
young and middle-aged moderate caffeine consumers. J Sleep Res, 15:133-41.

55  arrier J. et al. (2009) Effects of caffeine on daytime recovery sleep: A double challenge to the sleep-wake
C
cycle in aging. Sleep Med, 10:1016-24.

56 Robillard R. et al. (2015) Sleep is more sensitive to high doses of caffeine in the middle years of life. J
Psychopharmacol, 29(6):688-97.

57 Sin C.W.M. et al. (2008) Systematic review on the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence on the quality of sleep.
J Clin Nursing, 18:13-21.

58 Snel J. et al. (2011) Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition. Prog Brain Res, 190:105-17.

59 Calamaro C.J. et al. (2009) Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep
duration and daytime functioning. Pediatrics, 123:e1005-10.

60 Ludden A.B. et al. (2010) Understanding adolescent caffeine use: connecting use patterns with expectancies,
reasons and sleep. Health Educ Behav, 37:330-342.

61  unhammer M. et al. (2014) Sleep quality during exam stress: the role of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine. PLoS
Z
One, 9(10):e109490.

Please see www.coffeeandhealth.org for recent updates on this topic

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 10

 coffee & health topics
Coffee, caffeine and
mental performance
62 Ker K. et al. (2010) Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev, (5):CD008508.

63 Schweitzer P.K. et al. (2006) Laboratory and field studies of naps and caffeine as practical countermeasures
for sleep-wake problems associated with night work. Sleep, 29(1):39-50.

64  c Hill A.W. et al. (2014) Effects of caffeine on skin and core temperatures, alertness, and recovery sleep
M
during circadian misalignment. J Biol Rhythms, 29(2):131-43.

65 Arendt J. (2009) Managing jet lag: Some of the problems and possible new solutions. Sleep Med Rev, 13:249-
56.

Please see www.coffeeandhealth.org for recent updates on this topic

Basepoint Evesham, Crab Apple Way, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1GP Tel: +44 (0) 1386 764777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.coffeeandhealth.org

ISIC the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee© July 2016 11

 Published by/ D.T Mahmoud sultan

For more books and articles join to the channel in Telegram

https://t.me/Mss01098772552

WhatsApp: 00201098772552